1.1 An overview map of the discussed settlements of (East-)Central Europe, Southern Europe, Yemen, and Tibet (Map © Judit Majorossy, 2020) 9
2.1 Map of the (East-)Central European region discussed in the chapter (Map © Judit Majorossy, 2020) 35
2.2 The town of Krems with its walls. Copper engraving by Matthäus Merian (1593â1650) in Topographia Provinciarum Austriacarum, Austriae, Styriae, Carinthiae, Carniolae, Tyrolis, etc., Frankfurt, 1593 (Photograph © Peter Böttcher, IMAREAL â Institut für Realienkunde, Krems, 2020) 41
2.3 The town of Stein (together with Mautern) that is connected by a wooden bridge over the Danube and at the right-hand bottom the Benedictine abbey of Göttweig (Closter Ketwein) is to be seen. Copper engravings by Matthäus Merian (1593â1650) in Topographia Provinciarum Austriacarum, Austriae, Styriae, Carinthiae, Carniolae, Tyrolis, etc., Frankfurt, 1593 (Photograph © Peter Böttcher, IMAREAL â Institut für Realienkunde, Krems, 2020) 42
2.4.a The town layout of Krems with the most important medieval urban institutions. Based on Klaar 1971, App. 1â2; Kühnel, Ãsterreichischer Städteatlas: Krems â Stein, 1991 (Map © Judit Majorossy, 2020) 48
2.4.b The town layout of Stein with the most important medieval urban institutions. Based on Klaar 1971, App. 1â2; Kühnel, Ãsterreichischer Städteatlas: Krems â Stein, 1991 (Map © Judit Majorossy, 2020) 49
2.5 The view of Krems from the south, a detail in the background on the âCarrying the Crossâ panel of the so-called âSchottenaltarâ, Master of the Schottenaltar, around 1480â1485. Vienna, Schottenkloster Museum (Photograph © Peter Böttcher, IMAREAL â Institut für Realienkunde, Krems, 2020, REALonline No. b1017125) 54
3.1 Venice in Georg Braunâs and Franz Hogenbergâs Beschreibung und Contrafactur der vornembster Stät der Welt â German edition of the Civitates Orbis Terrarum from 1572 â published in Cologne, 1582 (fol. 44vâ45r). Public domain:
3.2.a The Venetian Terraferma (the mainland state of Venice with the Dogado). Map used from Eric Dursteler (ed.), A Companion to Venetian History, 1400â1797, Brillâs Companions to European History 4, Leiden, 2013, 87 58
3.2.b The Venetian stato da mar (the overseaâs empire of Venice or the Venetian Commonwealth). Map used from Eric Dursteler (ed.), A Companion to Venetian History, 1400â1797, Brillâs Companions to European History 4, Leiden, 2013, 126 58
3.3 The loggia of Trogir (Traù, it.). Photograph used from Siegmund Schneider et al. (eds.), Mein Ãsterreich, mein Heimatland, Vol. 2, Vienna, 1914, 214 65
3.4 The column of Zadar (Zara, it.) from Konrad Grünembergâs Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem, around 1487 (fol. 9vâ10r). Karlsruhe, Badische Landesbibliothek, Cod. St. Peter pap. 32, fol. 9v/10r (Photograph © Badische Landesbibliothek, 2021) 66
4.1 Map of the Arabian Peninsula with the Yemen region and its settlements including Ṣaʿda (Map © Judit Majorossy, 2020) 78
4.2 Map of the Adriatic Sea with the island of KorÄula (Curzola, it.) (Map © Judit Majorossy, 2020) 80
4.3 The town of KorÄula from Konrad Grünembergâs Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem, around 1487 (fol. 13r). Karlsruhe, Badische Landesbibliothek, Cod. St. Peter pap. 32, fol. 13r (Photograph © Badische Landesbibliothek, 2021) 92
4.4 Map of Curzola from the portolan of Simon Pinargentiâs Isole che son da Venetia nella Dalmatiaâ¦, Venice, 1573. Split, ArheoloÅ¡ki muzej u Splitu (ARMUS), Graphic Collection. (Photograph © ArheoloÅ¡ki muzej u Splitu, 2021) 93
5.1 Map of the Arabian Peninsula with the region around Sanaa (Map © Judit Majorossy, 2020) 104
5.2 The town of Sanaa drawn by the German cartographer and explorer Carsten Niebuhr (1733â1815) in his Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern, CopenhagenâHamburg, 1774 (Tafel 70). Public domain:
6.1.a Map of tenth/eleventh-century historical Western Tibet and neighbouring countries (Map © Christian Jahoda, 2020) 133
6.1.b Central monastic foundations in Ladakh, Spiti, Guge, and Purang. Based on a map by Hubert Feiglstorfer, Tsering Gyalpo, and Christian Jahoda, 2015 (Map © Christian Jahoda, 2020) 134
6.2 West Tibetan ruler and lord monk (centre), wall painting, Tabo monastery, late 1030s (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2009) 137
6.3 Royal Lama Yeshé Ã, Khardzong cave temple, around the fourteenth century (Photograph © Tsering Gyalpo, 2010) 137
6.4 Peasant holdings, Khorchag (3800 m), Purang, TAR, China (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 139
6.5 Namgya village, Upper Kinnaur (3400 m), Himachal Pradesh, India (Photograph © Christian Jahoda, 2000) 139
6.6 Nomad area of Western Tibet (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2007) 140
6.7 Ancient gold field, Wachen area, Tsamda district, TAR, China (Photograph © Tsering Gyalpo, 2006) 140
6.8 Tholing monastery (founded 996), Gyatsa temple (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2007) 144
6.9 Khorchag monastery (founded 996) (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 144
6.10 Tabo monastery (founded 996), Spiti valley (Photograph © Christian Jahoda, 1997) 145
6.11 Tholing monastery (founded 996), the mandalic ground plan of the Gyatsa temple. Base on the Rescue Report and Conservation Projects on Aliâs Cultural Heritages in Xizang Autonomous Region (Beijing 2002, 16) (Drawing © Christian Jahoda, 2020) 145
6.12 âSystem of namesâ in the case of Buddhist monks (clan name/religious function or title/personal religious name): Monk Drakpa Shényen of the Nyelor clan (sNyel âor dge slong Grags pa bshes gnyen) (inscription panel, top right), Tabo monastery, late tenth-century inscriptions (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2009) 148
6.13 âSystem of namesâ in the case of lay persons (clan name or royal descent/personal name): Prince Jikten Gön (lha sras âJig rten mgon) (inscription panel, top centre), Princess Ãtro (lha lcam âOd phro) (inscription panel, top right), Tabo monastery, late tenth-century inscriptions (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2009) 149
6.14 Khorchag, Namthong festival, Purang, TAR, China (Photograph © Patrick Sutherland, 2010) 151
6.15 Main protective deity, Khorchag, Namthong festival, Purang, TAR, China (Photograph © Patrick Sutherland, 2010) 151
6.16 Shon dances, Khorchag, Namthong festival, Purang, TAR, China (Photograph © Patrick Sutherland, 2010) 152
7.1 Map of Tabo village. Based on GPS data source 2020 Google Earth, Image (Map © Hubert Feiglstorfer; © 2020 CNES/Airbus) 158
7.2 Map of Alchi village. Based on GPS data source 2019 Google Earth, Image (Map © Hubert Feiglstorfer; © 2019 Digital Globe) 159
7.3 Map of Thikse and Nyarma villages. Based on GPS data source 2019 Google Earth, Image (Map © Hubert Feiglstorfer; © 2019 CNES/Airbus; © 2019 Digital Globe) 160
7.4 Tabo, Chagtsalgang, entrance point to Tabo village (Photograph © Hubert Feiglstorfer, 2018) 163
7.5 Tabo, Chagtsalgang (Photograph © Hubert Feiglstorfer, 2018) 164
7.6 Alchi, Kumbum chörten (Photograph © Hubert Feiglstorfer, 2018) 168
7.7 Tabo, mountain panorama with nomadsâ places and mountain peaks. Based on GPS data source 2018 Google Earth, Image (Map © Hubert Feiglstorfer; © 2018 CNES/Airbus) 170
7.8 Tabo, funeral site (Photograph © Hubert Feiglstorfer, 2018) 174
7.9 Khorchag, tsatsakhang (Photograph © Lama Lobsang, from Khorchag Monastery, 2015) 175
7.10 Khorchag, view from the stupa onto the monastery (Photograph © Lama Lobsang, from Khorchag Monastery, 2015) 175
7.11 Tabo, yülsa at the western entrance to the village (Photograph © Hubert Feiglstorfer, 2018) 178
7.12 Alchi, Bang Lhamo lhatho (Photograph © Hubert Feiglstorfer, 2018) 179
8.1 Map of Western Tibet with the Khorchag monastery (Map © Hubert Feiglstorfer, 2015) 192
8.2 The ground plan of the Khorchag monastery (Drawing © Hubert Feiglstorfer with adaptations by Christiane Kalantari, 2020) 193
8.3 Khorchag monastery, view from the village (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 194
8.4 Khorchag monastery, festival in 2010, left: Jokhang, right: Lhakhang Chenmo (Photograph © Patrick Sutherland, 2010) 194
8.5 Khorchag monastery, Jokhang, assembly hall with the statues of the Three Silver Brothers (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 195
8.6 Lhakhang Chenmo, portal (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 197
8.7 Lhakhang Chenmo, drawing of the portal (Drawing © John Harrison and Christiane Kalantari, 2012) 198
8.8 Lhakhang Chenmo, portal, centre of the lintel, depicting Vairocana as the centre of the VajradhÄtu mandala (below) and above the image of Vairocana as centre of the DurgatipariÅodana mandala (flanked by attending figures) (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 199
8.9 Portal, right jamb, lowest section showing protector gods (gate guardian and water goddess) (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 201
8.10 Portal, Scene 2 on the left side: The Birth and the First Bath. Photo from Rome, TU, Photo Collection, no. P-0982 (Photograph © Eugenio Ghersi, 1933) 204
8.11 Lintel, Scene 1 on the left side: The Great Departure (after NeumannâNeumann 2008) 205
8.12 Lintel, Scene 2: Renunciation and the austerities of the Bodhisattva (after NeumannâNeumann 2008) 206
8.13 Lintel, Scenes 2 and 3: Renunciation and the austerities; and the SujÄtÄ story (the offering of milk-rice) (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 207
8.14 Lintel, Scene 4: Encounter with the nÄga (serpent) king KÄlika (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 209
8.15 Lintel, Scene 5: Story of the grass cutter Svastika (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 210
8.16 Lintel, Scene 6: The Temptation of the Buddha and the Enlightenment (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 211
8.17 Lintel, Scene 7: Encounter with the nÄga king Mucalinda (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 212
8.18 Lintel, Scene 8: Offerings by the merchants Trapuṣa and Bhallika (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 212
8.19 Lintel, Scene 9: Encounter with the five learned men (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 214
8.20 Lintel, Scene 10: The First Sermon (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 214
8.21 Lintel, Scene 11: Miracle of ÅrÄvastÄ« (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2010) 215
8.22 Portal, Scene 6 on the right side: The Gift of Honey; Scene 7: ParinirvÄá¹a. Photo from Rome, TU, Photo Collection, no. P-3224 (Photograph © Eugenio Ghersi, 1933) 217
8.23 A pair of manuscript covers with scenes from the life of the Buddha, Nepal, twelfth century. Opaque watercolours on wood, 5.3 Ã 56.2 Ã 1.3 cm. Los Angeles, LACMA, M.77.19.1aâb (Published in: Pal 1985, 193) 219
8.24 Fasting Buddha, Kashmir, eighth century. Ivory, 12.4 Ã 9.5 cm. Cleveland, CMA, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, Inv. No. 1986.70 (Published in: Linrothe 2014, 74) 221
8.25 Tabo, Dukhang, north wall: Buddha Assembly, detail from the Buddhaâs life. The Buddha explains the dharma to the daughters of the village headman. Vienna, WHA, HT91 29,5 (Photograph © H. Tauscher, 1991) 226
8.26 Dungkar, main wall, Buddha conversions and miracles, detail from the Buddhaâs life (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2007) 227
8.27 Dungkar, entrance wall, Buddhaâs life, a detail, Queen MÄyÄâ (the mother of the Buddha) in conversation with her husband asking for austerity (Photograph © Christiane Kalantari, 2007) 231
9.1 Map of the AustrianâBohemian border region with the town of TÅeboÅ (Wittingau, germ.) (Map © Judit Majorossy, 2020) 238
9.2 The ground plan of the TÅeboÅ canonry with the locations and chronology of the mentioned art works. Ground plan based on MareÅ¡âSedláÄek 1900, 57 (Drawing © Judit Majorossy, 2020) 243
9.3.a Interior of the nave, view towards the West, 1467â1480, the vault after 1480 (Photograph © Michal Å ronÄk, 2018) 245
9.3.b Interior of the nave, view towards the presbytery, 1467â1480, the vault after 1480 (Photograph © Michal Å ronÄk, 2018) 246
9.4 Southern portal, church of St Egidius, tympanon with the Coronation (Photograph © VladimÃr Cibulka, 2017) 248
9.5.a Crucified Christ from TÅeboÅ Calvary group, Master of Madonna of Žebrák, around 1380. Hluboká, AJG, Inv. No. P-7 (Photograph © Hluboká, AlÅ¡ova JihoÄeská Galerie, 2021) 251
9.5.b St John Evangelist from TÅeboÅ Calvary group, Master of Madonna of Žebrák, around 1380. Hluboká, AJG, Inv. No. P-10 (Photograph © Hluboká, AlÅ¡ova JihoÄeská Galerie, 2021) 252
9.6 Beautiful Madonna of TÅeboÅ, Master of Beautiful Madonnas (Master of Thorn Madonna?), after 1390 (Photograph © Michal Å ronÄk, 2018) 254
9.7 St Christopher, northern wall of the nave of St Egidius, with the donor pair, around 1410â1417 (Photograph © Michal Å ronÄk, 2018) 256
9.8 The Apostles St Peter and St James on the parapet of the singersâ gallery (Photograph © Michal Å ronÄk, 2018) 258
9.9 Judas Iscariot on the southern wall of the church, attached to the Apostle group (Photograph © Michal Å ronÄk, 2018) 259
9.10 St Paul on the northern wall, attached to the Apostle group (Photograph © Michal Å ronÄk, 2018) 260
9.11 Mural painting of the dial, western wall of the singersâ gallery (Photograph © Michal Å ronÄk, 2018) 262
9.12 Madonna of TÅeboÅ. Hluboká, AJG, Inv. No. HL-7387. Prague, National Heritage Institute, Photo Collection, No. HL-HL-07387 (Photograph © Národnà památkový ústav, 2018) 263
9.13 Last Judgement, detail with devils, northern wall of the singersâ gallery (Photograph © Michal Å ronÄk, 2018) 265
9.14 St Jerome as Church Father and penitent, entrance to the singersâ gallery (Photograph © Michal Å ronÄk, 2018) 266
9.15 Master of TÅeboÅ Altarpiece, Altarpiece of TÅeboÅ, Christ on the Mount of Olives, Passion (reverse) side, after 1380. Tempera, spruce-wood on both sides covered with canvas, 132,8 à 92 cm. Prague, NGP, Inv. No. O 476 (Photograph © National Gallery Prague, 2018) 268
9.16 Master of TÅeboÅ Altarpiece, Altarpiece of TÅeboÅ, Entombment of Christ, Passion (reverse) side, after 1380. Tempera, spruce-wood on both sides covered with canvas, 132 à 91,8 cm. Prague, NGP, Inv. No. O 1266 (Photograph © National Gallery Prague, 2018) 269
9.17 Master of TÅeboÅ Altarpiece, Altarpiece of TÅeboÅ, Resurrection, Passion (reverse) side, around 1385. Tempera, spruce-wood on both sides covered with canvas, 125,5 à 95 cm. Prague, NGP, Inv. No. O 577 (Photograph © National Gallery Prague, 2018) 270
9.18 Standard bearer (St Maurice?) from the Foundation of the Monastery scene (Photograph © Michal Å ronÄk, 2018) 272
9.19 Cycle of St Sigismund in the cloister: The battle between the Burgundian and Frankish armies (Photograph © Michal Å ronÄk, 2018) 274
9.20 Cycle of St Sigismund in the cloister: Elevation and transfer of relics and miracles curing the ill (Photograph © Michal Å ronÄk, 2018) 275
10.1.a General view of Taʿizz in the 1990s (Photograph © Noha Sadek, 1996) 284
10.1.b The prospect view of TaÊ¿izz from the North, drawn by the German cartographer and explorer Carsten Niebuhr (1733â1815) in his Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern, CopenhagenâHamburg, 1774 (Tafel 67). Public domain:
10.1.c The town plan of TaÊ¿izz drawn by the German cartographer and explorer Carsten Niebuhr (1733â1815) in his Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern, CopenhagenâHamburg, 1774 (Tafel 66). Public domain:
10.2 Ibn al-MujÄwirâs plan of TaÊ¿izz, the first quarter of the seventh/thirteenth century (Published by Oscar Löfgren in 1951 in his edition of Ibn al-MujÄwir) 288
10.3 TaÊ¿izz, aerial view of the Mosque of al-Muáºaffar and the Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya (Photograph © Trevor H.J. Marchand, 1997) 295
10.4 Madrasa al-Muʿtabiyya (Photograph © Noha Sadek, 1996) 295
10.5 Mosque of al-Muáºaffarâs northern façade (Photograph © Noha Sadek, 1996) 298
10.6 Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya, view from the West side (Photograph © Noha Sadek, 1996) 298
10.7 Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya, central dome (Photograph © Noha Sadek, 1996) 299
10.8 Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya, central dome (Photograph © Noha Sadek, 1996) 299
10.9 Mosque of al-Muáºaffar, large western dome (Photograph © Noha Sadek, 1996) 300
10.10 Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya, small dome (Photograph © Noha Sadek, 1996) 301
10.11 Madrasa al-Muʿtabiyya, dome (Photograph © Noha Sadek, 1996) 301
10.12 Exterior of domes marking the sultansâ tombs in Madrasa al-Ashrafiyyaâs courtyard (Photograph © Noha Sadek, 1996) 302
11.1 Map of the Yemen region around Sanaa and Taʿizz (Map © Judit Majorossy, 2020) 311
12.1 Map of the East-Central European region with the urban settlements referred to in the text (Map © Judit Majorossy, 2020) 337
12.2 The view of Pressburg, a coloured copperplate by Franz Hogenberg (1535â1590) from the book Civitates orbis terrarum. Liber quartus urbium praecipuarum totius mundi published by Georg Braun and Franz Hogenberg, Cologne, 1593. Public domain:
12.3 Map of the economic, family and kinship relations (black squares), and the external donations/endowments (red dots) mentioned in the last wills of the late fourteenthâearly sixteenth-century Pressburg burghers (Map © Judit Majorossy, 2015) 358
12.4 Map of the economic, family and kinship relations (black squares), and the external donations/endowments (red dots) mentioned in the last wills of the late fourteenthâearly sixteenth-century Sopron burghers (Map © Judit Majorossy, 2015) 359
13.1 Map of the region with the Tibetan settlements/monasteries discussed (Map © Judit Majorossy, 2020) 364