Index

Index

in Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900â1900

Abstract

The contributions in this volume investigate slavery and the slave trade in the wider Black Sea area between c.900 and 1900, with a focus on the medieval and early modern periods. The authors explore the Black Sea region as an encounter zone of cultures, legal regimes, religions, and enslavement practices. The topics discussed in the chapters include: Byzantine slavery, slave trade patterns in the late medieval period, the position of Christian institutions vis-Ã -vis slavery, captive-taking by Tatar and cossack raiders, the position of Circassians in the Black Sea slave trade, and comparisons among the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, and the Atlantic. The aim of this project is to stimulate a wider discussion on the patterns of unfreedom that were present in the Black Sea area as well as to draw attention to the importance of this region in the broader debates on global slavery.

Index

Abazins (Abazinians) 379

Abkhazians 22, 29, 31, 47, 98, 104, 341, 348, 370n.20, 375, 376, 379, 434n.56

abolition (general emancipation) xiv, xv, 10, 117â139, 421, 427, 437

abolitionism xv, 119, 122n.10, 128â132, 137, 433

liberation of captives/slaves; manumission

age of slaves 9, 32â34, 42, 48â50, 92, 107, 146â147, 157, 287, 289n.115, 289, 290, 293, 301â302, 347

Aegean Sea 20, 101, 103, 105, 111, 347, 392, 394, 396, 403, 404, 405n.63, 407, 412, 413, 425n.23

Ê¿Ajam slaves 345

Akkerman (Aqkerman, Bilhorod-Dnistrovsâkyi, Maurocastro, Moncastro) 251, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 354

Alans 29, 45, 47, 95, 98, 104, 105, 343, 345, 348n.26, 349, 352

Ossetians

Albanians 30, 109, 348

Algiers 393â395, 408â413, 429

Aqkerman see Akkerman

Armenians 2, 3, 22, 45, 95, 102, 103, 105, 108, 145, 147, 154, 157, 161, 162n.93, 168, 169, 172â174, 180, 273, 274, 343, 345, 349, 353

Atlantic (transatlantic) vii, viii, 2, 3, 12, 13, 28, 31, 37, 176, 234, 251, 389, 393, 411, 413, 418â439

Azov (Azaq, Tana, Tanais) 9, 19, 20, 22, 23, 28, 29, 31â34, 37, 42â46, 48â56, 92, 94, 95, 97, 99, 108, 251, 262n.27, 285, 301, 340, 352, 353, 355, 356n.45, 357, 358

Azov, Sea of 37, 353, 356, 389, 392

Äq slaves 343

Belarusians 154, 260â262

Bilhorod-Dnistrovsâkyi see Akkerman

Berbers 345, 349

black slaves 31, 175, 390, 397, 420â422, 431â433, 436n.61, 437

Bosnians 105, 348

Bulgarians (Bulgars) 20, 29, 30, 45, 47, 105, 108, 109, 274, 276, 343, 348,

Byzantium 3, 7, 8, 10, 19, 20, 36, 63â85, 95n.15, 99, 100â102, 109, 110, 112, 125, 146n.4, 187

Romania

Caffa (Kefe, Feodosia) 9, 19â26, 28, 29, 31â37, 42, 43, 48, 90, 92, 95â97, 99, 103, 104, 108, 111, 148, 158, 159, 161, 164, 165n.116, 170, 251, 262n.27, 276, 279, 340, 353, 355, 356, 367, 369, 370n.20, 418

governor of 369, 371n.26, 374

province of 145, 161, 173, 175, 176, 372n.31

Candia 28

Catalans 19, 23, 31, 102, 349

Iberian world

Catholic

captives/slaves 55, 100, 103, 108, 109, 111, 145â147, 149, 156, 160â163, 167, 173

Church/churches 99, 111, 170, 213, 312, 314, 317, 319, 377, 427

proselytism/expansion 10, 52, 53, 91, 98â103, 111, 263, 276, 319, 367, 368n.11, 372, 377, 378

slave-owners 10, 51, 53, 109

Chagatai slaves 343

Mongols

Chilia see Kilia

Chinese slaves 45, 352

Chios 36, 90, 92, 97, 102, 103, 105, 107n.80, 109, 111

Circassia 157, 226, 364â384

Circassians 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 12, 22, 29â31, 45â48, 54, 95, 98, 102â104, 110, 145, 147, 157, 175, 226, 250, 287, 293, 339â384, 433, 434

Zikhs

continuum, concept of x, xv, 4, 7, 8, 11, 280, 282, 295, 296, 322, 323, 413

corsairs 6, 11, 175, 192, 226, 235, 388â390, 393â397, 403â412, 429n.40, 437

piracy

cossacks 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 146â148, 150, 155, 159, 167, 175, 176, 208, 218, 227, 231, 235, 250â324, 374, 389, 390, 424, 426, 437

captives of 284â294

Don cossacks 146, 253, 256, 257n.17, 259â261, 264, 271â274, 279, 280, 282â288, 290â294, 296, 299â303, 305, 321, 322, 390, 394

qazaqs (kazaks) 146, 147, 258â262, 265, 424n.22

Russian cossacks 256, 259, 260, 264, 271, 306

Ruthenian cossacks 261, 262, 273

Tatar cossacks 286

Turkic cossacks 260n.20, 285, 286

Ukrainian cossacks 256, 259â264, 272, 275, 276, 283â286, 289n.115, 289n.116, 290, 291, 294, 300, 305, 306, 309n.210, 315, 321, 322, 394n.23

Zaporozhian cossacks 146, 154, 159, 257n.17, 260, 261, 263, 264, 271â274, 278â282, 284â286, 288, 289, 291, 301, 305, 322, 324, 390, 394, 429

Crete 35, 42, 90, 100n.39

Crimea 1, 2, 11, 12, 20, 35, 36, 48, 95, 104n.62, 106, 145â181, 188, 251â253, 255, 257, 261, 266, 272, 274, 276â278, 281, 284n.86, 286, 291, 316, 317, 321, 324, 340, 352, 353, 355, 376â379, 419, 425, 426, 431

captives/slaves from 150, 250â324

Crimean Khanate 4, 5, 12, 48, 145â181, 187â237, 250â253, 257n.17, 265, 266, 269, 271, 274â276, 278â280, 282, 284, 289, 290, 291n.130, 293n.138, 298n.162, 299n.163, 304, 305, 312, 314â316, 319, 321, 322, 324, 359, 364â376, 380, 393, 394, 421, 424, 428, 429n.40, 432

Ottoman Crimea 145, 172, 175, 418

Caffa, province of; Gazaria; Tatars (Crimean)

Constantinople (Istanbul) 4, 20, 25, 27, 31, 34n.38, 35, 37, 43, 65, 66, 68, 82, 85, 90, 94, 100, 101, 103, 109, 110, 112, 158, 167, 274, 277, 279, 281, 294, 340, 353, 374, 375, 376n.44, 376n.46, 390, 392â394, 404, 423, 426, 434n.56

Cumans 22, 24, 29, 91, 102, 105, 347, 348

Daylamites 345

emancipation see abolition; liberation of captives/slaves, manumission

Ethiopians 348

esir (yesir) 146, 153n.36, 193, 210, 266, 271â273, 283, 424n.22

iasyr

ethnicity of slaves 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 29â31, 33, 42â48, 51, 90, 92â96, 103â107, 117, 118, 145, 146, 154, 163, 173, 174, 250n.2, 276, 286, 288â289, 323n.257, 339, 341â351, 354, 359, 390, 391

Famagusta 102, 105, 108, 110, 111

Feodosia see Caffa

Franks 345

galleys 25, 50, 96, 159, 277, 320, 403, 406, 407, 412, 413, 425, 430

galley slaves 1, 5, 8, 157, 159, 425, 430, 436n.60

Ottoman fleet

Gazaria 106, 357

gender of slaves 9, 31â34, 37, 42, 45â52, 56, 57, 64, 90, 92â94, 97, 100, 103, 108n.81, 146, 148n.11, 157, 162, 165, 179, 286, 287, 289, 290n.119, 292n.133, 293, 295, 297, 299, 323n.257, 342, 347, 354, 365, 424n.22, 425, 426

Genoa, Genoese 1, 9â11, 19â37, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52â56, 90â97, 99â103, 109â111, 113, 262n.27, 340, 341, 346â357, 359, 360, 372n.31, 377, 406, 418, 419â422

Caffa

Georgia 226, 273, 358â360, 377, 435

Georgians 2, 105, 145, 147, 226, 343

Golden Horde 24, 29, 31, 36, 47, 48, 117, 187, 200, 235, 250, 251, 312, 339â341, 347, 351â360, 368, 421

Mongols

Goths 104, 349, 354n.38

Greeks 3, 20, 22, 25, 29, 34, 35, 37, 45, 95, 98, 100â103, 105, 106, 108â111, 145, 150, 269, 274, 276, 343, 345, 348, 352, 354n.38, 404, 406n.68, 407

Griffons 102, 105, 106, 107n.79, 108

Guanches 31

Gypsies (Roma) 3, 6, 10, 112, 117â139, 437

Habsburg monarchy 188, 197, 198, 209n.71, 226

Hungarians (Magyars) 1, 2, 29, 102, 104, 109, 145, 154n.42, 175, 348

iasyr (jasyr) 143n.36, 153, 167, 193, 267, 279, 283, 284n.86, 291, 293, 298, 311, 424n.22

esir

Iberian world 8, 19, 105, 346, 388, 393, 401n.50

Catalans; Spanish slaves

Il-khanate 24, 29, 356n.47

Persia; Persian slaves

Indian slaves 345

Istanbul see Constantinople

Jews 29, 45, 99, 102, 111, 154, 155, 157, 166, 168, 169, 173, 175, 274, 277, 279, 280, 348, 352, 401, 402, 419

Kefe see Caffa

Khazars 95n.14, 105, 106n.75

Khitaâi slaves 343

kholopy 3, 8, 270, 295â300, 322, 323, 424n.22

Kilia (Kili, Chilia, Licostomo) 90, 92, 95, 104, 272, 353

Kipchaks (Qipchaqs) 24, 218, 250, 252, 259, 287, 343, 344, 350, 351, 354, 357

Kurds 345

Laz slaves 29, 147, 348n.26, 349

liberation of captives/slaves 1, 51â55, 111, 112, 153, 164, 165, 173, 174, 275â276, 283, 285n.86, 315â316, 410, 426

abolition; manumission; ransom

Libyans 349

Licostomo see Kilia

Lithuania, Grand Duchy of 11, 48, 261, 262, 263, 265n.33, 266, 278, 282, 291, 295, 306, 307â312, 317, 318, 321, 323, 358, 359

Poland-Lithuania

Lithuanians 2, 154, 156, 157, 262, 263, 279, 313, 321

Magyars see Hungarians

Majars 349

Mamluk Sultanate 1, 9, 11, 24, 26, 29, 32, 34â37, 42, 50, 56, 250, 287, 341, 342â347, 350, 356, 359

Mamluks xiv, 31, 35, 36, 342â347, 350, 351n.28, 357, 421, 422, 433n.56

merchants from 55, 355â357, 359, 360

sources from 341â347, 350, 351, 352, 356n.47, 359, 360

manumission 5, 9, 10, 42, 50, 52â55, 57, 92â94, 103, 106â112, 132, 157, 165, 296, 297, 302, 311, 314, 323n.257, 342, 422, 424n.22

liberation of captives/slaves; ransom

Maurocastro see Akkerman

Mediterranean Sea viii, xiii, 1â3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11â13, 19, 33, 90, 91, 192, 193n.12, 226, 235, 236, 250, 339â341, 346, 350, 354, 359, 387â414, 431, 437, 438

Meskhians 348n.26, 349

Mingrelians 22, 98, 341, 348, 358

Moldavia 5â7, 10, 112, 117â129, 131â139, 204, 207, 208, 217, 224, 229, 233, 265

Romanian principalities

Moldavians 2

Moncastro see Akkerman

Mongols 22, 24, 29, 45, 46, 91, 92, 94n.7, 102, 104, 106n.75, 252, 343, 352, 354

Chagatai slaves; Golden Horde

âMoorishâ slaves 348

âSaracenâ slaves

Muscovy 11, 188, 197â200, 213, 224, 226, 232, 234, 235, 251â254, 259â262, 264, 265, 269, 270n.47â48, 271, 275, 278, 282, 283, 286, 289, 291, 292, 294, 295â307, 314, 316â318, 321â323, 359, 365, 377n.50, 393, 428

diplomats from 274, 277â279, 285, 288, 293, 294

slavery in 295â305, 439

sources from 257, 262, 265, 274, 275, 283, 285

subjects of 2, 3, 8, 9, 147, 154, 262, 274â279, 283, 285n.86, 288, 289, 293n.138, 294, 310, 311, 390

kholopy; Russia; Russians

Muslim

captives/slaves 8, 26, 35, 51, 93, 95, 111, 166, 256â269, 271â277, 279, 283, 284n.86, 286, 287, 289, 291â294, 296, 298â300, 303, 305, 310â312, 314â319, 322, 347, 355, 358, 424n.22

captives/slaves, baptized after capture/enslavement or manumission 44, 51, 52, 93, 97, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 111, 112, 285, 288, 289n.115, 294, 299â301, 317â318;

religious conversion (of captives/slaves); Tatars, Christian

proselytism 379

sources 23, 146â148, 151, 153, 164, 175

NaymÄn slaves 343

Nogays 154, 251â255, 258, 260n.20, 269, 277, 278, 283, 285, 287, 288, 290n.119, 292â296, 299, 302n.176, 306, 310, 314, 321, 322, 364n.1, 366, 370, 371n.24, 374n.36, 375, 376, 379, 425

Officium Sancti Anthonii (Office of St Anthony) 26â28, 96, 355â357, 360

Officium sclavorum Sancti Georgii (Office of St George) 35, 37

Orthodox

captives/slaves 10, 51, 55, 91, 98â100, 102â105, 108, 109, 147, 160, 173, 222, 229, 269, 274â276, 284, 348n.26

Church/churches 82, 111, 112, 117â139, 213, 263, 276, 290, 298, 303, 317, 377

population 10, 276, 303, 404

monasteries 3, 10, 112, 118â124, 129n.29, 131â139, 303, 305

slave-owners 102, 108, 117â139, 300

Russian Orthodox; Ruthenian Orthodox

Ossetians 46, 53, 378, 379

Alans

Ottoman Empire (Porte) ix, xi, xiii, xiv, 1, 2, 4â6, 9, 12, 13, 36, 37, 43, 53, 100, 110, 113, 133, 145, 148, 151, 152n.27, 154, 158â160, 164, 167, 172, 173, 175, 176, 188, 189, 192â194, 198, 200, 211n.85, 216, 220, 224, 233, 234, 235, 237, 250â256, 259, 264n.30, 265â268, 270â272, 275â279, 281, 289, 293, 294, 297, 298, 299n.163, 304â306, 310, 316, 317, 319, 322â324, 347, 364â366, 368â380, 388n.6, 390, 393â395, 400â404, 413, 418, 419, 421, 423â425, 427, 429, 430, 432, 434, 435â436n.60, 438â439

captives/slaves from 270, 274â277, 280, 282, 284, 291

diplomats from 294

fleet of 159, 277, 394, 404, 425, 430, 436n.60;

galleys

merchants from 3

military of 154, 198, 211n.85, 215, 268, 273, 277, 279, 280, 287, 369, 380

sources from 146â148, 151, 155, 157, 202, 203, 255â257, 260â262, 266â268, 272, 273, 277, 279, 283, 316, 355n.41, 366, 370, 371, 374, 375, 377, 379, 380, 424, 425, 431, 434n.56

Turkey; Turkic, Turkish

Pera 28, 90, 92, 100, 107n.77, 340, 353, 354, 356

Persian slaves 345

Persia, Safavid xiv, 12, 157, 158, 251, 292, 298, 366, 367n.10, 370, 371, 377n.50, 378, 380

Il-khanate

piracy, pirates 19, 20, 44, 45, 64, 100â102, 226, 388, 389, 391, 403, 404, 410n.78, 411â413

corsairs

PolandâLithuania (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) 1, 5, 7, 11, 44, 147, 155, 156, 164, 188, 193n.12, 194, 195, 197â202, 204â209, 211n.85, 220, 221, 224, 226â228, 230, 234, 235, 251â257, 260, 262â264, 266, 270, 275, 276, 282, 286, 289, 291, 295, 298n.162, 303n.182, 305â322, 324, 365, 367n.10, 374n.36, 378, 393, 423, 424, 426, 428

captives/slaves from 11, 145â176, 187â237, 390, 426â428, 438

king of 267, 291n.130

slavery in 305â320

subjects of 149, 262, 265, 268, 275n.65, 283, 298n.162, 312, 315, 374n.36

Poland, kingdom of (Polish Crown) 11, 150â158, 162â165, 167â169, 172â174, 178, 181, 194, 195, 198, 204, 206, 207, 216, 223, 228, 229, 232, 256, 262, 263, 266, 267, 270, 271, 278â280, 282, 305â307, 309, 310, 314, 316â320, 324, 418, 424, 426â428

Poland, modern-day 251, 418, 420, 427, 435, 436n.62

Porte see Ottoman Empire

prices of slaves 9, 33, 34, 37, 42, 49â51, 53, 56, 90, 93â95, 103, 134, 138, 151, 157, 164, 169, 170, 269, 270, 287n.102, 293, 299, 300, 319, 410

Qipchaqs see Kipchaks

QiyÄá¹ slaves 343

ransom (redemption) 1â3, 5â7, 10, 11, 51â53, 54, 93, 107n.78, 108, 133, 134, 137, 147, 148, 157, 164, 167â170, 172â174, 193, 194, 220, 225, 251, 255, 265, 268â270, 273â277, 279â281, 284â285n.86, 286, 287, 291â294, 299, 300, 312, 315â317, 321â323, 340, 351, 389n.7, 399, 402, 408, 411, 413n.83, 424

liberation of captives/slaves; manumission

religious conversion (of captives/slaves) 6, 10, 91, 98â100, 103, 104, 108, 111, 112, 145, 161â163, 166, 167, 173, 284n.86, 286â288, 294, 299â301, 303, 317, 318, 342, 375

baptism (of non-Muslims) after capture/enslavement 32, 51â54, 98, 100, 102â104, 108, 111, 128â129n.29, 299

Muslim captives/slaves, baptized; Tatars, Christian

Rhodes 101, 102, 105, 106

Romania (Byzantine territories) 41, 42, 95, 105, 106, 108â110, 357

Romanian principalities 10, 117â139

Moldavia; Wallachia

Rus 147, 261n.25, 262, 273, 341

Muscovy; Russian; Ruthenian; Ukrainian

Rusâ 252, 253n.7, 260â263, 295, 308

meaning of 260â262

Muscovy; Russia; Ruthenia; Ukraine

Russia 24, 133, 147, 153, 155, 156, 164, 173, 174, 176, 257n.17, 260, 264, 289, 295, 298, 302n.175, 302n.176, 304, 305, 310, 340, 353, 359, 360, 371, 374, 418, 423, 428, 434

meaning of 260â262

present-day xi, 153, 260, 435

slavery in see kholopy; Muscovy

Muscovy; Rusâ

Russian

captives/slaves 9, 29, 31, 44â48, 51, 54, 55, 94, 95, 97, 98, 102, 104, 105, 106n.75, 108, 110, 111, 145, 150, 154, 157, 161n.93, 174, 175, 250, 298n.162, 340, 341, 343, 346, 348â353, 357â359

meaning of 8, 9, 29n.23, 44, 250n.2, 259n.19, 341

Orthodox 173, 303;

Orthodox

sources/scholarship 153, 156, 174, 175, 213n.97, 255, 285, 287, 292, 295, 298, 299, 366, 374, 392, 424n.22

cossacks (Don, Russian); kholopy; Muscovy; Rus; Rusâ

Rusyns 154

Ruthenia 261â263

meaning of 261â263

palatinate of 208, 217, 226, 261

Red 155, 205n.54, 208, 209n.71, 214, 221, 223, 227â229, 233, 261

Rusâ; Ukraine

Ruthenian (Ruthene)

captives/slaves 9, 20, 44, 105, 145, 147, 154, 156, 198, 227, 269, 275, 341n.8, 349, 424n.22

law 295, 308, 311

meaning of 261â263

Orthodox 263, 276;

Orthodox

population 91, 253, 262, 263, 313, 321, 427, 428

sources 283, 295, 309, 311

territories 9, 300, 307, 309, 310, 314, 318

cossacks; Rus; Ukrainian

âSaracensâ

free 20, 26, 36â37, 54, 55, 95, 99, 100n.36, 105, 107n.78, 108, 352â357, 360

slaves 26, 29, 36â37, 44, 52, 102, 106, 108, 111, 347, 348, 355â357, 360

âMoorishâ slaves; Muslim

âSarmatianâ slaves 349

Serbian slaves 109, 349

serfs, serfdom 7, 107, 117, 122, 123, 297â299, 301, 307â310, 317, 421, 424n.22, 426, 436n.63, 437

Slavs

free 253â255, 258â262, 265, 288, 321, 322, 324, 437

slaves 29n.23, 44, 154â156, 250, 252, 365, 424n.22, 432

slaving zones, concept of xi, xii, 5, 8, 10, 13, 187, 237, 254, 32, 437

Spanish slaves 349

Iberian world

spectrum, concept of 7, 8, 11, 280, 282, 295, 296, 299, 322, 323, 413

Tana (Tanais) see Azov

Tatar(s) 2, 4, 12, 26, 33, 48, 94â96, 103n.54, 253, 260n.20, 272, 284, 292, 306, 356, 359, 389

Budjak 187â237, 190n.8

captives/slaves 6, 8, 9, 11, 25, 29â31, 34, 44â48, 51, 52, 94, 95, 97, 103â105, 108, 109, 111, 117, 120, 169, 265, 268, 271, 283, 285, 287, 292, 295, 296, 298, 299, 301, 303, 305n.193, 311â315, 319, 320, 339, 341, 343, 344, 346â359, 437

Christian 97, 108, 109, 111;

Muslim captives/slaves, baptized

cossacks 286

Crimean 145â176, 187â237, 251, 266, 281, 290, 292, 312, 364n.2, 368â370, 372, 374â376, 379, 380, 390, 418, 423, 424, 432, 433

Don 285, 286

Lithuanian/Polish-Lithuanian 309, 312â314, 317, 318,

raids 1â4, 6, 9â12, 45, 94, 145, 152â160, 164, 167, 168, 170â172, 174â176, 178, 181, 187â237, 251n.3, 252â255, 269, 270, 277, 278, 283, 310, 315, 321, 322, 365, 368â370, 376, 424â428, 438

ransoming done by 51â53

slave-owners, buyers, sellers 44, 51, 54â55, 95, 96, 147â176, 373, 425â427

sources 151, 155, 268, 366, 376n.45, 424n.22

Trabzon see Trebizond

Transatlantic see Atlantic

Transylvania 1, 127

Trebizond (Trabzon) 20, 30, 90, 92, 106, 110, 273, 281

Tripoli 390, 394â402, 408, 411n.78, 412

Tunis 395, 400n.48

Turkey, present-day 432, 435, 438

Ottoman Empire

Turkic, Turkish

captives/slaves 35, 51, 101, 102, 105, 106, 109, 283, 287, 288, 291, 293, 294â296, 299, 301â303, 305, 310, 311, 314, 315, 317, 318, 341â348, 350, 351n.29, 354, 356n.47, 357, 359, 437

cossacks 260n.20, 285, 286

raiders 255, 279, 283, 321, 424n.22, 427

slave-owners, sellers 161, 167, 292, 426

Uighur slaves 349

Ukraine 208, 255, 259, 262, 263, 265, 271, 280, 289, 306, 309n.210, 319, 427

present-day 206, 228, 251, 260, 435

Rusâ; Ruthenia

Ukrainian(s) 145, 154, 227, 259n.19, 261â263, 273

captives/slaves 390, 426

sources and scholarship 153, 255, 266n.38, 311, 375, 392

cossacks (Ukrainian; Zaporozhian); Ruthenian

unfreedom viii, ix, xiv, xv, xvii, 3, 5â8, 11, 13, 91, 92, 98, 113, 250, 255, 257, 267, 269, 278, 280, 282, 283, 294â296, 309, 317, 319, 322, 323, 324, 391, 392

Venetian 1, 9, 20, 28, 34, 35, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51â54, 56, 90, 92, 95, 97, 101n.43, 262, 319, 320, 340, 346, 352, 355â357, 403, 405n.63, 431

notaries, sources 10, 11, 20, 23, 41, 43â46, 48, 55, 96, 101n.43, 341, 346, 347, 348n.26, 352, 358

Tana

Venice 1, 9â11, 20, 28, 32, 33, 37, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49â54, 56, 94â97, 320, 341, 346â350, 352, 354, 356, 157, 347, 350, 351, 354, 356, 357, 359, 404, 408, 422, 430

Wallachia 5, 6, 10, 112, 117â137, 139, 157, 159

Romanian principalities

Wallachians 2, 170, 349

Zaranj slaves 345

Zikhs 29, 54, 98, 105, 348

Circassians

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Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900â1900

Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection between Christianity and Islam

Reihe:Â Studies in Global Slavery, Band: 11

Cover Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900â1900

ISBN:: 9789004470897

Verleger:: Brill

Print-Publikationsdatum:: 24 Nov 2021

Fachgebiete
- Geschichte

Front Matter

Part 1 The Italian Phase

Part 2 Slavery and Christianity

Part 3 Raiders and Captives on the Northern Shore

Part 4 The Circassian Question

Part 5 The Black Sea and Global Slavery

Back Matter

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Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900â1900

Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection between Christianity and Islam

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Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900â1900