X â First French Edition, Three Issues
X.1 âWarnaerâ issue, title-page decorated with ornament A:
Anon., La Clef du santuaire par un sçavant homme de nôtre siecle. âLeidenâ [Amsterdam], âPierre Warnaerâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
X.2 âEmanuelâ issue, title-page decorated with small yoke ornament:
Anon., Reflexions curieuses dâun esprit des-interressé sur les matieres les plus importantes au salut, tant public que particulier. âCologneâ [Amsterdam], âClaude Emanuelâ, printer: unidentified for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
X.3 âSmithâ issue, title-page decorated with ornament E:
Anon., Traitté des ceremonies superstitieuses des juifs tant anciens que modernes. Amsterdam, âJacob Smithâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Anonymous, three spurious title-pages, with false imprints. Translation from the Latin by [Gabriel de Saint Glen]. P. 22, l. 22: âE-spritâ; p. 23, l. 19: âIobâ; p. 288, l. 21: âKaïnâ. Contains list of errata. Printed together with thirty-one Adnotationes. Exemplars: a now-lost Latin manuscript, either Spinozaâs autograph manuscript or an apograph; French holograph and/or apograph by [Saint Glen] served as a printerâs copy but is no longer extant. Perhaps, another printed exemplar has been: Latin quarto T.2/T.2a.
Y â Second French Edition, Five Issues
Y.1 âWarnaerâ issue, title-page decorated with ornament B:
Anon., La Clef du santuaire par un sçavant homme de nôtre siecle. âLeidenâ [Amsterdam], âPierre Warnaerâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Y.2 âWarnaerâ issue, title-page decorated with ornament C:
Anon., La Clef du santuaire par un sçavant homme de nôtre siecle. âLeidenâ [Amsterdam], âPierre Warnaerâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Y.3 âWarnaerâ issue, title-page decorated with ornament D:
Anon., La Cléf du sanctuaire par un sçavant homme de notre siécle. âLeidenâ [Amsterdam], âPierre Warnaerâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Y.4/Y.5 issue (with two title-pages), âEmanuelâ and âSmithâ, title-pages decorated with small yoke ornament and ornament F:
Anon., Reflexions curieuses dâun esprit des-interressé sur les matieres les plus importantes au salut, tant public que particulier. âCologneâ [Amsterdam], âClaude Emanuelâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Anon., Traitté des ceremonies superstitieuses des juifs tant anciens que modernes. Amsterdam, âJacob Smithâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Y.n/Y.4/Y.5 issue (with three title-pages), âWarnaerâ, âEmanuelâ, and âSmithâ, title-pages decorated with ornament G, small yoke ornament, and ornament F
Anon., La Clef du santuaire par un sçavant homme de nôtre siecle. âLeidenâ [Amsterdam], âPierre Warnaerâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Anon., Reflexions curieuses dâun esprit des-interressé sur les matieres les plus importantes au salut, tant public que particulier. âCologneâ [Amsterdam], âClaude Emanuelâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Anon., Traitté des ceremonies superstitieuses des juifs tant anciens que modernes. Amsterdam, printer: âJacob Smithâ, printer unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Anonymous, six spurious title-pages, with false imprints. Translation from the Latin by [Gabriel de Saint Glen]. Sig. *9v: âPREEACEâ, p. 22, l. 22: âEs-pritâ; p. 23, l. 19: âJobâ; p. 288, l. 21: âCaïnâ. Contains list of errata. Printed together with thirty-one Adnotationes. Printed exemplar: X edition.
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1 The French X and Y Editions (1678) and the Adnotationes ad Tractatum Theologico-Politicum
Almost a decade after Spinozaâs second book had first been published in the Netherlands and was forcefully lambasted and prohibited, the âTheological-Political Treatiseâ received its impetus in France by way of a translation in French, too. There is the strong likelihood the philosopherâs treatise was introduced in headlines to French readers by way of the publication of a book surreptitiously published in 1673 during the French occupation (1672â1674) of the Netherlands, called La Religion des Hollandois.1 The author who hid behind this pamphlet was Lieutenant Colonel Jean Baptiste Stouppe, a high-ranking officer in the Swiss âStoppaâ regiment serving in the Sun Kingâs army and central actor in a plan to bring Spinoza to Utrecht in summer 1673. Stouppeâs La Religion was a genuine product of French military propaganda. Personally commissioned by Louis XIV, the work had as its main objective the justification of the invasion of the Dutch Republic by Louis XIV and the contradiction induced by several Dutch pamphlets, reporting cruelties committed by French troops in the villages of Zwammerdam and Bodegraven.2
Stouppe in La Religion especially attacked the Dutch confessional identity and the unlimited toleration by the Dutch authorities of religious dissenters.3 In so doing the pamphlet is also considered as the first public French retort in print of Spinozaâs Tractatus theologico-politicus, bracketing its radical notions with atheism. The work comprises six letters all dated May 1673 and, according to La Religionâs subtitle, addressed to an otherwise unnamed theologian from the Swiss town of Bern.4 Stouppe in the pamphletâs third letter puts forward the following allegations in regard to Spinoza and his allegedly atheistic treatise:
I do not believe I have told you about all the religions [practised] in this country when I have not said a word to you [in passing] about an illustrious and learned man who, as I have been assured, has a great number of followers who are entirely devoted to his sentiments. He is a man who was born a Jew [and he] is called Spinoza who neither abjured the religion of the Jews nor [has he] embraced the Christian religion. He is a very mischievous Jew and no better Christian. Some years ago, he wrote a book in Latin entitled âTractatus theologico-politicusâ in which he seems to have as principal design to destroy all religions, particularly Judaism and the Christian [religion], and to introduce atheism, freethinking, and the freedom of all religions [instead].5
These introductory remarks in any case seem to imply that Lieutenant Colonel Stouppe not only must have read Spinozaâs treatise but also that he had some fair knowledge about the authorâs background. Yet in 1673 La Religion, Stouppe wrongly assumed the work had been proscribed in an official province-wide placard: the provincial Hof van Holland did not ban the âTheological-political Treatiseâ until 19 July 1674. Stouppe was however correct in claiming the book had however been banned in a few Dutch towns where copies had been seized from local bookshops.6
Tellingly, although Stouppeâs criticism about the âTheological-Political Treatiseâ and the Dutch theologiansâ tolerance towards the book is unequivocally harsh, his praise of Spinozaâs manifold knowledge reveals a fascination for the latterâs intellectual reputation and the clandestinity of his philosophical notions:
This Spinoza lives in this country. He has lived for a while in The Hague where he was visited by inquisitive spirits and even by young ladies of quality pretending to have more spirit than is requisite for their sex. Because his book absolutely overthrows the foundations of all religions and [because] it has been condemned in a public decree of the States his followers dare not to expose themselves. It has been forbidden to sell it so it could not be offered for sale publicly. Among all theologians who are in this country there cannot be found one who has dared to write against the opinions this author advances in his treatise. I am all the more surprised that the author appears to have a great knowledge of the Hebrew language, of all the customs of the Jews, and of philosophy. The theologians are bold if they would say that this book does not deserves the trouble of refuting it. If they continue in silence one cannot help saying they are either lacking in charity by leaving so pernicious a book unanswered, that they approve of the sentiments of this author, or that they do not have the courage and strength to fight them.7
During the time or soon after the peace negotiations of Nijmegen ended the Franco-Dutch war, confirming most of the Sun Kingâs gains, a translation in the French vernacular of the Tractatus theologico-politicus was published clandestinely in 1678. To mask the bookâs true contents and protect author and publisher the work was, like the Latin quartos and octavos, once again fitted with fictitious title-pages, the majority of which were carrying false imprints. Whether this French translation was issued before or after 25 June 1678, the date on which the States of Holland, Zeeland, and West-Friesland proscribed Spinozaâs posthumous works in a provincial placard, is not further known.8
The composition of the first French translation of the Tractatus theologico-politicus, presumably also launched by Spinozaâs Amsterdam publisher Jan Rieuwertsz père, is commonly attributed to a French Huguenot author and publicist called Gabriel de Saint Glen. A few scholars, though, have also put forward the hypothesis maintaining the author of the French translation was the Huguenot-émigré Jean-Maximilien Lucas (1636/46â1697), an author, bookseller, and publisher living in the Netherlands and allegedly one of Spinozaâs ardent followers.9 The new French rendition, published in two separate text editions in duodecimo and labelled by Kingma and Offenberg as X and Y, was issued in eight variant states, altogether with an impressive total of nine separate title-pages. Two issues, Y.4/Y.5 and Y.n/Y.4/Y.5, were fitted with two and three title-pages, all bound in at the start of their copies.
With respect to these renditionsâ printing, it is certain that X preceded Y, the latter edition being considered the âluxuryâ edition. Their chronological sequence becomes apparent from textual revisions in Y. Most significantly, both X and Y contain thirty-one of the Adnotationes ad Tractatum theologico-politicum, thirty-nine explanatory notes clarifying obscurities in Spinozaâs second book. The majority of these Adnotationes were by Spinoza, some were arguably made by others.10 All issues of the printed French translation were issued under three spurious and arcane-sounding titles having a clandestine aura of some sort about them:
Reflexions curieuses dâun esprit des-interressé sur les matieres les plus importantes au salut, tant public que particulier.
La Clef du san(c)tuaire par un sçavant homme de nôtre siecle.
Traitté des ceremonies superstitieuses des Juifs tant anciens que modernes.
2 The French Editionsâ Putative Translator: Gabriel de Saint Glen
Pierre Desmaizeaux, a French Huguenot journalist and English correspondent for Franco-Dutch periodicals who fled to England in 1689, was one of the first contemporary writers to speak in detail about the French translation of the Tractatus theologico-politicus. In the three-volume Lettres de mr. Bayle (1719), Desmaizeauxâs edition of Pierre Bayleâs correspondence, he brings up Spinoza frequently. He mentions the French translation and identifies its putative translator, Gabriel de Saint Glen. Desmaizeaux in the first volume of the Lettres declares about Traitté des ceremonies in a lengthy footnote that this work was
⦠a translation of âTractatus theologico-politicusâ by Spinoza, made by the lord of St Glain, [an] Angevin [and] a captain in the service of the Lords States [of Holland], who later worked for the âGazette of Rotterdamâ. He had been a zealous Protestant, but after he came to know Spinoza, he grew into one of his disciples, and one of his greatest admirers. Apart from this, he entitled his translation âLa Clef du sanctuaireâ: but because this title caused a lot of turmoil, they feared it would hamper the sale of the book. And to facilitate its flow it was thought advisable in a second edition to change this into âTraitté des Ceremonies superstitieuses des Juifs tant anciens que modernesâ. And for the same reason when they issued a third edition they entitled [it] âReflexions curieuses dâun esprit des-interressé sur les matieres les plus importantes au salut, tant public que particulierâ. I [Desmaizeaux] had these particulars from Mr Morelli of whom I have spoken in a note to the âOeuvres de mr. de St. Evremondâ, volume 5, pages 274, 275, in the Amsterdam edition [of] 1726. He knew in particular Mr de Saint Glen.11
âMorelliâ, as it appears from this remark, was one of Desmaizeauxâs sources on Spinoza and according to Desmaizeauxâs testimony in the third volume of the Lettres he claimed to have known Spinoza personally.12 This âMr Morelliâ might well be identified as someone by the name of Henriques Morales who after the latter went to England had made Desmaizeauxâs acquaintance. Morales was of New Christian extraction and had settled in Amsterdam to practice as a physician. He was also one of the contemporary writers who provided the French writer and editor with an account of Spinozaâs vexed visit to the French headquarters in Utrecht in the late summer of 1673.13 Desmaizeaux, in a review of the French translation (1706) of Johannes Colerusâs noted Spinoza biography (1705), first published his own version of Moralesâs account of the Dutch philosopherâs jaunt in May 1706.14 The review was issued in Mémoires du Trévoux, a monthly Jesuit academic journal published between 1701 and 1782.15
More than two decades later, Desmaizeaux reedited the same account in the third volume of the aforementioned 1729 Lettres, in a note to a letter by Bayle addressed to an anonymous correspondent (âLettre CCLXXXII. A Mr. ***â, Rotterdam, April 1706):
As Mr Morelli, of whom I spoke in a note on the letter to Mr Minutoli of 26 May 1679, pages 142, and 143, had known Spinoza, and [he, i.e., Morelli] told me [Desmaizeaux] several particulars [about him], I consulted him on that very matter and this is what he [Morelli] replied to me: âI knew particularly Mr Spinoza quite well. He has told me on more than one occasion that while being at Utrecht with Mr the Prince of Condé [and] after having conversations with him, this very Prince made great efforts to engage him to follow him to Paris and to stay in his company. [He] added [to this] that in addition to his protection, on which he could rely, he would have lodgings close to the court, and a pension of one thousand écus. To which Spinoza answered he pleaded his Highness to consider that all his power would not be able to withstand the courtâs bigotry. Especially since his name had already been strongly decried by the âTractatus theologico-politicusâ and that there was no security for him or satisfaction for his Highness, the priests being enemies were cursing individuals who think and write freely about religion. But he was ready to accompany his Highness in his armies, to entertain him if he would be able to do so and distract him from his military duties. Mr the Prince approved these reasons and thanked himâ.16
Moralesâs claim that Saint Glen produced the French translation of the âTheological-Political Treatiseâ lacks both historical background and sources. Nonetheless, the latter is the only candidate who can be cautiously linked with the French translation.
Perhaps, aside from Morelli, one of Desmaizeauxâs other sources was La Vie et lâesprit de mr. Benoit de Spinosa (1729), a short Spinoza biography clandestinely edited ten years prior to the 1729 Lettres de mr. Bayle in The Hague by Charles Levier and attributed to Jean-Maximilien Lucas.17 The anonymous author of La Vie et lâesprit in its footnote n refers only briefly to the French translation of the Tractatus theologico-politicus. Its rendition was, according to him, entitled La Clef du santuaire. Yet the Levier edition refrains from mentioning the name of Saint Glen, the alleged translator. There, it reads only the following:
It is a book which the author composed in Latin, entitled: âTractatus theologico-politicusâ, which is translated into French under the title âLa Clef du santuaireâ.18
In the summer of 1719 another biography, called âLa Vie de feu Monsieur Spinozaâ and doubtlessly one of Desmaizeauxâs other sources consulted, appeared in the French journal Nouvelles littéraires. This time, it seems, its anonymous author was much better informed when maintaining the French translation of Spinozaâs treatise was published under three different titles. Crucially important for the publication history of the Tractatus theologico-politicusâs French X and Y duodecimo editions is that âLa Vie de feu Monsieur Spinozaâ proves to be the first known historical document declaring in its footnote h that âle Sieur de S. Glainâ, a loyal disciple of Spinoza, was the treatiseâs disguised French translator. Unfortunately, âLa Vie de feu Monsieur Spinozaâ is further silent about its source:
The Latin title is âTractatus theologico-politicusâ. This work was translated into French by the lord De S. Glain, an Angevin, [and] a captain in the service of the Lords States [of Holland] who later worked for the âGazette de Rotterdamâ. He had been a Calvinist, but after he came to know Spinoza he became one of his disciples, and one of his greatest admirers.19
According to the same note in âLa Vie de feu Monsieur Spinozaâ, the original French title was La Clef du santuaire but that one was changed because
⦠this title caused a lot of turmoil, especially in Catholic countries. [And] to facilitate the sale it was judged [that] in a second edition [its title] was to be changed into âTraité des Ceremonies superstitieuses des Juifs tant anciens que modernesâ. And for the same reason, when they issued a third edition, they entitled it âReflexions curieuses dâun Esprit désinteresséâ.20
âLa Vie de feu Monsieur Spinozaâ adds to this also that the author of the Tractatus theologico-politicus âmade the âRemarksâ to the book printed at the end of the translation of the same bookâ. Meant are the Adnotationes printed in the section âRemarques Curieuses, Et nécessaires pour lâIntelligence de ce Livreâ annexed to the 1678 French translation.21 To sum up, the historical details in the report made by Desmaizeaux in the first volume (1729) of Lettres de mr. Bayle contains elements allegedly told to him by Morales, first published in the Mémoires du Trévoux in 1706. These elements seem further to be amalgamated with details put forward in 1719 in both La Vie and in âLa Vie de feu Monsieur Spinozaâ, the account issued in the Nouvelles littéraires.
The personal life and times of Gabriel de Saint Glen are poorly documented. His name was also spelled Saint Glain, Ceinglen, Ceinglein, S. Guelin, Guilain, and Saint-Guislain to make matters even more complex. Pierre Bayle was the first person to bring up the identity of Saint Glen and his occupations.22 In a letter probably sent from Rotterdam on 10 April 1684 he tells his youngest brother Joseph Bayle the following:
There are other small magazines with learned news in prose, the author of which is called Saint Glen, who makes also a newspaper in French prose under the title âNouvelles solides et choisiesâ. He has been dead for some time [now]â¦.23
Meinsma in Spinoza en zijn kring only deals with Saint Glen in passing, but what he puts forward about the latter appears mainly to have been based on Desmaizeauxâs remarks in the third volume of his edition of Bayleâs correspondence Lettres.24 Relevant biographical information, though, was unearthed in the second half of the twentieth century by Francès and by Van Eeghen.25 According to Francès, the Huguenot âchevalierâ Saint Glen was presumably born around 1620. He was the bastard son of the nobleman Julien Urvoy and Rose de Belorient. He was not born in or around Angers (Maine-et-Loire) as claimed by Henriques Morales, but in the Côtes-du-Nord, in French Brittany. Saint Glen came to the Netherlands sometime in the 1660s and settled in The Hague, at least for a while. According to Francès, he had a brief military career as officer (captain) in the Statesâ army. On 10 June 1669, Saint Glen married Maria Patoillat, a French girl, in The Hague.26 He settled in The Hague about the same time when Spinoza transferred (early September 1669âearly February 1671) from Voorburg to that same town, too.27 In other words, during the 1670s the two men may have met, but this all remains speculation.
After 1673 Saint Glen moved to Amsterdam, he set up a publishing agency at the Nieuwezijds Achterburgwal. There, he befriended Henri Desbordes (1649â1722), the Huguenot publisher and printer of the review journal Nouvelles de la république des lettres. When residing in Amsterdam, Saint Glen issued the aforementioned Nouvelles solides et choisies, a âgazette raisonnéeâ competing with the Leiden news magazine Nouvelles extraordinaires de divers endroits.28 Francès further reported Saint Glen also contributed to the Gazette dâAmsterdam (also known as Gazette dâHollande and Nouvelles dâAmsterdam), a well-read European newspaper of the era.29 On 19 February 1684, Saint Glen made his will, signing the deed with âCeingleinâ, and passed away shortly afterwards. According to the municipal burial registers, âGabriel de Ceingleâ was buried in the Amsterdam Nieuwe Kerk on 25 February.30
The news of Saint Glenâs death, apparently a man of some stature, was announced in the Le Nouveau mercure galant (formerly called Le Mercure galant). This French journal and literary magazine, published between 1677 and 1724, commemorated Saint Glenâs death, calling him a âdomestiqueâ (servant) of the Prince of Orange. The formerâs exact relations with the Stadholder and his actual position however remain fully at dusk, but it might be conjectured that he perhaps worked in the service of William III in The Hague as an intelligencer.31 After Saint Glenâs death, his widow (âwed. S. Geleyn, Franse courante drucksterâ) went to Rotterdam where she set up the Gazette de Rotterdam, for which she received a patent from the States of Holland on 24 August 1691. She died in Rotterdam and was buried there in the Nieuwe- of Oosterkerk on 29 July 1713.32
Like it has been stated before, personal contacts between Spinoza and Saint Glen are not recorded. Therefore, it can only be hypothesized that, when the putative French translator of the Dutch philosopherâs Tractatus theologico-politicus Saint Glen moved to Amsterdam, he already was or came into contact with members of the editorial team warding over Spinozaâs written legacy and putting to press the posthumous works during the second half of 1677. Perhaps, being a professional publisher himself, Saint Glen befriended Jan Rieuwertsz père who, after Spinozaâs death, came in the possession of his âlessenaarâ (a writing desk, perhaps a âescritoireâ) with Spinozaâs papers and, in all likelihood, his correspondence. Perhaps, this writing deskâs contents may have contained the philosopherâs Adnotationes, too.
If Saint Glen was indeed the Tractatus theologico- politicusâs translator, this would indicate he must have got hold of either Spinozaâs holograph or an apograph with the latterâs supplementary notes with the help of the Dutch philosopherâs Amsterdam friends or through Rieuwertsz. It may even be speculated Rieuwertsz himself did ask and commission Saint Glen to translate the Tractatus theologico-politicus into French and to append also the still unpublished Adnotationes to it. Israel conjectured work on the translation may have started before Spinoza passed away, which in my opinion is possible but lacks any proof. Francès even has put forward the hypothesis the experienced translator Jan Hendriksz Glazemaker might have assisted Saint Glen in the French translation project.33
Undetermined is still whether Saint Glen used as his exemplar a Latin manuscript of the âTheological-Political Treatiseâ, be it the original holograph or an apograph. Research for the present bibliography in any case confirms the mysterious translator also relied for his French translation at least on a printed text Latin edition. Highly likely it was the quarto T.2/T.2a he had on his desk. This theory is supported by the biblical reference to Exod. 34:14 being incorrectly printed as a note in the external margin of the French translationsâ chapter 15 on page 386, where it reads âExod. ch. 4. v. 14.â. T.2/T.2a, T.4n/T.4, and T.5 (p. 169, l. 10) also misprint âExod. 34. vers. 14.â as âExod. 4. vers. 14.â, a reference only correct in T.1 and the octavo edition T.3 apparently not available to the treatiseâs translator. Moreover, on page 164 (note in external margin) in chapter 6 the French edition X, like T.1, T.2/T.2a and T.3, has the correct biblical reference to Psalm 73 (âPseau. 73â). The later Latin quartos T.4n/T.4 and T.5 misprint â(vide Psal. 73.)â as â(vide Psal. 37.)â (p. 73, [l. 33]). In other words, those last two editions cannot be considered as Saint Glenâs exemplar. Because the French translationâs X and Y edition misprint the biblical reference âExod. 34. vers. 14.â as âExod. 4. vers. 14.â T.3 can also be excluded.
3 Spinozaâs Presentation Copy for Clefman: The Tractatus Theologico-Politicuss Explanatory Adnotationes
After a ten-year interval, Spinoza resumed his correspondence with his London correspondent Henry Oldenburg in May 1675 by passing him a copy of one of the printed Latin quarto editions of the âTheological-Political Treatiseâ. The second stage of their lively correspondence mainly centred on a discussion regarding negative responses by English readers to the book. In this context, Oldenburg and Spinoza their later letters primarily clashed over implications the treatise brings for theological issues: necessity and moral responsibility, miracles and ignorance, as well as the death, burial, and resurrection of Christ. Oldenburg harshly critiqued the Tractatus theologico-politicus and warned Spinoza on more than one occasion for the workâs imminent threat to established Christian religion and theology. Their spirited discussion and the fact that Oldenburg informed Spinoza English readers were dismayed and shocked by the bookâs contents delivers proof in the mid-1670s the work was more widely read in Britain. The strong likelihood is copies were circulating of the Latin octavo issue T.3e which was fitted with the âEnglishâ-style title-page and an imprint declaring the variant was published in 1674.
More significantly, from the autumn of 1675 onwards, Spinoza informed Oldenburg about his plans in particular to issue a new text edition of his second book with his Adnotationes, marginal notes to explain passages easily to be misinterpreted by readers alike.34 Curley has pointed out Spinoza wanted them to âclarifyâ passages in the Tractatus theologico-politicus, not to âsoftenâ his notions.35 In the autumn of 1675, the Dutch philosopher wrote to Oldenburg:
Iâd like you to let me know the passages in the Theological-Political Treatise which have caused learned men to have misgivings. For I want to make that Treatise clearer with certain notes, and to remove the prejudices conceived about it, if possible.36
In a letter of 15 November 1675, Oldenburg warmly welcomed this idea but he also, mistakenly, thought Spinoza had the intention to tone down several of his radical statements in of his treatiseâs announced new edition. He briefly responded to Spinoza about this plan thus:
I can only approve your intention to clarify and soften the things in the Theological-Political Treatise which caused trouble to your Readers.37
The textual history of the Adnotationes reveals these explanatory notes have been transmitted in seven historical documents and editions. Five of those brief comments (2, 6, 7, 13, and 14), are contained in a Latin quarto copy (T.1) of the Tractatus theologico-politicus (siglum: Spin) in Spinozaâs own dated handwriting.38 This annotated presentation copy also establishes a provisional terminus ad quem for the Adnotationesâs composition.39 On 25 July 1676, Spinoza presented this dated and still extant copy of T.1, one printed on luxury paper and bound in a vellum covering with laced-in thongs, to the Pomeranian law student Jacob Statius Clefman. The latter had come over to the Netherlands to receive a sum of money from the estate of his brother Hendrick Clefman who lived and died in The Hague.40 Seven days prior his visit to Spinoza, Jacob Statius had enrolled at Leiden University.
Dedicatory note for Jacob Statius Clefman, in Spinozaâs own handwriting, in a large-paper copy of the Latin quarto edition T.1.
Particulars about Clefman are recorded in the Leiden matriculation registers. There, it reads: âJacobus Statius Cleefman, Pomeranus, ann. XXVIII, Juris stud., met Vande Vlijm, op de Breestraetâ (âJacobus Statius Cleefman, from Pomerania, 28 years of age, law student, [residing] with Van de Vlijm, in the Breestraatâ).41 Apart from the five aforementioned supplementary notes, Spinoza also wrote on the bookâs title-page in italics a Latin dedicatory note for Clefman in brown ink:
The author donated [this book] to the noble Mr Mr Jacobus Statius Clefman, and [he] adorned it with some notes he wrote in his own hand, on the 25th of July of the year 1676.42
Adnotatio 14 (in chapter 9), in Spinozaâs own handwriting in the copy presented to Clefman on 25 July 1676.
The supplementary notes 2, 6, 7, 13, and 14, also in brown ink, contained in the copy of T.1 and presented to Clefman in the summer of 1676 do not necessarily prove Spinoza was still compiling the thirty-four other comments lacking in it. It is however uncertain when he ultimately completed these explanatory notes. The supplementary marginal notes in the Clefman presentation copy were all first published by the German historian and archaeologist Wilhelm Dorow (1790â1846) in 1835 in: Benedikt Spinozaâs Randglossen zu seinem âTractatus theologico-politicusâ aus seiner in Konigsberg befindlichen noch ungedruckten Handschrift bekannt gemacht.43
The Prussian scholar and librarian of the Gräflich Wallenrodtschen Bibliothek at Königsberg (nowadays Kaliningrad) Raphael J. Bock (1779â1837) first reported about the presentation copy Spinoza donated to Clefman in âNachrichten über Handschriften und alte Druckwerke der Gräflich v. Wallenrodtischen Bibliothek zu Königsberg in Preussenâ (1829).44 The copy has, in evidence, a long and complicated provenance history it appears. After the death of one of its former owners, the Königsberg theology professor Daniel Friedrich Schütz (1780â1817), the copy allegedly surfaced in Amsterdam where according to Bock it would have been put up for auction.45
This statement, however, is doubtful. It seems more likely to assume that Clefman took Spinozaâs for him probably precious copy along with him when he returned to the east Prussian town of Königsberg in the Pomerania region. Sometime between 29 May 1817, incidentally the very day on which professor Schütz passed away, and 1829 (when Bock published the âNachrichtenâ) it finally ended up in Königsberg in a way not known. The book then entered the collection of the townâs Gräflich Wallenrodtschen Bibliothek. The latter library later merged with the Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek in 1909.46 After the sacking of Königsberg by Red Army troops in April 1945, it is reported, someone found Clefmanâs copy of the book lying in a pile of rubbish in the cityâs heavily-damaged streets. Subsequently, after a complicated juridical quarrel, the book found its way to Haifa, Israel, its present-day location.47 The Tractatus theologico-politicusâs copy, presented as a gift to Clefman, is the only known book Spinoza ever signed and annotated; it also has underliners in his handwriting.
4 Other Sources of the Adnotationes
By the beginning of the eighteenth century, another of Spinozaâs now-lost personal annotated copies of the Tractatus theologico-politicus was apparently still in the possession of the Amsterdam bookseller family Rieuwertsz. During the already previously-mentioned visit of the German travellers Stolle and âHallmannâ in late June 1703 to the Amsterdam bookshop of Jan Rieuwertsz fils, the latter showed them that copy which also contained his handwritten Adnotationes and allowed them to duplicate those notes.48 In their travel diaries, âHallmannâ writes about it the following entry:
In the end, he [Rieuwertsz fils] showed me the copy of the âTractatus theologico-politicusâ which Spinoza himself had used and to which he had appended short marginal manuscript notes, which are very easy to read. When I asked him whether he would grant me the occasion to add these also to my own copy (in order to better understand Spinoza), he promised me this [on the condition] it was done in his house [i.e., in the Beursstraat or the Beurssteeg], [something] which I quickly agreed to.49
âHallmannâ then further reports how he copied Spinozaâs handwritten notes at Rieuwertszâs place:
The next day, in his house I copied Spinozaâs manuscript notes ⦠He had shown Spinozaâs manuscript notes to the âTractatus theologico-politicusâ to several people he knew well, but [he] had never allowed anybody to take a copy of them. This is a matter I will not go into now. Spinoza had compiled these [remarks] a few years after publishing the âTractatus theologico-politicusâ, for he had realized people failed to understand him properly. Undoubtedly, he would have printed them, had he lived longer and if the book had been reprinted.50
The copy of the Tractatus theologico-politicus in which âHallmannâ duplicated the philosopherâs Adnotationes is considered to lost; further accounts reporting about it are not known.
As evinced by the Stolle/âHallmannâ journals, by the early summer of 1703 Jan Rieuwertsz fils still had several other copies of Spinozaâs published writings in stock which he was prepared sell to customers. During their visit, the Amsterdam bookseller offered Stolle and âHallmannâ the possibility to also buy a copy of what seems to have been the Opera posthuma:
⦠and he admitted Spinozaâs writings were only for sale at his [bookshop] ⦠and afterwards he offered us the complete works for 9 guilders.51
Intriguingly, the Stolle/âHallmannâ travel diaries also reveal Rieuwertsz fils owned also a considerable portion of Spinozaâs surviving manuscripts and other copies of his books. In the book dealerâs possession were three manuscripts, a printed annotated copy of the Tractatus theologico-politicus, and one autograph letter by the Dutch philosopher which are all no longer extant:
A âlengthy work by Spinoza written against the Jewsâ. Either an unredacted holograph or apograph of what might have been the legendary apology the philosopher is assumed to have written shortly after his expulsion in 1656, or an early draft of the Tractatus theologico- politicus. Rieuwertsz (either father or son) once owned the manuscript, given away to someone else.52
A printed copy of the âTheological-Political Treatiseâ (edition/variant unidentified), containing an unknown number of Adnotationes, all written neatly in Spinozaâs own handwriting, containing the explanatory notes that were copied by âHallmannâ at the house of Rieuwertsz fils in 1703.53
A handwritten copy of the unfinished Dutch two-part Korte verhandeling van God, de mensch en deszelvs welstand (1660â1662). According to the Stolle/âHallmannâ diaries, it would have comprised thirty-six chapters plus two subsidiary appendixes in embryo. The first Appendix discussed substance, attributes, and God, i.e., a brief version of the definitions, axioms, and propositions now in E1. Appendix 2 was on the human soul as the idea of the body, now in an expanded redaction in E2. Both were composed in a brief, discursive presentation, originally written in Latin, in a Dutch translation Rieuwertsz père had allegedly made after a manuscript by Spinoza; according to âHallmannâ, this text was the âEthicsâ. Nevertheless, the Dutch translation copied by Rieuwertsz père, Stolle/âHallmannâ journals further argue, was arranged quite differently (non-geometrically) and divided in (at least twenty-one) chapters. The Dutch renditionâs chapter 21, according to the diaries, was on the devil. The version was written, âquite spatiallyâ, on thirty-six âBogenâ (sheets).
This copy of the Korte verhandeling made by Rieuwertsz and translated into Dutch, reported in the Stolle/âHallmannâ diaries, is certainly not the text of the late-seventeenth-century manuscript copy surviving today in a manuscript (75 G 15) extant in National Library of the Netherlands in The Hague. In the latter apograph, the passage on the devil is in chapter 25. Because the text of the manuscript in The Hague comprises about 100 folios it simply cannot have been the text which Stolle/âHallmannâ reported to have seen in Amsterdam in June 1703.54
A Dutch translation (either the holograph or an apograph) of the âTheological-Political Treatiseâ, made by Jan Hendriksz Glazemaker in 1669 or 1670, i.e., the text version that stood at the basis of its first Dutch translation. This work, called De rechtzinnige theologant, of godgeleerde staatkundige verhandelinge (The Orthodox Theologian, or Theological-Political Treatise), was only published in the bibliographical quarto size in 1693.55
An autograph letter of Spinoza to Jarig Jelles dated mid-April 1673.56
In 1678, a large portion of Spinozaâs Adnotationes, thirty- one out of thirty-nine (notes 2, 3â5, 6, 7, 8â17, 19, 20â27, 31â32, 34â38), was first issued in an annex to the Tractatus theologico-politicusâs printed French translation now attributed to Saint Glen (siglum: St Gl). These thirty-one notes are published in the pocket-sized duodecimo editions X and Y under the following title: âRemarques Curieuses, Et nécessaires pour lâIntelligence de ce Livreâ.57 Four of what originally ran to thirty-nine supplementary Adnotationes address the critique of the previously-mentioned Epistola ad amicum, a work anonymously published in mid-May 1671 by Johannes Melchioris, the first known reply to the Tractatus theologico-politicus ever put into print at the behest of the Utrecht Cartesians.58 Saint Glen, on page 30 of the French translationâs printed Adnotationes, remarks he had put aside one of Spinozaâs comments dealing with ânabiâ, the Hebrew word for prophet (Adnotatio 1, commenting on a passage in the translation on p. 1, l. 10). Saint Glen admits his knowledge of the Hebrew language was limited and he considered it best leave out the note than make mistakes in his translation.
Another source of the Adnotationes, comprising thirty- six notes (lacking 15, 20, 27, and 37) transcribed from a now-lost annotated copy of the Tractatus theologico- politicus in Spinozaâs handwriting, has survived in a manuscript made by the French Huguenot bibliographer and editor Prosper Marchand (1678â1756) in about 1711. The latter, by his own account, took these comments (siglum: March) from marginal glosses in a copy of the treatise once in his private library.59 Marchand had copied Spinozaâs subsidiary comments but also added a few of his own.60
In 1757, the German polymath Christoph Gottlieb von Murr (1733â1811) came in the possession of a copy of the Tractatus theologico-politicus, also with Spinozaâs supplementary notes and once apparently owned by one of Rieuwertszâs descendants.61 In Spinoza scholarship, Von Murr earned a reputation for being the first to issue thirty-three Adnotationes in a Latin edition (siglum: Murr) called Adnotationes ad Tractatum theologico politicum (1802).62 This publication has the following caption:
Benedicti de Spinoza Notae Mstae marginales ad Tractatum theologico-politicus (edit. in 4to 1670) descriptae ex originali, quod possidebat Ioh. Rieuwertsz, Typographus Civit. Amstelod.63
Shortly after publication of the above Latin edition, on 14 February 1803, Von Murr reacted to a then only recently issued critical review (26 January) of his 1802 Adnotationes, published by Paulus in the Intelligenzblatt of the German journal Allgemeinen Literatur-Zeitung. In his reply, he explained how he had come to possess his copy of the Tractatus theologico-politicus with Spinozaâs notes.64 He wrote:
In 1757, at the advice of the late Meermann, I came in Amsterdam into the possession of the copy of the âAdnotationesâ [owned by] a descendant of Jan Rieuwertsz [either père or fils]. Since then, I obtained six more copies which all agree with one another. Where the master copy of the âTractatus theologico-politicusâ of Spinoza now is, will be difficult to find out.65
Another of the Adnotationesâ sources concerns a late- seventeenth-century manuscript which comprises a copy of a redacted Dutch translation of the Tractatus theologico- politicus, composed by Glazemaker after an original Latin autograph or a Latin apograph of the treatise. The same manuscript also includes thirty-four of Spinozaâs supplementary comments (lacking notes 20, 27â30). This manuscript copy, in Spinoza scholarship known as codex A and extant in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek at The Hague (ms. 75 G 15), was written in Dutch by an unidentified scribe. It served as printerâs copy for a planned first Dutch edition of the Tractatus theologico-politicus, but Spinoza personally cancelled the bookâs publication in February 1671 through the intermediary of his friend Jarig Jelles, thus avoiding it to be made public in print.66 The Dutch translation of the Adnotationes (siglum: KB) contained in codex A has the following title:
Anteekenenge van Benedictus de Spinoza, op Deszelfs Godgeleerde Staatkundege Verhandelinge; Nauwkeurige en nootsakelijke aenmerkingen tot beeter verstant van dit boek.67
Ms. 75 G 15 also contains a Dutch translation of the Korte verhandeling.68 The aforementioned Dutch subsidiary âAnteekenengeâ to the âGodgeleerde Staatkundege Verhandelingeâ, the Dutch redacted version of the âTheological- Political Treatiseâ, are also the source of a now-lost two-part set of Adnotationes (siglum: Monn IâII, lacking 20, 27â30). They were copied by Johannes Monnikhoff (1707â1787), together with the text of the Korte verhandeling. Carl Schaarschmidt in his edition of the latter work was the first to refer to ms. 75 G 15 as codex A.69
Lastly, Spinozaâs Latin explanatory glosses (lacking 15, 20, 27â30) are further also contained in an interleaved, annotated copy of the Tractatus theologico-politicus, extant in Florence (siglum: ms. Flor). Those subsidiary notes belong to the same branch as the glosses provided by Marchand.70 All aforementioned sources include those five Adnotationes (2, 6, 7, 13, and 14) Spinoza entered in the margins of the presentation copy donated to Clefman on 25 July 1676.
The majority of the Adnotationes are probably dependent on Spinozaâs copy containing an unknown number of explanatory notes once in the possession of Rieuwertsz fils, i.e., the copy he had shown to and was copied by âHallmannâ in 1703.71 Akkerman has further underlined that another (unidentified) individual entered four surviving Adnotationes (18, 33, 35, and 39) in Rieuwertszâs copy. The Adnotationes 15, 18, 20, 27â30, 33, 35, and 39 are, according to Akkerman, probably not authentic subsidiary notes composed by Spinoza, but readersâ comments in all likelihood.72 For example, Adnotationes 28, 29, and 30 are references to the Philosophia S. Scripturae interpres (1666), but unlikely composed by Spinoza.73 Adnotationes 18, 33, 35, and 39 are referencing to other texts by Spinoza which make them suspicious, too. Finally, Adnotatio 35, an addition to chapter 17 of the Tractatus theologico-politicus on the successful transfer of the rule to the Roman people, is neither a note by Spinoza but a faithful quotation from Tacitusâ Historiae.74
Adnotatio 1 in manuscript 75 G 15 (codex A) in chapter 1 of the Dutch translation on ânabiâ, the Hebrew word for prophet.
5 The French Duodecimo Editionsâ Printing History
Bibliotheca Telleriana, the catalogue (1693) of the library of the Archbishop of Reims, Charles Maurice le Tellier (1642â1710), contains an early reference to Saint Glenâs French translation printed in duodecimo in 1678.75 Under the heading âErrores singularesâ the inventory lists copies with on their title-pages the three previously-mentioned false French titles Traitté des ceremonies, Reflexions curieuses, and La Clef du santuaire. The catalogue states the first title was âtranslated from [the] âTractatus theologico-politicusâ by Spinozaâ (âtraduit du Tractatus Theol. pol. de Spinosaâ) which had been published in Amsterdam, â1678. in 12oâ. About the second, Le Tellierâs library inventory states: âThe same book by Spinozaâ (âLe mesme livre de Spinosaâ), published in Cologne, â1678. in 12oâ. The third title is referred to as âThe same againâ (âLe mesme encoreâ), published in Leiden, â1678. in 12oâ. Yet, Bibliotheca Telleriana refrains from reporting anything about the listed worksâs translator and it is not known whether the copied mentioned were X or Y editions. Tellingly, Pierre Bayle, in his noted Spinoza entry published in volume 2 of his 1697 Dictionaire historique et critique, also records the three spurious French titles, identifying as his source the Bibliotheca Telleriana.76
In 1708, the German professor Vincent Placcius, in a substantial entry on Spinoza in his previously-mentioned comprehensive bibliography of pen names and anonyms Theatrum anonymorum et pseudonymorum, also briefly referred to the French edition the Tractatus theologico- politicus but he refrains from mentioning its translator. He also pointed out the book had been issued under the aforementioned three fake titles.77 Based on the information contained in the Le Tellier catalogue, the German bibliographer Johann Christoph Wolf in his Bibliotheca Hebraea mentioned the printed French translation of the Tractatus theologico-politicus as well.78 He added that edition had been published in the duodecimo size, too. Wolf also quoted the fictitious titles and stated, albeit in general terms, that the copy he had seen had been printed in Cologne (issued by âPierre Warnaerâ) in 1678. He was however unaware that, actually, two separate editions (X and Y) had been in circulation. Furthermore, Wolf mistakenly refers to a copy printed in Amsterdam in â1668â.
Evidently, this reference concerns the 1678 âJacob Smithâ volume, entitled Traitté des ceremonies. Wolf might have seen a âSmithâ variant or a âmixedâ copy, either Y.4/Y.5 or Y.n/Y.4/Y.5, fitted with a title-page bearing the âSmithâ imprint.79 To add more confusion, during my research for the present bibliography I could confirm the existence of extant copies of Y.4/Y.5, containing also a third title-page (also gracing X.1 and Y.1).80
The aforementioned La Vie et lâesprit de mr. Benoit de Spinosa, edited in 1719 by Levier, mentions the title La Clef du sanctuaire only in passing without mentioning any translator. âLa Vie de feu Monsieur Spinozaâ, published in the Nouvelles littéraires in 1719, lists all three false titles of the French translation and, in addition, it does also claim the French translator of the âTheological-political Treatiseâ was Saint Glen. Based on this information, Desmaizeaux in his edition of Bayleâs correspondence repeated these three sham titles and put also forward it was Saint Glen who had composed the French translation.81 The Dictionaireâs 1740 edition states that the French translation had originally been entitled Reflexions curieuses and that reprints had been given two other titles to mislead censors, too.82
In 1747, the Bremen theologian and bibliographer Johann Vogt in his Catalogus historico-criticus librorum rariorum generally referred to the Reflexions curieuses dâun esprit des-interressé, La Clef du san(c)tuaire, and the Traitté des ceremonies superstitieuses des Juifs. Vogt identified Gabriel de Saint Glen as their translator, too.83 Johann Anton Trinius in Freydenker-Lexicon (1759) also brought up the three false titles hiding the French translation, but mistakenly stated the work had been printed in quarto. Trinius also pointed to Saint Glen as the translationâs author whom he referred to as âeinem holländischen Hauptmann, und groÃen Anbeter des Spinoza, von St. Glain berrühretâ. Trinius also rightly stated the French translation was the first edition publishing Spinozaâs Adnotationes, âdie von dem Spinoza selbst herkommen, vermehret istâ.84
In the early second half of the nineteenth century, the bibliographer and literary historian Johann Georg Theodor Graesse in Trésor de livres rares et précieux also published several general statements about the French translation and Saint Glen, but his work contains no new information as such.85 In 1961, Bamberger in âThe Early Editions of Spinozaâs Tractatus Theologico-Politicus. A Bibliohistorical Examinationâ briefly brought up the French translation and its translator Saint Glen, but refers to the small duodecimo format in passing only.86
In-depth bibliographical research of the French translation first took off with the âBibliography of Spinozaâs Works up to 1800â, a paper compiled by Jelle Kingma and Adri K. Offenberg. The two Dutch bibliographers were the first to study the typographical and orthographical characteristics of the two printed editions and their title-pages systematically. They were also able to distinguish edition X from Y and identify their separate issues, now labelled as X.1, X.2, X3, Y.1, Y.2, Y.3 and as Y.4/Y.5 (two title-pages).87 Kingma and Offenberg were not acquainted though with issue Y.n/Y.4/Y.5 which is fitted with three title-pages. Y.4 and Y.5 were of course known to them, but Y.n/Y.4/Y.5, the edition with the new third title-page now extant in a unique copy in France (Lyon, Bibliothèque municipale, Rés 804872), only surfaced during the preparations of the present bibliography.
6 Production History
Both editions X and Y of the French translation of Spinozaâs treatise were published in duodecimo in eight variant states, altogether with nine separate title-pages, carrying the false titles Reflexions curieuses, La Clef du san(c)tuaire, and Traitté des ceremonies.88 The three X variants were printed on smaller sheets than the five Y issues. Their title-pages all differ markedly in typographical design and decoration. The issues X.1, X.3, Y.1, Y.2, Y.3, Y.5, and Y.n, entitled La Clef du santuaire and/or Traitté des ceremonies, have an imprint in Roman numerals (M. DC. LXXVIII). The title-pages of variants X.2 and of Y.4, called Reflexions curieuses, are the only two variants of the French translation with an imprint in Arabic numerals (1678). The correspondence of Pierre Bayle offers a terminus ante quem establishing that at least the Traitté des ceremonies, in all likelihood X.3, was printed and marketed before May 1679.
In a letter of 26 May 1679 to the Reformed Swiss minister and Labadist Vincent Minutoli, Bayle writes the following:
While waiting until I can send you several new curious novelties from Paris (where I hope to spend the autumn), here is what I know of the Republic of Letters. I have read a book in duodecimo, printed in Amsterdam by Jacob Smith in 1678, entitled âTraitté des Ceremonies Superstitieuses des Juifs Tant Anciens que Modernesâ, which is filled with the most impious doctrines I have ever readâ¦. What it says at the end, [namely] that the Prince [read: the monarch who exercises supreme powers] is the sovereign master of religion, makes me think the author is the famous Spinoza, who has composed similar thoughts in his âTractatus theologico-politicusâ.89
Here, the reference by Bayle is to chapter 19 of the Tractatus theologico-politicus, in which Spinoza demonstrates that âthe right concerning sacred matters belongs completely to the supreme powersâ. Bayleâs last statement is rather odd, arguably, and it seems to suggest he had not yet read the Latin edition of the treatise but only ârecognizedâ its masked author, Spinoza, from what apparently others had told him about in any case the Dutch philosopherâs theory of sovereignty.
The false imprints on the X and Y editionsâ title-pages mention three fictitious publishers or booksellers: âClaude Emanuelâ (from âCologneâ), âPierre Warnaerâ (supposedly at Leiden), and âJacob Smithâ (active as a publisher in Amsterdam). It seems almost certain that these fake names were included in the imprints to mask the editionsâ putative publisherâs name, Jan Rieuwertsz père. Both the X and Y editions include one issue (X.2 and Y.4) which has a title-page decorated with the reduced version of the yoke ornament. This vignette, as is already shown in chapters 2 and 3 of this bibliography, also occurs at the end of the prologue of the Latin quartos and at the conclusion of the âPrologusâ of the Philosophia, the second work following the Tractatus theologico-politicus in the five known variants of its octavo T.3 text edition.90
The printer of the X and Y editions is unidentified, but I tend to assume that the Tractatus theologico-politicusâs publisher once again commissioned Israel de Paull to produce all of their issues. Each unbound copy of the duodecimo issues, X.1, X.2, X.3, Y.3, Y.4/Y.5, and Y.n/Y.4/Y.5 numbers 624 pages (302 leaves). Y.1 and Y.2 have one additional leaf (303). One single copy of both editions comprises twenty-six sheets. This would mean that from one ream of paper about 18.46 copies could be turned out. For the impression of an assumed five hundred copies 13,000 sheets are needed; about 27.08 reams of paper. A total of 158 copies of the French X and Y editions are known to have survived in international library holdings (X.1: 27; X.2: 30; X.3: 53; Y.1: 2; Y.2: 3; Y.3: 0 [one copy dispersed, whereabouts unknown]; Y.4/Y5: 42; Y.n/Y.4/Y.5: 1). Another copy, a Traitté des ceremonies kept in Freiburg im Breisgau, is still unidentified. It concerns either the X (X.3) or the Y (Y.4/Y5, Y.n/Y.4/Y.5) edition.
7 Title-Pages, Epigraph, and Floral Vignettes
Saint Glenâs French translationâs issues X.1, X.2, and X.3 are preceded by three different title-pages: La Clef du santuaire (âWarnaerâ), Reflexions curieuses (âEmanuelâ), and Traitté des ceremonies (âSmithâ). Of the Y edition four issues are set with a title-page called La Clef du san(c)tuaire (âWarnaerâ), all distinctly differing. The mixed Y.4/Y.5 variant has two title-pages, reading Reflexions curieuses (âEmanuelâ) and Traitté des ceremonies (âSmithâ). Issue Y.n/Y.4/Y.5 has even three title-pages preceding the workâs main text: La Clef du santuaire (âWarnaerâ), Reflexions curieuses (âEmanuelâ), and Traitté des ceremonies (âSmithâ).
On the title-page of the X editionâs La Clef du santuaire it reads the following:
X.1: LA CLEF | DU | SANTUAIRE | Par | Un ſçavant homme de nôtre | Siecle.
The three title-pages of La Clef du san(c)tuaire preceding edition Y show minor differences in spelling and their outward typography:
Y.1: LA CLEF | DU | SANTUAIRE | Par | Un ſçavant homme de nôtre | Siecle (without a dot)
Y.2: LA CLEF | DU | SANTUAIRE | Par | Un ſçavant homme de nôtre | ſiecle. (with a dot)
Y.3: LA CLÃF | DU | SANCTUAIRE, | Par | Un ſçauant homme de notre | Siécle. (with a comma and dot)
Y.n: LA CLEF | DU | SANTUAIRE | Par | Un ſçavant homme de nôtre | Siecle. (with a full stop)
The title-pages of all Latin quartos, octavo issue T.3t, the first 1689 English translation, and the second Dutch quarto edition (1694) are fitted with the Latin epigraph 1 John 4:13, explaining the knowledge of God through loving-kindness. Those of the X and Y issues, called La Clef du san(c)tuaire, have another epigraph, 2 Corinthians 3:17, underlining the call to freedom. Variants X.2, X.3, and Y4/Y.5 lack the biblical quotation. The new epigraph reads:
Now the Lord is that Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty.91
The text of 2 Cor. 3 was written by St Paul and by St Timothy. Spinoza in his writings, however, refrains from referring to this particular verse or comment on the passage entirely. The reason for replacing 1 John 4:13 by 2 Cor. 3 is at dusk, but the French editionsâ putative publisher, Rieuwertsz père, the alleged translator Saint Glen, or Spinozaâs friends may have been based on the title of the TTPâs title itself, arguing âthat the Republic can Grant Freedom of Philosophizing without Harming its Peace or Piety, and cannot Deny it without Destroying its Peace and Pietyâ.
Ornament A (X.1), Ornament B (Y.1), Ornament C (Y.2), and Ornament D (Y.3), respectively.
In the X and Y issues, entitled La Clef du san(c)tuaire, carrying the new epigraph 2 Cor. 3, small variations in diacritics, punctuation, and typography can be observed:
X.1: La où est lâEÅ¿prit de Dieu, là eÅ¿t la liberté, | 2 Epitre aux Corinthiens Chap. 3. | verÅ¿. 17.
Y.1: La où est lâEÅ¿prit de Dieu là eÅ¿t la liberté, | 2. Epitre aux Corinthiens Chap. 3. | verÅ¿. 17.
Y.2: Là où est lâeÅ¿prit de Dieu , là eÅ¿t la liberté. | 2 Epitre aux Corinthiens , Chap. 3. | verÅ¿. 17.
Y.3: Là où est lâEÅ¿prit de Dieu, là eÅ¿t la liberté. | 2. Epitre aux Corinthiens , chap. 3. | vers. 17.
Y.n: La où est lâEÅ¿prit de Dieu , là eÅ¿t la liberté, | 2 Epitre aux Corinthiens Chap. 3. | verÅ¿. 17.
These minor differences prove the aforementioned four title-pages were no line-by-line reprints. They were each set in type and printed separately. This conclusion is further supported by five unique floral ornaments, decorating each respective title-page of La Clef du san(c)tuaire (X.1, Y.1, Y.2, Y.3, and Y.n).
The French translationâs issue Y.4/Y.5 is set with two title-pages, entitled Reflexions curieuses (âEmanuelâ version) and Traitté des ceremonies (âSmithâ), respectively. They are almost identical to the corresponding title-pages of X.2 and X.3. Like X.2, the âfirstâ title-page (Y.4) in the imprint is dated with Arabic numerals. The imprint of its âsecondâ title-page (Y.5), though, is set with Roman numerals. Furthermore, the noun âsalutâ in the subtitle of Reflexions curieuses on X.2 is printed with the long s (âÅ¿alutâ) where Y.4 has âSalutâ, with a capital letter. Both title-pages of Reflexions curieuses in X.2 and Y.4 are fitted with the aforementioned reduced yoke ornament, the two title-pages of X and Y decorated with an identical vignette.92
The âsecondâ title-page of variant Y.4/Y.5, Traitté des ceremonies, almost entirely matches with the text printed on X.3âs title-page. Yet, the two title-pages are decorated with different vignettes (ornaments E and F), proving each was processed separately.
The two title-pages of X.3 and Y.5 (both âSmithâ issues) are no line-by-line reprints either, as is evident from the position of the acute accent (Ë) on the capital letter E in the French noun âTraittéâ. In X.3, the accent is placed on top of letter E, and positioned in the middle of its arm. In Y.5, though, the accent on E is positioned at the capital letterâs outer left.
In the newfound mixed issue Y.n/Y.4/Y.5, the title-pages reading Reflexions curieuses (Y.4, âEmanuelâ) and Traitté des ceremonies (Y.5, âSmithâ) are preceded by a rare title-page, also entitled La Clef du santuaire (âWarnaerâ). Y.n has a unique floral vignette, depicting a flower bouquet in a bowl, an ornament which was not known to Kingma and Offenberg.
Ornament E (X.3) and Ornament F (Y.5).
Inspection of copies holding issue Y.4/Y.5 has further led to the conclusion that both title-pages were part of the original printing of the first sheet, signed *. Title-page Y.4 is conjugate with leaf *11 whereas Y.5 is conjugate with leaf *10. There is also proof that at least two extant copies are fitted with three distinct title-pages reading La Clef du santuaire (âWarnaerâ), Reflexions curieuses (âEmanuelâ), and Traitté des ceremonies (âSmithâ). Nevertheless, this variant cannot be considered as separate issue.93
During preparations of this bibliography, I have found indications suggesting that the title-page of one particular book printed in France might have served as a model for the typography of two lines of two variants of editions X and Y. The imprint of Reflexions curieuses, et precautions necessaires sur les raisons et moyens qui peuvent servir la paix generale, a critical survey (1676) about the peace negotiations held in Nijmegen in 1676 to conclude the Franco-Dutch war, declares the book to be published in âVille-Francheâ by âCharles de la Veriteâ. It is my conjecture the work was printed in the Netherlands, in Amsterdam in all likelihood.94 The serif upper-case roman capital letters in REFLEXIONS CURIEUSES of its title-page have a striking resemblance with the type of the same words printed on the duodecimo issues X.2 and Y.4. In terms of typography, these two issues seem to duplicate the first two words of the âFrenchâ bookâs title. The last portion of X.2 and Y.4âs title Reflexions curieuses dâun esprit des-interressé, reading âLes plus importantes au salut, tant public que particulierâ, seeks to typographically replicate the 1676 âVille-Francheâ subtitle, reading: Par un François desinteressé. Tellingly, both subtitles are printed in italics, too.
âFrenchâ edition: (left) anon., Reflexions curieuses, et precautions necessaires sur les raisons et moyens qui peuvent servir la paix generale (Ville-Franche: 1676); Reflexions curieuses dâun esprit des-interressé: (middle) issue X.2; (right) issue Y.4.
8 Typesetting Characteristics
Each gathering in edition X has six signed folios where Y has seven signed sheets. An exception in Y concerns quires E, I, Z and Aa, which have 6 signed folios, too. Y has a disfiguring literal in the running headline (sig. *9v) of its prologue where âPREFACEâ is misprinted as âPREEACEâ. In Y, signature F4 is misnumbered âE4â and T7 is misprinted as âT2â. Other typographical characteristics distinguishing X from Y include variants of hyphenation and the spelling of proper names and other nouns, choices made by the compositor during typesetting. To allow ready identification of edition X and Y some prime examples are given below:
P. 21, l. 22: âoüiâ (from âouïrâ, to hear) (X); âouiâ (Y).
P. 22, l. 22: âE-spritâ (X); âEs-pritâ (Y).
P. 23, l. 19: âIobâ (X); âJobâ (Y).
P. 147, ll. 23â25: â(quâil croit avoir ⦠tous les autres)â (X); â[quâil croit avoir ⦠tous les autres]â (Y).
P. 147, note *: âJuifsâ (X); âIuifsâ (Y).
P. 186, l. 8: âquâon doit ajoûter ave miraclesâ (X); âquâon doit ajoûter aux miraclesâ (Y).
P. 288, l. 21: âKaïnâ (X); âCaïnâ (Y).
P. 362, ll. 25â26: âlâEcri- | tureâ (X); âlâEscri- | tureâ (Y).
P. 475, l. 14: âTempleâ (X); âtempleâ (Y).95
The correction in Y of âaveâ into âauxâ on page 186 in the phrase âquâon doit ajoûter aux miraclesâ implies X must have preceded Y. Two text instances in those editions, at the end of chapter 5 and at the beginning of chapter 6, pages 147, 148, and 149, further stress this particular order of printing.
In edition X, the type area of page 147 numbers twenty- seven lines and is followed by a five-line footnote, printed in italics. The compositor of Y, though, set the text on page 147 in twenty-six lines, which problematized the typesetting of the bookâs next two pages because of the print space available. In X, the last lines of page 147 reads
nâeût suivi que la ve- | rité dans cette morale & eût vescu de | mesme ; tout cela neantmoins nâeût | [148: pûâ | contribuër à son salut],
Duodecimo editions X and Y, p. 147.
In this instance, Y has ânâeût suivi que la ve | ârité dans cette morale, & eût vescu de | mes-(me)â; four printed words less. In this instance, the bookâs typesetter was now one line behind X. Nevertheless, it appears the compositor apparently had the intention to follow the internal typographical arrangement of edition X planned beforehand. To keep further track with the text set in type by the typesetter in X, the compositor of Y was forced to justify the lines on those pages following page 147.96 In both X and Y, the type area of the next page (148) runs to thirty typeset lines, but here Yâs compositor was still one line behind X, which is patently shown on page 149. His solution can be also observed on page 149, which compensates for the space gradually lost on the pages 147 and 148.
On 149, the compositor added one extra line to the type area of the last portion of chapter 5 in Y. He also reduced the space given to the caption âChapitre VIâ and of its title, âDes Miracles.â. Lines 1 and 2 read in X the following: âla joye, la paix, la patience, la benigni- | té, la bonté, la loyauté, la douceur, & laâ. In Y, 1 and 2 read thus: âme dit S. Paul celuy qui a la charité, | la joye, la paix, la patience, la benigni-|téâ. In summary, the Yâs compositorâs typesetting intervention easily restored the typographical arrangement of edition X within three pages. The last three lines of page 149 in Y prove to have concluded the compositorâs typographical solution and these now read in X and Y:
câest détroÅ¿ner Dieu & nier sa provi-|dence que de vouloir expliquer les mi-|racles, commes toutes les autres cho-(ses) [par leurs causes naturelles]
Duodecimo editions X and Y, page 149.
Both French duodecimo editions X and Y contain an identical list of errata comprising fourteen corrections. The list was made after the typesetting and printing of the main text of X had been completed. As evinced by the list itself, most likely it had been a job done in the greatest haste: the correction indicated for page 223 has been printed between those corrections meant to be made by readers on pages 111 and 188. Two flaws from the list of errata were remedied in edition Y by its compositor. On page 59, in chapter 2, ânieâ in line 1 is corrected to âneâ. Another correction by the typesetter of Y, made in chapter 7 on page 188 (line 7), introduced a new printing flaw. The list of errata instructs readers to remedy âavoirâ into âà voirâ, but the editionâs text however reads âa voirâ.
One instance, where both typesetters of X and Y went astray, concerns the corrupted text in chapter 1 starting on page 21, in line 24.97 The spoiled text in X and Y reads:
car nous voyons que | Pharaon ayant oui lâinterpretation de Å¿on Å¿onge dit que lâEÅ¿prit des Dieux étoit en JoÅ¿eph, & que Nabucadono- | Å¿or dit a Daniel quâil poÅ¿Å¿edoit lâEÅ¿prit des Dieux. Saints & Å¿ans aller Å¿i loin, | rien nâest Å¿i frequent chez les Latins [que cette façon de parler,]â¦.
List of errata in the X and Y edition.
The passage in the French translation should actually read the following:
car nous voyons que | Pharaon ayant oui lâinterpretation de Å¿on Å¿onge dit que lâEÅ¿prit des Dieux étoit en JoÅ¿eph, & que Nabucadono- | Å¿or dit a Daniel quâil poÅ¿Å¿edoit lâEÅ¿prit des Dieux Saints. Et sans aller si loin, | rien nâest Å¿i frequent chez les Latins [que cette façon de parler,]â¦.
Notice that the compositor of X and Y has put a full stop after âdes Dieuxâ in the third sentence (first quotation), opening the next sentence with the word âSaints & sans allerâ. The correct text must read âdes Dieux Saints. Et sans allerâ.
Although the French translation of Spinozaâs Tractatus theologico-politicus was published in the Netherlands, it easy found its way to France. By the last quarter of the seventeenth century, during the climax of absolutism, also the French authorities considered the work a pernicious book threatening divine religion and societal piece, like the Dutch authorities had already done by banning the work in a placard in the summer of 1674.98 Evidence of this hostile French attitude towards the work is predominantly shown in the listing of copies of Reflexions curieuses and of La Clef du san(c)tuaire in a manuscript holding four inventories, indicating a series of suspect books seized and destroyed by police officers in Paris.99
The manuscriptâs first inventory, comprising 216 titles and dated 20 February 1687, was based on minutes made by police officers between mid-June 1678 and June 1686. This list mentions the seizure of a copy of âLa clef du sanctuaire par un scavant hommeâ.100 The second catalogue, listing books impounded since 2 February 1686 from a Parisian bookseller by the name of âMr Pigeonâ and burned by order of the âChambre Syndicale des Librairesâ charged with inspection of foreign books, also mentions âUn La Clef du Santuaire. 12.â.101 A third list refers to âdeux la Clef du sanctuaire. 8.â which copies were seized on 4 and 26 March 1686 from the bookstore of one âMr Bridonâ.102 Lastly, a fourth list included in the manuscript reports of the Parish police force finally refers to âUn Reflexion dâun Esprit désinteressé etcâ, a copy of which was confiscated on 17 December 1696 from a certain âMr Laurent Eudeâ.103
Duodecimo editions X and Y, p. 21.
9 Preliminary Bibliographical Research Results
The first conclusions of the investigation into the printing and publication history of the late-seventeenth-century editions of the Tractatus theologico-politicus and their variants processed during the 1670s conducted for this descriptive bibliography are now in order. They are visualized in the organogram printed below.
Hierarchies and interrelations between surviving and/or lost exemplars, the Latin quartos and octavo editions, the bookâs French translation by Saint Glen, and all their separate issues regarding typography, textual, misprints, and typeset corrections. Dotted lines in the chart represent uncertain relationships.
Preliminary bibliographical research results: the Tractatus theologico-politicus from Spinozaâs holograph to its French translations.
âµ
First Duodecimo Edition, One Single Print Run, Three Issues (ILLUSTRATION 5.22â5.24)
X.1 issue
Short Title
Anon., La Clef du santuaire par un sçavant homme de nôtre siecle. âLeidenâ [Amsterdam], âPierre Warnaerâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Printed with thirty-one of Spinozaâs Adnotationes (âRemarques Curieusesâ).
French text; no subsidiary languages.
Translation from the Latin by [Gabriel de Saint Glen].
Title-page is a red herring.
Epigraph on title-page: 2 Cor. 3:17.
Cover-up place of publication in imprint: Leiden (for [Amsterdam]).
Fictitious publisher in imprint: âPierre Warnaerâ (i.e. [Jan Rieuwertsz père]).
Contains preface.
Contains table of contents (âTables des chapitresâ, twenty chapters).
Contains index (âTable des matieres principalesâ).
Contains list of errata.
Key feature for ready identification of X.1:
Title-page decoration: floral ornament A.
Additional identification features (also in X.2 and X.3):
P. 22, l. 22: âE-spritâ.
P. 23, l. 19: âIobâ.
P. 288, l. 21: âKaïnâ.
Exemplars
A now-lost Latin manuscript (either Spinozaâs holograph or an apograph of it), or perhaps the Latin quarto T.2/T.2a; the autograph manuscript and/or an apograph of French translation by [Gabriel de Saint Glen], which has served as printerâs copy, is no longer extant.
Title-Page (on outer Forme of Gathering *)
LA CLEF | DU | SANTUAIRE | Par | Un ſçavant homme de nôtre | Siecle. | La où eÅ¿t lâEÅ¿prit de Dieu, là eÅ¿t la liberté, | 2 Epitre aux Corinthiens Chap. 3. | verÅ¿. 17. | (ornament: floral fruit vignette A) | A LEYDE, | Chez PIERRE WARNAER, | M. DC. LXXVIII.
Language and Typography
French. Explanatory footnotes in italics, keyed with typographical symbols, notes and references to biblical passages in external margins (italic type). Larger portion of the prologue and list of contents (partly) in italics. Old-style serifed roman types from an unidentified Amsterdam printing firm. Generally, twenty-five and thirty lines. Variant X is printed on smaller sheets than edition Y.
Title-page, decorated with ornament A, of issue X.1 of the first French duodecimo edition of the Tractatus theologico-politicus.
First page of the French translation of the Tractatus theologico-politicus and first page of the Adnotationes.
Prime Literals/Misprints
P. 59, l. 1: misprint ânieâ, indicated in the list of errata (âneâ), corrected in Y edition (inner forme of C).
P. 186, l. 8: misprinted âave miraclesâ (inner forme of H), inventoried in the list of errata (âaux miraclesâ), corrected in Y.
P. 386, note in external margin: misprint of biblical reference Exod. 34:14 as âExod. Ch. 4. v. 14.â (outer forme of R).
Bibliographical Fingerprints of Separate Parts
167812 â a1 *2 rti$p : a2 **2 &$que
167812 â b1 A u$s : b2 Z2 $I$
167812 â c1 Z3 ent$re : c2 Aa4 $parla
167812 â d1 Aa6 ophet : d2 Bb5 honne
Collation
12o: *12 **4 AâZ12 Aa12 Bb8 [$6 (âAa5, âBb6), ** signed $2]
312 leaves = pp. [32] (1)â(531) [31] 1â30
One leaf missing in quire *, *3â*7 signed *2â*6
Collation Variant
No variants found.
Direction Line
Signature and catchword(s), anticipating the first word on the next page, at the foot of each page.
Running Headlines
Running headlines printed in larger upper-case letters in upper middle margin or in a combination of larger upper-case and smaller lower-case letters: PREFACE.; TABLE (verso), Des CHAPITRES. (recto); TABLE des CHAPITRES (verso); TABLE.; REMARQUES (recto and verso). Main work without headlines.
Contents
*râv (blank)
*2r (title-page)
*2v (blank)
*3râ**2v PREFACE.
**3râ**4v TABLE Des CHAPITRES. (table of contents, twenty chapters)
ArâB5r Chapitre I. De la Prophetie.
B5vâC10r Chapitre II. Des Prophetes.
C10râEr Chapitre III. De la vocation des Hebreux, & si le don de Prophetie ne se trouvoit que parmi eux.
ErâF2r Chapitre IV. De la Loy divine.
F2râG3r Chapitre V. Pour quelle fin des ceremonies ont esté instituées, & de la foy des histoires, à sçavoir en quel sens, & à qui elles sont necessaires.
G3râH9v Chapitre VI. Des Miracles.
H9vâK9r Chapitre VII. De lâinterpretation de lâEscriture.
K9vâL10r Chapitre VIII. Que les cinq premiers livres de la Bible nâont point esté écrits par Moyse, ny ceux de Josué, des Juges, de Rut, de Samuel, & des Roys par ceux dont ils portent le nom. On examine en suite si plusieurs Escrivains sâen sont mélez, ou sâil nây en a eu quâun, & qui câest.
L10vâM12v Chapitre IX. Quelques autres particularitez touchant les mesmes livres, à sçavoir si Esdras y a mis la derniere main: & si les notes qui se trouvent à la marge des livres Hebreux estoient des leçons differentes.
NrâN12r Chapitre X. Où le mesme ordre est observé dans lâExamen du reste des livres du vieux Testament.
N12vâO8v Chapitre XI. Si les Apostres ont escrit leurs Epîtres entant quâApôtres & Prophetes, ou entant que Docteurs; & quel estoit leur Office.
O9râP6v Chapitre XII. Du veritable original de la Loy divine, & pourquoy lâEscriture est appellée sainte, & Parole de Dieu; Ensuite il est montré quâentant quâelle contient la Parole de Dieu, elle a toûjours esté incorruptible.
P7râQv Chapitre XIII. Que lâEscriture nâenseigne que des choses fort simples, quâelle nâexige que lâobeïssance, & quâelle nâenseigne de la Nature divine que ce que les hommes peuvent imiter en un certain genre de vie.
QvâQ10r Chapitre XIV. Ce que câest que la foy, quels sont les fidelles, & les fondements de la foy, & que celle-cy doit estre separée de la Philosophie.
Q10râR8r Chapitre XV. Que la Theologie ne releve point de la jurisdiction de la raison, ny la raison de celle de la Theologie, & la raison pourquoy nous sommes persuadez de lâAutorité de lâEscriture.
R8vâS9v Chapitre XVI. Des fondements de la Republique, du droit naturel & civil de chaque particulier, & de celuy des Souverains.
S10râV9r Chapitre XVII. Que nul ne peut faire un transport absolu de tous ses droits au souverain, & quâil nâest pas expedient: De la Republique des Hebreux, ce quâelle estoit du vivant de Moyse, & ce quâelle fut apres sa mort avant la domination des Roys, & de son excellence: Des causes de la chûte de cette divine Republique & quâil estoit presquâimpossible quâelle subsistât sans seditions.
V9râX5r Chapitre XVIII. Quelques reflexions Politiques sur la Republique, & sur les Histoires des Hebreux.
X5vâY5r Chapitre XIX. Que lâadministration des choses saintes doit dépendre des Souverains, & que nous ne pouvons nous acquitter de lâobeïssance que nous devons à Dieu, quâen accomodant le culte exterieur de la Religion, à la paix de la Republique.
Y5râZ2r Chapitre XX. Que dans une Republique libre il doit estre permis dâavoir telle opinion que lâon veut, & mesmes de la dire.
Z2vâAa4v TABLE Des matieres principales, Contenues en ce Livre.
Aa5r FAUTES Survenuës en lâimpreÃion (list of errata, thirteen corrections, for pp. 27, 53, 59, 63, 72, 111, 188, 223, 351 [2Ã], 376, 464, 496, 518)
Aa5v (blank)
Aa6râBb8v REMARQUES Curieuses, Et necessaires pour lâIntelligence de ce Livre. (text portion in volume holding the majority (thirty-one) of Spinozaâs own Adnotationes in French)
Ornament on Title-Page
Floral fruit vignette A, relief woodcut, c.10Ãc.10 mm: interlaced tailpiece.
Simple Initials
Twenty-two plain initials (relief woodcuts), 4, 3 and 2 ll. (12Ã7 mm, 11Ã6 mm, and 6Ã6 mm), employed to head the first letter of the first word of Preface and chapters of main work. Nineteen other black initials (2 ll.) in list of contents.
Other Ornaments
Two types of small mirrored floral ornaments between two single rules (15Ã45 mm), wide horizontal block, placed on p. 1 to introduce the text of the main work.
Also in: Reflexions curieuses (X.2); Traitté des ceremonies (X.3). Different block in: La Clef du san(c)tuaire (Y.1, Y.2, Y.3); Reflexions curieuses/Traitté des ceremonies (issue Y.4/Y.5).
Long ornamented âlineâ of floral motives (2Ã47 mm), on âFol. 1.â of the âAdnotationesâ, appended to the text of the main work.
In: Reflexions curieuses (X.2); Traitté des ceremonies (X.3). Other block in: La Clef du san(c)tuaire (Y.1, Y.2, Y.3); Reflexions curieuses/Traitté des ceremonies (Y.4/Y.5).
Copies (27)
Copies Examined
X.1#1 Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, University Library, OTM: OK A 61-1505
Gilt red morocco binding, gilt edges, marbled endpapers, owned (1934) by: (Leo Polak (1880â1941), old shelf-mark: UBM 2452 E 26)
Late-seventeenth-century brown calf binding over pasteboard, gilt floral ornament in gilt-tooled rectangular triple rule on front and spine, marbled endpapers.
Provenance: nineteenth-century notes on the âTheological-Political Treatiseâ and its disguised French text editions in black ink on first free endpapers, older shelf-mark (2452 E 26) in pencil on first front endpapers, black circular stamp (âLeo Polak stichtingâ) on verso of title-page, ex libris of the Dutch philosopher and humanist Leo Polak on pasteboard, signed â1934â.
Digitized copy:
X.1#2 Ghent, University Library, BIB j BIB.TH.002722
Provenance: older (struck out) shelf-mark of Ghent (UL) in black ink on first front endpapers (TH 2722), nineteenth-century circular stamp of same library on title-page.
Digitized copy:
X.1#3 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, D2-5213
Provenance: note on authorship on title-page (âSpinosaâ) in black ink, possibly late-seventeenth or early- eighteenth century, older shelf-marks in black ink (D2 2782, D 7264), eighteenth-century black circular library stamp (âBibliothecae Regiaeâ) on title-page.
Digitized copy:
Non-Collated Copies
Netherlands (2)
X.1#4 Leiden, University Library, 180 G 8
X.1#5 The Hague, KB, 1138 J 68
Austria (1)
X.1#6 Vienna, Ãsterreichische Nationalbibliothek, *43.Y.142 ALT PRUNK
Canada (1)
X.1#7 Montreal, Université de Monréal, University Library, 199.492/Tf.F/Livre/rare
France (5)
X.1#8â9 Montpellier, Réseau des Médiathèques, 42734, L839 (Patrimoine-Sabatier dâEspeyran)
X.1#10â11 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 4-D2-35005, 8-T-10483
X.1#12 Paris, Sorbonne-BIU Centrale, R 5 = 364
Germany (5)
X.1#13 Augsburg, University Library, 221/BG 6440 S758 (engraved nineteenth-century ex libris, [eighteenth- century?] handwriting in brown ink on title-page [âSpinosaâ], [âOrbi resplendensâ] of revd. J. Jones and W. Wilds, modern note in pencil: âBurned by the common hangman, this edition is very [rare]â).
X.1#14 Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Phil.C.498
X.1#15 Göttingen, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, 8 PHIL I,4982
X.1#16 Rostock, University Library, Fa-4171
X.1/#17 Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, Xb 7002Sweden (1)
Sweden (1)
X.1#18 Stockholm, Royal Library, 173
Switzerland (1)
X.1#19 Basle, University Library, Frey-Grynn, J VII 40
United Kingdom (3)
X.1#20 Cambridge, University Library, X.16.46 (copy came to the library [1715] with the books of John Moore [1646â1714], Bishop of Ely, presented by King George I [1660â1727]).
X.1#21 London, British Library, General Reference Collection 4017.de.16
X.1#22 Manchester, John Rylands Library, Deansgate, Shackleton Collection, R168272 (title-leaf wanting, manuscript title-page substituted, with transcription of Leiden title-page appended opposite).
United States (5)
X.1#23 Cincinnati (OH), Hebrew Union College, University Library, shelf-mark is not known
X.1#24 Ithaca (NY), Cornell University, Kroch Library Rare & Manuscripts, B3985.F8 S13 1678 tiny
X.1#25 New York (NY), Columbia University, University Library, 193Sp4 X6 1678a (inscription on title-page by a seventeenth- or eighteenth-century hand: âest hereticusâ).
X.1#26 New York (NY), New York Public Library, **P 08-80
X.1#27 Washington (DC), The Library of Congress, B3985.F5 L8 FT MEADE SpecMat / Mini (ownerâs inscription in black ink on foot of title-page: âEr: von Roland 1717â, note on edition in the same hand on verso of endpaper opposite title-page).
References
Placcius, Theatrum, ch. 2, p. 176; Wolf, Bibliotheca, vol. 1, p. 240; Bayle, Dictionaire, 1740, vol. 4, p. 258; Guillaume-François de Bure (ed.), Catalogue des livres du cabinet de mr. G ⦠de P ⦠(Paris: 1757), p. xiii, no. 184; Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, p. 420; Graesse, Trésor, vol. 6, p. 469; Van der Linde, âNotizâ, p. 4, no. 10; Bamberger, âThe Early Editionsâ, p. 27; Catalogue, no. 150 (Wolf), p. 33, no. 370; Kingma and Offenberg, âBibliographyâ, pp. 17â18, no. 13.
âµ
First Duodecimo Edition, One Single Print Run, Three Issues (ILLUSTRATION 5.25)
X.2 issue
Short Title
Anon., Reflexions curieuses dâun esprit des-interressé sur les matieres les plus importantes au salut, tant public que particulier. âCologneâ [Amsterdam], âClaude Emanuelâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Printed with thirty-one of Spinozaâs Adnotationes (âRemarques Curieusesâ).
French text; no subsidiary languages.
Translation from the Latin by [Gabriel de Saint Glen]
Title-page is a red herring.
Cover-up place of publication in imprint: Cologne (for [Amsterdam]).
Fictitious publisher in imprint: âClaude Emanuelâ (i.e. [Jan Rieuwertsz père]).
Contains preface.
Contains table of contents (âTables des chapitresâ, twenty chapters).
Contains index (âTable des matieres principalesâ).
Contains list of errata.
Key features for ready identification of X.2:
Title-page, l. 7, spelling: âÅ¿alutâ.
Title-page decoration: small yoke ornament.
Additional identification features (also in X.1 and X.3):
P. 22, l. 22: âE-spritâ.
P. 23, l. 19: âIobâ.
P. 288, l. 21: âKaïnâ.
Exemplars
A now-lost Latin manuscript (either Spinozaâs holograph or an apograph of it), or Latin quarto T.2/T.2a (?); the autograph manuscript and/or an apograph of French translation by [Gabriel de Saint Glen], which served as printerâs copy, is no longer extant.
Title-page, decorated with small yoke ornament, of issue X.2 of the first French duodecimo edition of the Tractatus theologico-politicus.
Title-Page (on outer Forme of Gathering *)
REFLEXIONS | CURIEUSES | dâun | EÅ¿prit des- Interreſſé | Å¿ur | LES MATIERES | Les plus Importantes au Å¿alut, tant | Public que Particulier. | (reduced yoke ornament) | A COLOGNE, | Chez CLAUDE EMANUEL, | 1678.
Collation
12o: *12 **4 AâZ12 Aa12 Bb8 [$6 (âAa5, âBb6), ** signed $2]
312 leaves = pp. [32] (1)â(531) [12] 1â30
One leaf missing in quire *, *3â*7 signed *2â*6
Ornament on Title-Page
Reduced yoke ornament, relief woodcut, 19Ã26 mm (ornament no. 17 in: Lane, âThe Printing Officeâ, pp. 373â374). Also on title-pages of: Reflexions curieuses (Y.4). Tailpiece in: Tractatus theologico-politicus (T.1, T.2/T.2a, T.4n/T.4); Opera posthuma. See: T.1.
For full bibliographical description: X.1.
Copies (30)
Copies Examined
X.2#28 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Pol.g. 902 dm
Late-seventeenth-century calf leather binding over pasteboard.
Provenance: library stamp of Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, older partly illegible shelf-mark ([â¦].822, struck out) on first front endpapers.
Digitized copy:
X.2#29 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, D2-5215
Provenance: note on authorship on one of the first front endpapers (âSpinosa autheurâ) in black ink, probably late seventeenth or eighteenth century, older shelf-marks in black ink (D2 2783, D 2704.1), eighteenth-century black circular library stamp (âBibliothecae Regiaeâ).
Digitized copy:
X.2#30 Prague, National Library of the Czech Republic, 31 L 000165
Seventeenth-century vellum binding over pasteboard.
Provenance: front and back cover of the binding has a large blind-tooled oblong coat of arms of Ignaz Karl (fl.1665â1700), Count of Sternberg (âIGNATIUS CAROLUS S.R.I. COMES DE STERNBERGâ), late-seventeenth-century ownerâs inscription and shelf-mark in black ink on title-page (âEx Bibliotheca Ill. Dmn. Dmi. Ignatij Caroli S.R.I. à Sternbergâ; K.12o [â¦] 19), nineteenth-century shelf-mark (31.h.60) in black ink on front cover, ownerâs inscriptions in black ink on the French translation on one of the first free endpapers.
Digitized copy:
X.2#31 The Hague, KB, 1138 J 67
Late-seventeenth-century marbled leather binding over pasteboard, round back, detailed gilt-tooled (floral ornaments) spine, gilt red lettering panel: âREFLEXIONS | DâUN ESPRIT | DES-INTERESSÃâ, red-stained edge, marbled endpapers with twentieth-century hand notes (older shelf-marks?) with pencil, one reading strangely: âElzevier, auctore de Spinozaâ. One other eighteenth-century explanatory note in black ink with a reference to the French edition X.3 (Traitté des ceremonies superstitieuses).
Provenance: nineteenth-century ownerâs stamp (The Hague, KB).
Digitized copy:
X.2#32 Utrecht, University Library, Rariora Y oct 1902
Nineteenth-century or early-twentieth-century (restored?) brown leather binding over pasteboard, simple gilt back, gilt lettering panel: âREFLEXIONS | CURIEUSESâ, red sprinkled edge, nineteenth-century notes in black ink on the authorship of the book and other hidden editions).
Provenance: eighteenth-century note in black ink on title-page (âPar Spinozaâ), circular library stamp (Utrecht, University Library) in outer lower right corner, C4741 (second part, p. 30).
X.2#33 Vienna, Ãsterreichische Nationalbibliothek, 75.H.78
Stained late-seventeenth-century vellum over pasteboard, minor brown spotting to leaves.
Provenance: late-seventeenth-century or early- eighteenth-century ownerâs mark (âEx. lib. franc: Prehorow[itzij] L.B. de [L]uaszego[eits]â) on foot of title-page in black ink, early-twentieth-century notes on the edition in black ink, printed late-twentieth-century bookplate of the Ãsterreichische Nationalbibliothek pasted to first board paper, circular library stamp (âKaiserliche Königliche Hofbibliothek Wienâ) on back of title-page.
Digitized copy:
Non-Collated Copies
Netherlands (1)
X.2#34 Groningen, University Library, uklu, KWA 3405 (late-seventeenth-century gilt calf leather binding over pasteboard, gold-tooled rectangular rule on cover, gold-tooled spine with lettering panel: âREFLEXIONSâ, red stained edges, unidentified [German?] library stamp on title-page in purple ink, old library signatures [â2190â, âBöi 97â]).
Belgium (1)
X.2#35 Brussels, Koninklijke Bibliotheek van België, FS XXXV 1.460 A 1 (RP)
Finland (1)
X.2#36 Helsinki, University Library, H 778.VIII.22
France (5)
X.2#37 Clermont-Ferrand, Bibliothèque communautaire et interuniversitaire, 65762 (late-seventeenth- century brown calf leather binding [damaged] with gold-tooled inverted monogram âDDâ, gold-tooled spine with lettering panel: âREFLEXIONS | DE | SPINOZAâ, label [âBibliotheca Lamoniana Dâ pasted on front board paper], paper label on foot reading âLegs Antoine et Marie-Louise Grenierâ, ownerâs note on last pastedown: âÃmile Broussaisâ [1855â1943], circular library stamp [Bibliothèque communautaire et interuniversitaire] on title-page).
X.2#38â40 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, FB 26550, D 88687, D2-501
X.2#41 Paris, Bibliothèque de lâArsenal, T-1048
Germany (3)
X.2#42 Augsburg, Staats- und Stadtbibliothek, Phil. 5274.
X.2#43 Göttingen, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, 8 Phil I,4984
X.2#44 Halle, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, Fa 2746 (brown spotting to pages, eighteenth-century ownerâs note in black ink on title-page: âlâauteur de ce livre est Benoit | Spinoza vid: Voigt Catalog: p. 68 | livre fort rareâ).
Sweden (1)
X.2#45 Uppsala, University Library, Filos teoret.
Switzerland (2)
X.2#46â47 Geneva, University Library, BGE Bc 1614, BGE S 19689
United Kingdom (2)
X.2#48 London, British Library, 855.a.12
X.2#49 Manchester, University Library, John Rylands Library, Deansgate, 10501
United States (8)
X.2#50 Berkeley (CA), University of California, University Library, Bancroft B3985 F7 1678 \t\
X.2#51 Cambridge (MA), University Library, *NC 6 Sp476 E h 678 Caa
X.2#52 Chicago (IL), University Library, Special Collections, Ludwig Rosenberger Library of Judaica, Rosenberger 156â16
X.2#53 Cincinnati (OH) Hebrew Union College, University Library, shelf-mark is not known
X.2#54 Los Angeles (CA), University of California, University Library, Spinoza Collection, shelf-mark is not known
X.2#55 New York (NY), Columbia University, University Library, 193Sp4 X6 1678c
X.2#56 New York (NY), The New York Public Library, **P
X.2#57 University Park (PA), PennState University Libraries, Eberly Family Special Collections Library, B 3985.F5S3 1678 (eighteenth-century French ownerâs note on the contents of the âTheological-Political Treatiseâ written on endpaper facing title-page).
References
Placcius, Theatrum, 1708, ch. 2, p. 176; Wolf, Bibliotheca, vol. 1, p. 240; Bayle, Dictionaire, 1740, vol. 4, p. 258; Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, p. 420; Graesse, Trésor, vol. 6, p. 469; Van der Linde, âNotizâ, p. 4, no. 11; Bamberger, âThe Early Editionsâ, p. 27; Catalogue, no. 150 (Wolf), p. 33, no. 371; Kingma and Offenberg, âBibliographyâ, p. 18, no. 14.
âµ
First Duodecimo Edition, One Single Print Run, Three Issues (ILLUSTRATION 5.26)
X.3 issue
Short Title
Anon., Traitté des ceremonies superstitieuses des juifs tant anciens que modernes. Amsterdam, âJacob Smithâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Printed with thirty-one of Spinozaâs Adnotationes (âRemarques Curieusesâ).
French text; no subsidiary languages.
Translation from the Latin by [Gabriel de Saint Glen].
Title-page is a red herring.
Fictitious publisher in imprint: âJacob Smithâ (i.e. [Jan Rieuwertsz père]).
Contains preface.
Contains table of contents (âTables des chapitresâ, twenty chapters).
Contains index (âTable des matieres principalesâ).
Contains list of errata.
Key feature for ready identification of X.3:
Title-page decoration: floral ornament E
Additional identification features (also in X.1 and X.2):
P. 22, l. 22: âE-spritâ.
P. 23, l. 19: âIobâ.
P. 288, l. 21: âKaïnâ.
Exemplar
A now-lost Latin manuscript (either Spinozaâs holograph or an apograph of it), or Latin quarto T.2/T.2a (?); the autograph manuscript and/or an apograph of French translation by [Gabriel de Saint Glen], which served as printerâs copy, is no longer extant.
Title-Page (on outer Forme of Gathering *)
TRAITTà | Des | Ceremonies Superſtitieuſes | DES | JUIFS | tant Anciens que Modernes. | (ornament: floral fruit vignette E) | A Amsterdam, | (rule) | Chez JACOB SMITH, | M. DC. LXXVIII.
Collation
12o: *12 **4 AâZ12 Aa12 Bb8 [$6 (âAa5, âBb6), ** signed $3]
312 leaves = pp. [32] (1)â(531) [31] 1â30
One leaf missing in quire *, *3â*7 signed *2â*6
Ornament on Title-Page
Floral fruit vignette E, relief woodcut, 22Ã28 mm.
For full bibliographical description: X.1.
Copies (53)
Copies Examined
X.3#58 Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, OTM: ROK A 1045
Provenance: older shelf-mark of the Amsterdam Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana (âRos. 1883 G 4â).
Digitized copy:
X.3#59 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Pol.g. 902 dn
Late-seventeenth-century vellum over pasteboard, shelf-mark (Pol.g. 902 dn) and ownerâs mark (âGLvLâ) on first front endpapers.
Provenance: personal copy of Christoph Gottlieb von Murr, German polymath and first editor of Spinozaâs Adnotationes (1802). The latter scholar wrote in the upper margin of the title-page in black ink: âB. de Spinozaâ. At the right side of the ornament, he wrote his own name: âDe Murrâ. Another hand wrote the capital letters X (upper right corner) and R (in front of the word âJuifsâ in line 5) of the title-page. The copy contains many underlines and marginal French annotations in black ink by Von Murr. He filled in the corrections suggested in the list of errata (page of âFautesâ vertically crossed out with a full stroke of the pen with black ink). On folio 1 of the Adnotationes, Von Murr wrote the following: âTraduit du manuscript de Spinozaâ. Other annotations by another eighteenth-century (?) hand, also in English. Library stamp (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek) on back of title-page.
Digitized copy:
Title-page, decorated with ornament E, of issue X.3 of the first French duodecimo edition of the Tractatus theologico-politicus.
X.3#60 Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele II, SALA FARN. 06. A 0042
Late-seventeenth-century brown calf leather binding over pasteboard.
Collation: Preface complete, but text of page 1 (following 2) also in an eighteenth-century handwritten hand in black ink preceding page 2, gathering *12 bound in the following manner: *312, *212, *512, *412, *712, *612, *912, *812, *1112, *1012.
Provenance: eighteenth-century inscription on authorship on title-page in black ink: âOuvrage traduit du latin de Spinosa, par de Saint-Glainâ, circular library (Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele II) on title-page, Giuseppe Maria Parascandolo (fl.1822â1838).
X.3#61 The Hague, KB, 589 K 38
Late-seventeenth-century half- leather (calf) binding over pasteboard, yellow paper on cover sprinkled with black ink, round back, gilt lettering panel on spine: âCEREMONI | SUPERSTIT. | DES Juifsâ, red-stained edge, minor spotting to paper.
Provenance: late-nineteenth-century ownerâs stamp on title-page (KB), shelf-mark on three small oblong labels pasted on back, repair with two modern endpapers, shelf-marks (18 a 4, 589 K 38) in early-twentieth-century handwriting, copy heavily trimmed.
Digitized copy:
X.3#62 Vienna, Ãsterreichische Nationalbibliothek, BE.8Z.19
Gilt brown calf armorial binding, marbled pasteboards and flyleaves.
Provenance: eighteenth-century ownerâs inscription in black ink on the last first endpaper: âEst hic rarissimus liber, | cuius latina edition | ediit sub titulo: Spino- | zae tractatus Theologico-politicus | valet [â¦] b.â, in another probably early-nineteenth-century hand: âversio facta per D. de | S. Glainâ, ownerâs inscription on verso of title-page: âAdami Francisci Kollari Pannerii Neosoliensis 1762.â (Adam FrantiÅ¡ek Kollár, 1718â1783, historian), circular library stamp (âKaiserliche Königliche Hofbibliothek Wienâ) on back of title-page, twentieth-century bookplate (Ãsterreichische Nationalbibliothek) on pastedown.
Non-Collated Copies
Netherlands (3)
X.3#63â65 Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, University Library, OTM: OK 63â2883, 589 K 38, 444 G 33
Austria (1)
X.3#66 Vienna, Ãsterreichische Nationalbibliothek, 593098-A.Alt.Mag.
Belgium (1)
X.3#67 Brussels, Koninklijke Bibliotheek van België, FS XXXV 1.463 A (RP)
France (9)
X.3#68 Lyon, Bibliothèque municipale, Fonds CGA, Rés. 805551 (incomplete copy, main text runs up to p. 288)
X.3#69â70 Paris, Bibliothèque de lâArsenal, 8 T 10481, 8 T 10482
X.3#71â75 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, D2-5210, D2-5211, D2-5212, 26550, P92/1846
X.3#76 Paris, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Rés. 8 D SUP 21 RES
Germany (7)
X.3#77 Braunschweig, Stadtbibliothek, I 149â174 (vellum wrapper, handwritten notes [corrections of errata], formerly in the possession of the Brunswick retiree Georg Winter [âGeorg Winter | März 1894â], older shelf-marks in pencil on pasteboard).
X.3#78 Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Phil. C.499
X.3#79â80 Göttingen, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, 8 TH TH I, 608/57-v
X.3#81 Halle, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt Sachsen-Anhalt, Fa 2747
X.3#82 Leipzig, University Library, Philos. 468-m
X.3#83 Schwerin, Landesbibliothek Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Günther Uecker, Id II g 917 (late-seventeenth-century vellum binding).
Italy (2)
X.3#84 Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele II, BIB. PROV. 5. 509 (olim: Andrea Tontoli).
X.3#85 Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Stamp.Barb.G.VI.134
Norway (1)
X.3#86 Trondheim, University Library, GO Ap8 Spi
Sweden (1)
X.3#87 Uppsala, University Library, Filos teoret
Switzerland (1)
X.3#88 Lausanne, University Library, TH 771
United Kingdom (11)
X.3#88â90 Aberdeen, University Library, Special Libraries and Archives, Kingâs College, SB 1939 Spi j (bound in brown leather, stamped in gold, all edges gilt, brown coated endpapers, front cover detached), BCL B6244 (two eighteenth-century ownerâs inscriptions on title-page in brown ink [âStephen Jollieâ, âEtienne Jollyâ] in the same hand, below another late-seventeenth-century handwritten text reading the following: âce nâest qâune Traduction de Tractatus Theologico-Politici de B.D. Spinozaâ, text pencilled cross on title-page).
X.3#91 Cambridge, Kingâs College, Keynes.Cc.6. 13/1â2 (copy divided in two parts [vol. 1: pp. 1â288; vol. 2: pp. 289â531, 1â30], three title-pages, bound in in this particular order: Y.5 [text added in black ink: âPremiere Partieâ], Y.4, and X.1, title-page of âsecondâ volume bound in, preceded by a perfectly hand-drawn imitation in black ink of Y.5 [with text: âSeconde Partieâ], eighteenth- century French marbled calf binding, bound by Nicolas- Denis Derome [1731â1790] the Younger [Parisian bookbinder and one of the Gardes en Charge of the Community of the Master Binders and Guilders of the City and University of Paris], gold-tooled triple fillets on sides and spines, gold-tooled title on spine, gilt edges, College library stamp in red ink opposite to X.1, bequest of the British economist John Maynard Keynes [1883â1946]).
X.3#92 Cambridge, Trinity College, F.1.56 (old shelf-mark : âE.1.60â).
X.3#93 Edinburgh, University Library, DPL 829 (calf binding, red sprinkled edges, from the library of John Hutton [1649/50â1712], also owned by the Dumfries Presbytery Library, Edinburgh Library stamp in black ink on title-page).
X.3#94 London, British Library, 220.b.17 (eighteenth- century ownerâs note on title-page in black ink on translator: âSaint-Glainâ).
X.3#95 London, Lambeth Palace, B585.S6 (nineteenth- century Lambeth Palace Library in black ink on title-page).
X.3#96 Oxford, All Souls College, r.20.8 (late-seventeenth century mottled calf covering, college device in gilt on upper board, pairs of blind fillets towards outer edges of upper and lower boards, gilt decoration on spine, red- and yellow-sprinkled text block edges, College bookplate [John Henderson Smith, âThe Book-Plates of All Soulsâ College, Oxfordâ, 1899, no. 9] on inside of upper board).
X.3#97 Oxford, Bodl., Douce S 579 (title-page lost, replaced by a handwritten sheet imitating the original title-page of Traitté des ceremonies, copy formerly in the possession of the English antiquary Francis Douce [1757â1834]).
X.3#98 Oxford, Harris Manchester College, X 1678/20 (late-seventeenth-century or early- eighteenth-century calf wrapper, sewn on four supports, blind-tooled double fillets towards outer edges of boards, marbled edges, Jacobean armorial bookplate [motto: âVirtus vincint invidiamâ] of Marquess Charles Cornwallis [1738â1805] on the inside of upper board, bookplate of donor reverend James Martineau [1805â1900] on inside of lower board reading: âFrom the Library of the Rev. James Martineauâ, note on first free endpaper about provenance: âJames Martineau from R.M. Mar. 20. 1885â).
X.3#999 Windsor, Eton College, Ei.3.34 (late-seventeenth-century brown calf gilt binding over pasteboard, gilt spine, gilt lettering panel: âCEREMONI | DES | IUIFSâ, copy donated to Eton College by its former fellow Dr John Reynolds [1671â1758] in 1751, editor of Pomponius Melaâs first-century Chorographia, with Reynoldsâs bookplate).104
United States (11)
X.3#100 Cambridge (MA), Harvard Divinity School, Andover-Harvard Theological Library, R.B.R. 17 .465 S758 4trcf 1678 (late-seventeenth-century vellum binding, seventeenth-century ownerâs monogram [âM.B.â] on first pastedown, two eighteenth-century black ink stamps on front pasteboard, eighteenth-century shelf-mark [âR. 48â] in black ink on title-page, transferred from the Harvard Law Library in 1924).
X.3#101 Chicago (IL), University Library, Special Collections, B 3985 A6 S2 (brief notations in several hands on front flyleaf, title-page and back pastedown).
X.3#102 Cincinnati (OH), Hebrew Union College, University Library, shelf-mark is not known
X.3#103 Ithaca (NY), Cornell University, Kroch Library Rare & Manuscripts, B 3985.F8 S13 1678b tiny
X.3#104 Kent (OH), Kent State University Libraries, B 3985 .A3 1670 (severely damaged brown leather binding, textual underlines, notes on the French translation on first front flyleaf in nineteenth-century hand, formerly owned by Columbia University, bookplate of Adolphe S. Oko [1883â1944]: âBibliotheca Spinozana, Adolphe S. Okoâ).
X.3#105 Newark (DE), University of Delaware, B 3985.F5 T73 (illegible ownerâs inscription on title-page dated â1751â).
X.3#106 New York (NY), Columbia University, University Library, 193Sp4 X6 1678e (late-seventeenth- century brown calf binding, two metal fastenings, eighteenth-century note [auction price?] on title-page: â41â10â).
X.3#107 Pittsburgh (PA), University Library, Bradford Campus Library, B 3985.F7 1678 (late-seventeenth-century red morocco binding, first front endpaper reads : âShapiro, Valdentine (London 59) Rose Judaica no. 4â, title-page: âAugust 25, 1970 Margaret Lowenthal giftâ, bookplate of University Pittsburgh, Bradford).
X.3#108 Princeton (NJ), Institute of Advanced Study, Historical Studies-Social Science Library, Rosen wald 1 (contemporary vellum binding, booksellerâs ticket pasted on to front free paper, collection Matthys de Jongh, Zutphen, sold to IAS in 2018).
X.3#109 Stanford (CA), Stanford University, Taube Collection, TBR 0031 CB
X.3#110 Tucson (AR), University of Arizona, University Library, B 3985.F7 1678 (ownerâs note in black ink on first endpapers, dated 12 April 1704).
References
Placcius, Theatrum, ch. 2, p. 176; Wolf, Bibliotheca, vol. 1, p. 240; Bayle, Dictionaire, 1740, vol. 4, p. 258; Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, p. 420; Graesse, Trésor, vol. 6, p. 469; Van der Linde, âNotizâ, p. 4, no. 12; Bamberger, âThe Early Editionsâ, p. 27; Kingma and Offenberg, âBibliographyâ, pp. 18â19, no. 15.
âµ
Second Duodecimo Edition, One Single Print Run, Five Issues (ILLUSTRATION 5.27)
Y.1 issue
Short Title
Anon., La Clef du santuaire par un sçavant homme de nôtre siecle. âLeidenâ [Amsterdam], âPierre Warnaerâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Printed with thirty-one of Spinozaâs Adnotationes (âRemarques Curieusesâ).
French text; no subsidiary languages.
Translation from the Latin by [Gabriel de Saint Glen].
Title-page is a red herring.
Epigraph on title-page: 2 Cor. 3:17.
Cover-up place of publication in imprint: Leiden (for [Amsterdam]).
Fictitious publisher in imprint: âPierre Warnaerâ (i.e. [Jan Rieuwertsz père]).
Contains preface.
Contains table of contents (âTables des chapitresâ, twenty chapters).
Contains index (âTable des matieres principalesâ).
Contains list of errata.
Key feature for ready identification of Y.1:
Title-page decoration: floral ornament B.
Additional identification features (also in Y.2, Y.3, Y.4/Y.5, and Y.n/Y.4/Y.5):
Sig. *9v: âPREEACEâ
P. 22, l. 22: âEs-pritâ.
P. 23, l. 19: âJobâ.
P. 288, l. 21: âCaïnâ.
Title-page, decorated with ornament B, of issue Y.1 of the second French duodecimo edition of the Tractatus theologico-politicus.
Exemplar
French duodecimo edition X.
Title-Page (on outer Forme of Gathering Ï)
LA CLEF | DU | SANTUAIRE | Par | Un ſçavant homme de nôtre | Siecle | La ou eÅ¿t lâEÅ¿prit de Dieu là eÅ¿t la liberté, | 2. Epitre aux Corinthiens Chap. 3. | verÅ¿. 17. | (ornament: floral fruit vignette B) | A LEYDE, | Chez PIERRE WARNAER, | M. DC. LXXVIII.
Language and Typography
French text. Explanatory footnotes in italics, keyed with typographical symbols, notes and references to biblical passages in external margins (italic type). Larger portion of the Preface and list of contents (partly) in italics. Old-style serif roman types from an unidentified printing firm. First line of text of title of chapter 14 is set in much larger lower-case letters (âCe que câest que la foye, quellsâ). Variants of Y edition printed on larger sheets than X.
Prime Literals/Misprints
Sig. *9v: âPREFACEâ misprinted as âPREEACEâ (inner forme).
P. 127: F4 misprinted as âE4â (inner forme).
P. 129: F5 misprinted as âE5â (outer forme).
P. 131: F6 misprinted as âE6â (inner forme).
P. 386, note in external margin: biblical reference Exod. 34:14 misprinted as âExod. Ch. 4. v. 14.â (outer forme of R).
P. 445: misprinting T7 as âT2â (outer forme).
Bibliographical Fingerprints of Separate Parts
167812 â a1 *2 i$pre : a2 **2 &$que
167812 â b1 A u$s : b2 Z2 $I$N.
167812 â c1 Z3 nt$re : c2 $Aa4 $par$la
167812 â d1 Aa6 ophete : d2 Bb5 honne
Collation
12o:
313 leaves = pp. [33] (1)â(531) [31] 1â30
One leaf missing in quire *, *3â*7 signed *2â*6.
Collation Variant
No variants found.
Direction Line
Signature and catchword(s), anticipating the first word on the next page, at the foot of each page.
Running Headlines
Running headlines printed in larger upper-case letters in upper middle margin or in a combination of larger upper-case and smaller lower-case letters: PREFACE.; TABLE (verso), Des CHAPITRES. (recto); TABLE des CHAPITRES (verso); TABLE.; REMARQUES (recto and verso). Main work without headlines.
Contents
*r (title-page)
*v (blank)
*2râ**2v PREFACE.
**3râ**4v TABLE Des CHAPITRES. (list of contents, twenty chapters)
ArâB5r Chapitre I. De la Prophetie.
B5vâC10r Chapitre II. Des Prophetes.
C10râEr Chapitre III. De la vocation des Hebreux, & si le don de Prophetie ne se trouvoit que parmi eux.
ErâF2r Chapitre IV. De la Loy divine.
F2râG3r Chapitre V. Pour quelle fin des ceremonies ont esté instituées, & de la foy des histoires, à sçavoir en quel sens, & à qui elles sont necessaires.
G3râH9v Chapitre VI. Des Miracles.
H9vâK9r Chapitre VII. De lâinterpretation de lâEscriture.
K9vâL10r Chapitre VIII. Que les cinq premiers livres de la Bible nâont point esté écrits par Moyse, ny ceux de Josué, des Juges, de Rut, de Samuel, & des Roys par ceux dont ils portent le nom. On examine en suite si plusieurs Escrivains sâen sont mélez, ou sâil nây en a eu quâun, & qui câest.
L10vâM12v Chapitre IX. Quelques autres particularitez touchant les mesmes livres, à sçavoir si Esdras y a mis la derniere main: & si les notes qui se trouvent à la marge des livres Hebreux estoient des leçons differentes.
NrâN12r Chapitre X. Où le mesme ordre est observé dans lâExamen du reste des livres du vieux Testament.
N12vâO8v Chapitre XI. Si les Apostres ont escrit leurs Epîtres entant quâApôtres & Prophetes, ou entant que Docteurs; & quel estoit leur Office.
O9râP6v Chapitre XII. Du veritable original de la Loy divine, & pourquoy lâEscriture est appellée sainte, & Parole de Dieu; Ensuite il est montré quâentant quâelle contient la Parole de Dieu, elle a toûjours esté incorruptible.
P7râQv Chapitre XIII. Que lâEscriture nâenseigne que des choses fort simples, quâelle nâexige que lâobeïssance, & quâelle nâenseigne de la Nature divine que ce que les hommes peuvent imiter en un certain genre de vie.
QvâQ10r Chapitre XIV. Ce que câest que la foy, quels sont les fidelles, & les fondements de la foy, & que celle-cy doit estre separée de la Philosophie.
Q10râR8r Chapitre XV. Que la Theologie ne releve point de la jurisdiction de la raison, ny la raison de celle de la Theologie, & la raison pourquoy nous sommes persuadez de lâAutorité de lâEscriture.
R8vâS9v Chapitre XVI. Des fondements de la Republique, du droit naturel & civil de chaque particulier, & de celuy des Souverains.
S10râV9r Chapitre XVII. Que nul ne peut faire un transport absolu de tous ses droits au souverain, & quâil nâest pas expedient: De la Republique des Hebreux, ce quâelle estoit du vivant de Moyse, & ce quâelle fut apres sa mort avant la domination des Roys, & de son excellence: Des causes de la chûte de cette divine Republique & quâil estoit presquâimpossible quâelle subsistât sans seditions.
V9râX5r Chapitre XVIII. Quelques reflexions Politiques sur la Republique, & sur les Histoires des Hebreux.
X5vâY5r Chapitre XIX. Que lâadministration des choses saintes doit dépendre des Souverains, & que nous ne pouvons nous acquitter de lâobeïssance que nous devons à Dieu, quâen accomodant le culte exterieur de la Religion, à la paix de la Republique.
Y5râZ2r Chapitre XX. Que dans une Republique libre il doit estre permis dâavoir telle opinion que lâon veut, & mesmes de la dire.
Z2vâAa4v TABLE Des matieres principales, Contenues en ce Livre.
Aa5r FAUTES Survenuës en lâimpreÃion (list of errata, thirteen corrections, for pp. 27, 53, 59, 63, 72, 111, 188, 223, 351 [2Ã], 376, 464, 496, 518)
Aa5v (blank)
Aa6râBb8v REMARQUES Curieuses, Et necessaires pour lâIntelligence de ce Livre. (text holding the majority (thirty-one) of Spinozaâs own Adnotationes in French)
Ornament on Title-Page
Floral fruit vignette B, relief woodcut, 19Ã25 mm: interlaced tailpiece.
Simple Initials
Twenty-two plain initials (relief woodcuts), 4, 3 and 2 ll. (12Ã9 mm, 8Ã5 mm, and 5Ã3 mm), employed to head the first letter of the first word of Preface and chapters of main work. Nineteen other black initials (2 ll.) in list of contents.
Other Ornaments
Two types of small mirrored floral ornaments between two single rules (11Ã46 mm), wide horizontal block, placed on p. 1 to introduce the text of the main work.
Also in: La Clef du san(c)tuaire (Y.1, Y.2, Y.3); Reflexions curieuses/Traitté des ceremonies (Y.4/Y.5). Different block in: La Clef du san(c)tuaire (X.1); Reflexions curieuses (X.2); Traitté des ceremonies (X.3).
Long ornamented âlineâ of floral motives (2Ã42 mm), on âFol. 1.â of the âAdnotationesâ, appended to the text of the main work.
In: La Clef du san(c)tuaire (Y.1, Y.2, Y.3); Reflexions curieuses/Traitté des ceremonies (Y.4/Y.5). Other block in: La Clef du santuaire (X.1); Reflexions curieuses (X.2); Traitté des ceremonies (X.3).
Copies (2)
Copies Examined
Y.1 #111 Rijnsburg, Vereniging Het Spinozahuis, 165
Copy has title-pages of Y.4/Y.5.
Y.1#112 The Hague, KB, PH1782
Late-seventeenth-century gilt leather binding, marbled endpapers, copy also has title-pages of Y.4/Y.5, title on gilt spine reading: âREFLEX | CURIEUSâ.
Provenance: formerly owned by French collector Claude-Alexandre de Villeneuve [1702â1760], comte de Vence, with his gilt coat of arms, ex libris (Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica [Amsterdam]) on first pastedown, reading: âPhilosophia Hermeticaâ, below another ex libris reading: âInstituut Collectie Nederlandâ).
References
Placcius, Theatrum, ch. 2, p. 176; Wolf, Bibliotheca, vol. 1, p. 240; Bayle, Dictionaire, 1740, vol. 4, p. 258; Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, p. 420; Graesse, Trésor, vol. 6, p. 469; Van der Linde, âNotizâ, p. 4, no. 10; Bamberger, âThe Early Editionsâ, p. 27; Catalogue, no. 150 (Wolf), p. 33, no. 370; Kingma and Offenberg, âBibliographyâ, pp. 19â20, no. 16.
âµ
Second Duodecimo Edition, One Single Print Run, Five Issues (ILLUSTRATION 5.28)
Y.2 issue
Short Title
Anon., La Clef du santuaire par un sçavant homme de nôtre siecle. âLeidenâ [Amsterdam], âPierre Warnaerâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Printed with thirty-one of Spinozaâs Adnotationes (âRemarques Curieusesâ).
French text; no subsidiary languages.
Translation from the Latin by [Gabriel de Saint Glen].
Title-page is a red herring.
Epigraph on title-page: 2 Cor. 3:17.
Cover-up place of publication in imprint: Leiden (i.e. [Amsterdam]).
Fictitious publisher in imprint: âPierre Warnaerâ (i.e. [Jan Rieuwertsz père]).
Contains preface.
Contains table of contents (âTables des chapitresâ, twenty chapters).
Contains index (âTable des matieres principalesâ).
Contains list of errata.
Key feature for ready identification of Y.2:
Title-page decoration: floral ornament C.
Additional identification features (also in Y.1, Y.3, Y.4/Y.5, and Y.n/Y.4/Y.5):
Sig. *9v: âPREEACEâ.
P. 22, l. 22: âEs-pritâ.
P. 23, l. 19: âJobâ.
P. 288, l. 21: âCaïnâ.
Exemplar
French duodecimo edition X.
Title-Page (on outer Forme of Gathering Ï)
LA CLEF | DU | SANTUAIRE | Par | Un ſçavant homme de nôtre | Å¿iecle. | Là où eÅ¿t lâeÅ¿prit de Dieu , là eÅ¿t la liberté. | 2. Epitre aux Corinthiens , Chap. 3. | verÅ¿. 17. | (ornament: floral fruit vignette C) | A LEYDE, | Chez PIERRE WARNAER, | M. DC. LXXVIII.
Collation
12o:
313 leaves = pp. [33] (1)â(531) [31] 1â30
One leaf missing in quire *, *3â*7 signed *2â*6.
Ornament on Title-Page
Floral fruit vignette C, relief woodcut, 19Ã25 mm.
For full bibliographical description: Y.1.
Copies (3)
Copy Examined
Y.2#113 Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, OTM: ROK A 1467
Provenance: ex libris of Biblioteka ÅaÅcucka (Poland), old shelf-mark of Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana (Ros 19 C 23).
Marbled endpapers. âMixedâ copy, copy has three title-pages, bound in in this particular order: Y.2, Y.4, Y.5.
Provenance: black library stamp (âBibliotheca Rosenthalianaâ) and older shelf-mark (âRos 19 C 23â) in pencil on first free endpapers.
Non-Collated Copies
France (1)
Y.2#114 Paris, Bibliothèque de lâArsenal, 8 T 10484
United States (1)
Y.2#115 New York (NY), Columbia University, University Library, 193Sp4 X6 1678b (copy also has title-pages of Y.4/Y.5).
References
Placcius, Theatrum, ch. 2, p. 176; Wolf, Bibliotheca, vol. 1, p. 240; Bayle, Dictionaire, 1740, vol. 4, p. 258; Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, p. 420; Van der Linde, âNotizâ, p. 4, no. 10; Bamberger, âThe Early Editionsâ, p. 27; Catalogue, no. 150 (Wolf), p. 33, no. 370; Kingma and Offenberg, âBibliographyâ, p. 20, no. 17.
Title-page, decorated with ornament C, of issue Y.2 of the second French duodecimo edition of the Tractatus theologico-politicus.
âµ
Second Duodecimo Edition, One Single Print Run, Five Issues (ILLUSTRATION 5.29)
Y.3 issue (dispersed)
Short Title
Anon., La Cléf du sanctuaire par un sçavant homme de notre siécle. âLeidenâ [Amsterdam], âPierre Warnaerâ, printer: unidentified, f. [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Printed with thirty-one of Spinozaâs Adnotationes (âRemarques Curieusesâ).
French text; no subsidiary languages.
Translation from the Latin by [Gabriel de Saint Glen].
Title-page is a red herring.
Epigraph on title-page: 2 Cor. 3:17.
Cover-up place of publication in imprint: Leiden (i.e. [Amsterdam]).
Fictitious publisher in imprint: âPierre Warnaerâ (i.e. [Jan Rieuwertsz père]).
Contains preface.
Contains table of contents (âTables des chapitresâ, twenty chapters).
Contains index (âTable des matieres principalesâ).
Contains list of errata.
Key feature for ready identification of Y.3:
Title-page decoration: floral ornament D.
Additional identification features (also in Y.1, Y.2, Y.4/Y.5, and Y.n/Y.4/Y.5):
Sig. *9v: âPREEACEâ.
P. 22, l. 22: âEs-pritâ.
P. 23, l. 19: âJobâ.
P. 288, l. 21: âCaïnâ.
Exemplar
French duodecimo edition X.
Title-Page (on outer Forme of Gathering Ï)
LA CLÃF | DU | SANCTUAIRE, | Par | Un ſçauant homme de notre | Siécle. | Là où eÅ¿t lâEÅ¿prit de Dieu, là eÅ¿t la liberté. | 2. Epitre aux Corinthiens , chap. 3. | vers. 17. | (ornament: floral fruit vignette D) | A LEYDE, | Chez PIERRE WARNAER, | M. DC. LXXVIII.
Collation
12o:
312 leaves = pp. [32] (1)â(531) [31] 1â30
One leaf missing in quire *, *3â*7 signed *2â*6.
Ornament on Title-Page
Floral fruit vignette D, relief woodcut, 19Ã25 mm.
For full bibliographical description: Y.1.
Copy (0)
Y.3 variant is known to have survived in one single copy (olim: Baarn, Menno Hertzberger, title-pages of Y.4/Y.5 bound in copy) now unfortunately dispersed, whereabouts are not known.
Note
Kingma and Offenberg (âBibliographyâ, p. 21, no. 18) point out the following: âThe titlepage on
References
Placcius, Theatrum, ch. 2, p. 176; Wolf, Bibliotheca, vol. 1, p. 240; Bayle, Dictionaire, 1740, vol. 4, p. 258; Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, p. 420; Van der Linde, âNotizâ, p. 4, no. 10; Bamberger, âThe Early Editionsâ, p. 27; Catalogue, no. 150 (Wolf), p. 33, no. 370; Kingma and Offenberg, âBibliographyâ, p. 20, no. 17.
âµ
Title-page, decorated with ornament D, of issue Y.3 of the second French duodecimo edition of the Tractatus theologico-politicus.
Second Duodecimo Edition, One Single Print Run, Five Issues (ILLUSTRATION 5.30â5.31)
Y.4/Y.5 issue (fitted with two title-pages)
Short Titles
Anon., Reflexions curieuses dâun esprit des-interressé sur les matieres les plus importantes au salut, tant public que particulier. âCologneâ [Amsterdam], âClaude Emanuelâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Anon., Traitté des ceremonies superstitieuses des juifs tant anciens que modernes. Amsterdam, âJacob Smithâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Printed with thirty-one of Spinozaâs Adnotationes (âRemarques Curieusesâ).
French text; no subsidiary languages.
Translation from the Latin by [Gabriel de Saint Glen].
Title-pages are a red herring.
One cover-up place of publication in imprint: Cologne (i.e. [Amsterdam]).
Fictitious publishers in both imprints: âClaude Emanuelâ and âJacob Smithâ (i.e. [Jan Rieuwertsz père]).
Contains preface.
Contains table of contents (âTables des chapitresâ, twenty chapters).
Contains index (âTable des matieres principalesâ).
Contains list of errata.
Key features for ready identification of Y.4/Y.5:
Two false title-pages, decorated with small yoke ornament and ornament F.
First title-page (Y.4), l. 7, spelling: âSalutâ.
Additional identification features (also in Y.1, Y2, Y.3, and Y.n/Y.4/Y.5):
Sig. *9v: âPREEACEâ.
P. 22, l. 22: âEs-pritâ.
P. 23, l. 19: âJobâ.
P. 288, l. 21: âCaïnâ.
Exemplar
French duodecimo edition X.
First Title-Page
REFLEXIONS | CURIEUSES | dâun | EÅ¿prit des-Interreſſé | sur | LES MATIERES | Les plus Importantes au Salut , tant | Public que Particulier. | (reduced yoke ornament) | A COLOGNE, | Chez CLAUDE EMANUEL, | 1678.
Second Title-Page
TRAITTà | Des | Ceremonies Superſtitieuſes | DES | JUIFS | tant Anciens que Modernes. | (ornament F) | A Amsterdam, | (rule) | Chez JACOB SMITH, | M. DC. LXXVIII.
Collation
12o: *12 **4 AâZ12 Aa12 Bb8 [$7 (â*7, âE7, âL7, Z7, âAa5, âAa7), ** signed $2], T7 signed T2
312 leaves = pp. [32] (1)â(531) [31] 1â30
One leaf missing in quire *, *3â*7 signed *2â*6.
Collation Variant
Signature F4 (signed âE4â) and T7 (signed âT2â) are still misprinted, but the signatures F5 and F6 (F: inner and outer form) have been set in type again and printed correctly this time. Occurs in: Lyon, Bibliothèque municipale, Rés 807279.
Ornaments on Title-Pages
Y.4: small yoke ornament, relief woodcut, 19Ã26 mm (ornament no. 17 in: Lane, âThe Printing Officeâ, pp. 373â374). Tailpiece also in: Tractatus theologico-politicus (T.1, T.2/T.2a, T.4n/T.4); Opera posthuma. See: T.1.
Y.5: ornament F, relief woodcut: tailpiece (rosette with leaves hanging downwards), 19Ãc.36 mm.
For full bibliographical description: Y.1.
Copies (42)
Copies Examined
Y.4/Y.5#116 Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, OTM: ROK A 1054
Eighteenth-century addition in black ink on title-page (âpar Spinosaâ), olim: Ros 1883 G 51. Copy has title-page of Y.5 only.
Digitized copy:
Y.4/Y.5#117 Ghent, University Library, Ac 328
First and back endpapers decorated with red and blue stamped arabesqued ornaments, older shelf-marks on last free endpapers in pen.
Digitized copy:
Y.4/Y.5#118 Lyon, Rhône, Bibliothèque municipale, Fonds CGA, Rés. 807279
Eighteenth-century brown leather binding, gilt rectangular triple fillets on cover, marbled endpapers, copy has also a third title-page (Y.1) pasted in.
First title-page, decorated with small yoke ornament (Y.4), of issue Y.4/Y.5of the second French duodecimo edition of the Tractatus theologico-politicus.
Second title-page, decorated with ornament F (Y.5), of issue Y.4/Y.5 of the second French duodecimo edition of the Tractatus theologico-politicus.
Provenance: eighteenth-century note on title-page of Y.5 in black (âtraduit de Spinosa. Par de Saint-Glainâ), nineteenth-century notes on the hidden contents of the book by the French book collector Stéphane Mestre (1813â1877) in black ink on one of the first front endpapers, nineteenth-century circular black library stamps (âBiblioth de la Ville de Lyonâ) on title-pages.105
Digitized copy:
Y.4/Y.5#119 Lyon, Rhône, Bibliothèque municipale, Fonds CGA, Rés. 805649
Provenance: nineteenth-century circular black library stamp (âBiblioth de la Ville de Lyonâ) on title-pages.
Digitized copy:
Non-Collated Copies
Netherlands (4)
Y.4/Y.5#120â121 Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, University Library, OTM: ROK A-1046 (Ros 1883 G 15), OTM: OK 61-1496 (previous owner [1939]: Leo Polak [1880â1941], old shelf-mark: UBM 2452 E 12).
Y.4/Y.5#122 Deventer, Stads- en Athenaeum Bibliotheek, 47 E 56
Y.4/Y.5#123 The Hague, KB, KW 1746 G 122 (late- seventeenth-century black leather binding, gilt tooling on fore-edge of boards, gilt edges, ex libris of Mr Canot de Lalobbe on first marbled pastedown, gilt spine with red panel reading âREFLEXIO | CURIEUSEâ, copy has third title-page of X.1).
Canada (1)
Y.4/Y.5#124 Ottawa, University Library, B 3985 .F7 S 25 1678 (copy lacks title-page of Traitté des ceremonies [Y.5]).
Germany (4)
Y.4/Y.5#125 Berlin, Universitätsbibliothek Freie Universität, 38/75/21497(3)
Y.4/Y.5#126 Berlin, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin- Preussischer Kulturbesitz, NI 13224 (eighteenth-century notes written in black ink on first flyleaf regarding the French translation and its assumed author).
Y.4/Y.5#127 Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, 6A.6733 (late-seventeenth-century brown calf binding over pasteboard, gold-tooled spine with lettering panel: âREFLEXIONS | CURIEUSESâ, binding likely produced by the Electoral Bookbindery in Dresden, marbled first and last free endpapers, blue-marbled edges, copy lacks the title-page of Traitté des ceremonies [Y.5], olim: Berlin, Zentralstelle für Wissenschaftlichen Altbestände).
Y.4/Y.5#128 Göttingen, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, 8 PHIL I, 4986
France (6)
Y.4/Y.5#129 Lyon, Bibliothèque municipale, Rés 807279 (calf covering, marbled papers, first title-page of X.1, followed by title-pages Y.4 and Y.5, eighteenth-century ownerâs note on edition and French translation in black ink on first front endpapers, note contains the remark the fictitious titles of the French translation were deliberately printed to mislead the authorities, round nineteenth-century library stamps [Lyon municipal library] throughout copy).
Y.4/Y.5#130 Paris, Bibliothèque de lâArsenal, 8 T 10484
Y.4/Y.5#131 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 16 D2-501 (brown leather binding, nineteenth-century ownerâs notes on first free endpapers on French translation in black ink).
Y.4/Y.5#132â133 Paris, Sorbonne-BIU Centrale, RR 6= 366, VCM 6 = 6070
Y.4/Y.5#134 Versailles, Yvelines, Bibliothèque municipale, Fonds VE 2, Rés. O 4 hIn 12
Italy (5)
Y.4/Y.5#135 Crescentino, Biblioteca civica de Grego- riana
Y.4/Y.5#136 Ferrara, University Library, Biblioteca del Dipartimento di scienze giuridiche
Y.4/Y.5#137 Torino, University Library, Biblioteca dellâAccademia delle Scienze, B/2.VIII.187 (late-seventeenth-century brown, leather binding over pasteboard, olim: Carlo Francesco Giacinto Caisotti di Chiusano [1754â1831]).
Y.4/Y.5#138â139 Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, BNM-187 C 183 (gilt red-Moroccan binding), BNM-147 D 204 (olim: bookplate of the Collegio Santissimo Rosario).
Spain (1)
Y.4/Y.5#140 Barcelona, Biblioteca Episcopal, 241.615: 296 Tra (copy lacks title-page Y.4).
United Kingdom (5)
Y.4/Y.5#141 Cambridge, Kingâs College, Keynes.Cc.6.13/ 1â2 (copy in two parts, sprinkled calf binding with gold-tooled double fillets and decorative roll, broken-line gilt tooling on fore-edge of boards, four raised bands on spine with gold-tooled decorations and title, red-sprinkled edges, minor brown spotting to pages, copy has three title-pages, bound in in this particular order: Y.5, Y.4, and X.1, title-page of second part bound in is a perfect hand-drawn imitation in black ink of Y.5, College library stamp in red ink opposite to X.1, bequest of the British economist John Maynard Keynes [1883â1946], printed Kingâs College bookplate on front paste-down of the British landowner, philanthropist, and High Sheriff of Berkshire Richard Benyon de Beauvoir [Englefield House, Berkshire] with motto: âVincam vel moriarâ).
Y.4/Y.5#142 Cambridge, Trinity College, Crewe 32.9 (inscription on front flyleaf âEst verso Tractatus Theologico politic B. de Spinoza per D. de S. Glainâ, bequeathed [2015] by Mary Innes-Ker, Duchess of Roxburghe [1915â2014], daughter of Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe), Crewe 8.10 (blue morocco, gilt edges, by DeRome, sold [Catalogue ⦠Formed by M. Guglielmo Libri, 1859, p. 338, no. 2527] on the sale of a portion of the London library of the Italian scholar, book thief, and forger Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja [1803â1869], 1â12 August 1859).106
Y.4/Y.5#143 Edinburgh, University Library, RE.5.41 (nineteenth-century gilt calf binding [âReid Bequest College Library Edinburghâ], note âpar B. de Spinozaâ in nineteenth-century hand with pen on title-page).
Y.4/Y.5#144 Oxford, Bodl., Vet B3 f.117 (late-seventeenth-century brown leather gold-tooled binding over pasteboard, copy has title-pages of La Clef du santuaire [X.3] and Traitté des ceremonies [Y.5], ownerâs note reading âDebure 863â, possibly referring to the Parisian bookseller and bibliographer Guillaume Debure [1734â1820], older shelf-mark of Bodleian Library [âArchBodl B T.65â]).107
Y.4/Y.5#145 Reading, University Library, OVERSTONE-SHELF 6A/12 (full green morocco gilt covering, booksellerâs label: Pickering, bookseller, 196, Piccadilly).
United States (12)
Y.4/Y.5#146 Boca Raton (FL), Florida Atlantic University, B3985.F7S35 1678
Y.4/Y.5#147â148 Cincinnati (OH), Hebrew Union College, University Library (two copies, shelf-marks are not known, copy 1 only has title-page of Y.5, copy 2 has Y.4/Y.5).
Y.4/Y.5#149â150 Ithaca (NY), Cornell University, Kroch Library Rare & Manuscripts, B 3985.F8 S13 1678a tiny (late-seventeenth-century brown calf binding, red-stained edges, wanting title-page Y.4), B 3985.F8 S13 1678b tiny (late-seventeenth-century brown calf binding, red-stained edges, lacks title-page Y.5).
Y.4/Y.5#151â152 New York (NY), Columbia University, University Library, 193Sp4 X6 1678d (bookplate of Adolphe S. Oko [1883â1944]: âBibliotheca Spinozana, Adolphe S. Okoâ), 193Sp4 X6f (title-page Y.4 wanting).
Y.4/Y.5#153 Philadelphia (PA), University of Pennsylvania, B3985.F5 S3 1678 (full-leather eighteenth- century blind-tooled binding, gilt-stamped spine title, mottled edges).
Y.4/Y.5#154 Princeton (NJ), Institute of Advanced Study, Historical Studies-Social Science Library, Rosen wald 1 (contemporary calf binding, guilded back with red label, bound in in the copy is also the title-page of Y.1, collection Matthys de Jongh, Zutphen, sold to IAS in 2018).
Y.4/Y.5#155 Princeton (NJ), University Library, B 3985.F5 S 3 1678 (gilt calf skin, marbled endpapers, seventeenth-century ownerâs notes on title-page: âtradotta dal latina d. Spinosaâ, âB. de Spinosaâ).
Y.4/Y.5#156 Stanford (CA), Stanford University, TBR 0031 CB (eighteenth-century note on first flyleaf on masked title-pages of French translation, wanting missing title-page Y.5).
Y.4/Y.5#157 Washington (DC), Library of Congress, B3985.F5 E5 Pre-1801 Coll.
References
Placcius, Theatrum, ch. 2, p. 176; Wolf, Bibliotheca, 1715â33, vol. 1, p. 240; Bayle, Dictionaire, 1740, vol. 4, p. 258; Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, p. 420; Van der Linde, âNotizâ, 1871, p. 4, nos. 11â12; Bamberger, âThe Early Editionsâ, p. 27; Catalogue, no. 150 (Wolf), p. 34, no. 372; Kingma and Offenberg, âBibliographyâ, p. 21, no. 19.
âµ
Second Duodecimo Edition, One Single Print Run, Five Issues (ILLUSTRATION 5.32â5.34)
Y.n/Y.4/Y.5 issue (fitted with three title-pages)
Short Titles
Anon., La Clef du santuaire par un sçavant homme de nôtre siecle. âLeidenâ [Amsterdam], âPierre Warnaerâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Anon., Reflexions curieuses dâun esprit des-interressé sur les matieres les plus importantes au salut, tant public que particulier. âCologneâ [Amsterdam], âClaude Emanuelâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Anon., Traitté des ceremonies superstitieuses des juifs tant anciens que modernes. Amsterdam, âJacob Smithâ, printer: unidentified, for: [Jan Rieuwertsz père] (bookseller), 1678.
Printed with thirty-one Adnotationes (âRemarques Curieusesâ).
French text; no subsidiary languages.
Translation from the Latin by [Gabriel de Saint Glen].
Title-pages are a red herring.
Epigraph on first new title-page: 2 Cor. 3:17.
Cover-up places of publication in two imprints: Leiden and Cologne (i.e. [Amsterdam]).
Fictitious publishers in all three imprints: âPierre Warnaerâ, âClaude Emanuelâ, and âJacob Smithâ (i.e. [Jan Rieuwertsz père]).
Contains preface.
Contains table of contents (âTables des chapitresâ, twenty chapters).
Contains index (âTable des matieres principalesâ).
Contains list of errata.
Key feature for ready identification of Y.n/Y.4/Y.5:
Three false title-pages with ornament G, small yoke ornament, and ornament F
Title-page, l. 7, spelling: âSalutâ.
Additional identification features (also in Y.1, Y.2, Y.3, and Y.4/Y.5):
sig. *9v: âPREEACEâ.
p. 22, l. 22: âEs-pritâ.
p. 23, l. 19: âJobâ.
p. 288, l. 21: âCaïnâ.
Exemplar
French duodecimo edition X.
First Title-Page
LA CLEF | DU | SANTUAIRE | Par | Un ſçavant homme de nôtre | Siecle. | La où eÅ¿t lâEÅ¿prit de Dieu , là eÅ¿t la liberté, | 2 Epitre aux Corinthiens Chap. 3. | verÅ¿. 17. | (ornament: floral fruit vignette G) | A LEYDE, | Chez PIERRE WARNAER, | M. DC. LXXVIII.
Second Title-Page
REFLEXIONS | CURIEUSES | dâun | EÅ¿prit des-Interreſſé | sur | LES MATIERES | Les plus Importantes au Salut , tant | Public que Particulier. | (reduced yoke ornament) | A COLOGNE, | Chez CLAUDE EMANUEL, | 1678.
Third Title-Page
TRAITTà | Des | Ceremonies Superſtitieuſes | DES | JUIFS | tant Anciens que Modernes. | (ornament F) | A Amsterdam, | (rule) | Chez JACOB SMITH, | M. DC. LXXVIII.
Collation
12o: *12 **4 AâZ12 Aa12 Bb8 [$7 (â*7, âE7, âL7, Z7, âAa5, âAa7), ** signed $2], T7 signed T2
312 leaves = pp. [32] (1)â(531) [31] 1â30
One leaf missing in quire *, *3â*7 signed *2â*6.
First title-page of issue Y.n/Y.4/Y.5 of the second French duodecimo edition of the Tractatus theologico-politicus, decorated with ornament G (Y.n).
Second title-page of issue Y.n/Y.4/Y.5 of the second French duodecimo edition of the Tractatus theologico-politicus, decorated with small yoke ornament (Y.4).
Third title-page of issue Y.n/Y.4/Y.5 of the second French duodecimo edition of the Tractatus theologico-politicus, decorated with ornament F (Y.5).
Ornaments on Title-pages
Y.n: ornament G, relief woodcut, c.10Ãc.10 mm.
Y.4: small yoke ornament, relief woodcut, 19Ã26 mm (ornament no. 17 in: Lane, âThe printing officeâ, pp. 373â374). Printed as tailpiece in: Tractatus theologico-politicus (T.1, T.2/T.2a, T.4n/T.4); Opera posthuma. See: T.1.
Y.5: ornament F, relief woodcut: tailpiece (rosette with hanging pendents), 19Ã36 mm.
For full bibliographical description: Y.1.
Copy (1)
Copy Examined
Y.n/Y.4/Y.5#158 Lyon, Bibliothèque municipale, Rés 804872
Digitized copy:
Note
Y.n, the first title-page bound together with Y.4/Y.5, is never mentioned in bibliographical listings of Spinozaâs works before. Variant was neither known to Bamberger nor to Kingma and Offenberg.
Unidentified Copy of the Traitté des ceremonies superstitieuses des juifs tant anciens que modernes
Freiburg im Breisgau, University Library, F2745,im
Either X.3 or Y.n/Y.4/Y.5, Y.n/Y.4/Y.5, copy unavailable for inspection.
âµ
Anon. (Stouppe*), La Religion.
Cf. Léon Feer, âUn Pamphlet contre les Hollandoisâ, Bulletin de la Société de lâHistoire du Protestantisme français, 31 (1882), pp. 80â91, at p. 80. François-Michel le Tellier to Jean Baptiste Stouppe*, 31 March 1673: âIl faut coucher cela de manière que lâon ne puisse point croire que cet écrit cet fait par des françois, et au contraire, affecter dire bien du mal de la France.â (It should be put in such a way that one cannot believe this writing is made by the French, and contrariwise, it should speak well of France instead of bad; quoted in: Camille Rousset, Histoire de Louvois et de son administration politique et militaire jusquâà la Paix de Nimègue [2 vols., Paris: Didier, 1862], vol. 1, p. 432).
The work was translated into Dutch (Amsterdam: 1673, 1674), German (1673), Italian (Paris: 1674), and English (London: 1680, 1681).
Anon. (Stouppe*), La Religion: âRepresentée en plusieurs Lettres écrites par un Officier de lâArmée du Roy, à un Pasteur & Professeur en Theologie de Berneâ. According to Walloon minister and Cartesian philosopher Johannes Theodoor Braun (1628â1708), all six letters included in the pamphlet were addressed to a Protestant theology professor by the name of Hommel. Allegedly they were in reply to Stouppeâs letter of 1 April 1673. For the identification of Hommel: Johannes T. Braun, La Veritable religion des Hollandois. Avec une apologie pour la religion des Estats Generaux des Provinces Unies. Contre le libelle diffamatoire de Stoupe, qui à pour titre La Religion des Hollandois, ⦠(Amsterdam: 1675), preface, sig. **3r: â⦠& que ce Pasteur & Professeur en Theologie à Bern, dont il fait mention au Titre, est Monsieur Hommel qui exerce ces charges à Bern, fort homme de bien, & qui desire extraordinairement le Repos & Prosperité de sa Patrieâ.
âJe ne croirois pas vous avoir parlé de toutes les Religions de ce païs si je ne vous avois dit un mot dâun homme illustre & sçavant qui à ce que lâon mâa asseuré a un grand nombre des Sectateurs qui sont entierement attâchez à ses sentimens. Câest un homme qui est né Juif qui sâappelle Spinosa qui nâa point abjuré la Religion des Juifs ni embrassé la Religion Chrétienne: aussy il est tres-meschant Juif & nâest pas meilleur Chrétien. Il a fait depuis quelques années un livre en latin dont le tître est Tractatus Theologo Politicus dans lequel il semble avoir pour but principal de détruire toutes les Religions & particulierement la Judaïque & la Chrétienne & dâintroduire lâAtheisme, le Libertinage, et la liberté de toutes les religions.â (anon. [Stouppe*], La Religion, Cologne version, Letter 3, p. 65). See also: Chapter 2, n. 37 and 3, n. 115. The Paris edition (Letter 3, p. 92) refers to the TTP as: âTractatus Theologo positivusâ. Because Stouppe refers to page 62 of the TTP there can be no doubt he read the work. Popkin (Isaac La Peyrère, p. 103) remarks Stouppe âwas willing to use material from Spinozaâs Tractatus to show the Dutch were not seriously religiousâ.
Copies were seized in Leiden (16 May 1670) and in Utrecht (between 14 and 18 September 1671).
âCe Spinosa vit dans ce pais; Il a demeuré quelque temps à la Haye ou il estoit visité par les Esprits Curieux & mesme par les filles de qualité qui se picquent dâavoir de lâEsprit au dessus de leur Sexes. Ses Sectateurs nâosent pas se découvrir par ce que son livre renverse absolument les fondemens de toutes les Religions, & quâil a esté condamné par un Decret Public des Estats & quâon a deffendue de le vendre, bien quâon ne laisse pas de le vendre publiquement. Entre tous les Theologiens qui sont dans ce païs il ne sâen est trouvé aucun qui ait osé écrire contre les opinions que cet Autheur avance dans son traitté. Jâen suis dâautant surpris que lâAutheur faisant paroître une grande connaissance de la langue Hebraïque, de toutes les Coûtumes des Juifs & de la Philosophie, les Theologiens ne sçauroient dire que ce livre ne merite point quâils prennent la peine de le refuter, sâils continuent dans le silence on ne pourra sâempecher de dire ou quâils nâont point de charité en laissant sans réponse un livre si pernicieux, ou quâils approuvent les sentimens de cet Autheur, ou quâils nâont pas le courage & la force de les combattre.â (anon. [Stouppe*], La Religion, Cologne version, Letter 3, pp. 66â67).
For the banning of the OP/NS: Chapter 9, Prohibition and Banned Unconditionally.
Cf. Israel, Radical Enlightenment, p. 303. For Lucas (W/Cz, vol. 1, pp. 14â59): Van Bunge, etc. (eds.), The Dictionary, vol. 2, pp. 644â646.
âWe know from his translation of the TTP that he is prone to translate very freely, sometimes producing what is more a paraphrase than a translation, and sometimes adding material not in the text he is translating. Adnotation XX, which occurs only in Saint-Glain, is particularly problematic.â (CW, vol. 2, p. 62).
â⦠une Traduction de Tractatus Theologico Politicus de Spinoza, faite par le Sieur de St. Glain, Angevin, Capitaine au service de Messieurs les Etats, & qui a ensuite travaillé à la Gazette de Rotterdam. Il avoit été zèlé Protestant, mais dès quâil eut Spinosa, il devint un de ses Disciples, & de ses plus grands admirateurs. Dâabord, il intitula sa Traduction, la Clef du Sanctuaire: mais ce Titre ayant fait beacoup de bruit, on craignit, quâil ne prejudiciât au debit du Livre; & pour en faciliter le cours, on jugea à propos dans une second édition, de le changer en celui de Traité des Ceremonies superstitieuses des Juifs, tant anciens que modernes: & pour la même raison lorsquâon en fit une troisième édition, on lâintitula Reflexions curieuses dâun Esprit désinteressé, sur les matiéres les plus importantes au salut, tant public que particulier. Je tiens ces particularitez de Mr. Morelli, dont jâai parlé dans une Remarque sur les Oeuvres de Mr. de St. Evremond, Tom. V., pag. 274, 275, de lâédit. dâAmst. 1726. Il avoit connu particuliérement de Sr. de St. Glain.â (Pierre Bayle*, Lettres, Pierre Desmaizeaux* [ed.] [3 vols., Amsterdam: 1729], vol. 1, pp. 142â143, there at n. 1).
Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 1081â1082, at n. 5.
Charles de Saint-Ãvremond, Åuvres meslées (5 vols., Paris: 1740), vol. 5, pp. 283â286. See: Richard H. Popkin, âThe First Published Reaction to Spinozaâs Tractatus: Col. J.B. Stouppe, the Condé Circle, and the Rev. Jean LeBrunâ, in Christofolini (ed.), The Spinozistic Heresy, pp. 6â12, pp. 11â12. For background on the Utrecht trip: Chapter 3, n. 115. Morales: BL.
Johannes N. Colerus*, La Vie de B. de Spinosa, tirée des écrits de ce fameux philosophe, et du témoignage de plusieurs personnes dignes de foi, qui lâont connu particulièrement (The Hague, 1706).
Cf. W/Cz, vol. 2, p. 36.
âComme Mr. Morelli, dont jâai parlé dans la Remarque sur la lettre à Mr. Minutoli du 26. de Mai 1679, pag. 142, & 143, avoit connu Spinoza, & mâen avoit dit plusieurs particularitez, je le consultai sur le fait dont il sâagit, & voici ce quâil me répondit: âJâai connu très-particulierement Mr. Spinoza. Il mâa dit plus dâune fois quâétant à Utrecht avec Mr. le Prince de Condé, ce Prince après sâêtre entretenu avec lui, lui fit de grandes instances pour lâengager de le suivre à Paris, & dây rester auprès de sa personne, ajoutant quâoutre sa Protection sur laquelle il pouvoit compter, il y auroit logement, bouche à cour, & mille écus de pension: à quoi Spinoza répondit, quâil suplioit son Altesse de considerer que tout son pouvoir ne seroit pas capable de le soutenir contre la bigoterie de la Cour; dâautant plus que son nom étoit déjà fort décrié par le Traité Théologique & Politique; & quâil nây auroit point de sureté pour lui, ni de satisfaction pour son Altesse, les Prêtres etant ennemis jurez des personnes qui pensent & qui écrivent librement sur la Religion: mais quâil étoit prêt dâaccompagner son Altesse dans les Armées, pour le delasser, sâil en étoit capable, de ses travaux guerriers. Mr. le Prince gouta ces raisons, & le remercia.â (Bayle*, Lettres, Desmaizeaux* [ed.], vol. 3, pp. 1081â1082, at n. 5).
Anon. [Jean-Maximilien Lucas], La Vie et lâesprit de mr Benoit de Spinosa (n. pl. [Amsterdam]: n.d. [1719]). The work comprises âLa Vie de feu Monsieur Spinosaâ and âLâEsprit de M. Spinosaâ, a reworking of the mystery tract Traité des trois imposteurs. The hagiographic reworking was also published as: âLa Vie de feu Monsieur Spinosaâ, Nouvelles littéraires, contenant ce qui se passe de plus considérable dans la République des Lettres, 10 (1719), pp. 40â74. Present-day edition: W/Cz, vol. 1, pp. 14â59. For its complex textual history, see: id., vol. 2, pp. 10â17.
âCâest un Livre que lâAuteur a fait en Latin, intitulé: Tractatus theologico-politicus, lequel a été traduit en François sous le Tître de la Clef du santuaire.â (anon. [Lucas], La Vie, p. 71; quoted in W/Cz, vol. 1, p. 46, there at n. n).
âLe Titre Latin est, Tractatus Theologico-politicus. Cet Ouvrage a été traduit en Françoit par le Sieur de S. Glain, Angevin, Capitaine au service de Messrs. les Etats, & qui a ensuite travaillé à la Gazette de Rotterdam. Il avoit été Calviniste; mais dès quâil eût Spinosa, il devin un de ses Disciples, & de ses plus grands Admirateurs.â (anon. [Lucas], La Vie, p. 60; quoted in W/Cz, vol. 1, p. 34, at n. h).
â⦠ce Titre aiant beaucoup de bruit, sur tout dans les Pays Catholiques, pour faciliter le debit, on jugea à propos dans une second Edition de le changer en celui de Traité des Ceremonies superstitieuses des Juifs tant anciens que modernes; & pour le même raison, lorsquâon en fit une troisiéme Edition; on lâintitula Réflexions curieuses dâun Esprit désinteressé.â (ibid.).
âLâAuteur a fait des Remarques sur ce Livre, qui se trouvent à la fin de la Traduction du même Livre.â (ibid., p. 61, at n. i).
Bayle: BL.
âIl y a dâautres petites feuilles de nouvelles raisonnées en prose dont lâauteur sâappelloit S[aint] Guilain, qui faisoit aussi une gazette en francois et en prose sous le titre de Nouvelles solides et choisies; il est mort depuis quelque temsâ¦.â (Pierre Bayle*, Correspondance, Elisabeth Labrousse, etc. [eds.] [12 vols., Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1999 ff], vol. 4, p. 71, no. 260).
Meinsma, Spinoza en zijn kring, pp. 379â380.
Madeleine Francès, âUn Gazetier français en Hollande: Gabriel de Saint-Glen, traducteur de Spinozaâ, Revue des sciences humaines, 20 (1955), pp. 407â420; Van Eeghen, De Amsterdamse boekhandel, vol. 3, pp. 62â63. Information on Saint Glen online: âÃdition électronique revue, corrigée et augmentée du Dictionnaire des journalistes (1600â1789)â.
Cf. Van Eeghen, De Amsterdamse boekhandel, vol. 3, p. 62. Van Eeghenâs source is Meinsma who refers to the marriage registers in the municipal archives of The Hague (Spinoza en zijn kring, p. 380).
Between early September 1669 and mid-October 1670, Spinoza settled in The Hague. He first rented a room on the second floor at the rear end of a house at the Stille Veerkade, possibly rented also by a widow called Johanna van Dobben. Later, the philosopher transferred around the corner to the Paviljoensgracht, renting rooms there in the house of a well-connected decorative painter called Hendrick van der Spijck*.
See: Eugène Hatin, Les Gazettes de Hollande et la presse clandestine aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Paris: Pincebourde, 1865), pp. 155â157; id., Bibliographies historique et critique de la presse périodique française (Paris: Firmin Didot, 1866), p. 86.
Cf. Francès, âUn Gazetierâ, p. 414.
5075: âArchief van de notarissen ter standplaats Amsterdamâ, 198: De Witt, âMinuutactenâ, January to August 1684, inv. no. 4963AA, p. 85. Notice of funeral: 5001: âInventaris van het Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand: doop-, trouw- en begraafboeken van Amsterdam (retroacta van de Burgerlijke Stand)â, inv. no. 1056, p. 265: â25 Gabriel de Ceingle man van Maria Pattoilatt achterburgw 15â (25 [February] Gabriel de Ceingle[n] husband of Maria Pattoilat Achterburgw[al] 15 [guilders]).
Francès, âUn Gazetierâ, p. 411. For the burial of Patoillat: Rotterdam, Stadsarchief, Nederlands Gereformeerde Gemeente, 1.02: âBegraafboekenâ, begrafenisregister van de kostersâ, inv. no. 99. She is referred to as: âMarija Patellotâ, widow of âGabriel de Sangelijnâ. Address: âin de Lombertstraet bij de Kalverstraetâ.
Cf. Van Eeghen, De Amsterdamse boekhandel, vol. 3, p. 63.
Cf.: Israel, Radical Enlightenment, p. 302; Francès, âUn Gazetierâ, p. 407. Glazemaker: BL.
Initially, the original plan also comprised Spinozaâs wish to include the critique of the TTP by Lambert van Velthuysen* (to Ostens*, 1671.02.03, Ep 42 [G 4/207â218]), plus âthose arguments by which you think you can combat my treatiseâ appended to it, together with his own reply (to Van Velthuysen, 1675.[09â11].00, Ep 69 [G 4/300â301]). In the foregoing letter, he asked Van Velthuysenâs leave to publish it. English translation: CW, vol. 2, pp. 374â385 and 460â461. Oldenburg: BL.
Cf.: ibid., p. 464, at n. 193.
To Oldenburg*, > 1675.[07].22, Ep 68: âDeinde, nisi tibi molestum sit, velim, ut loca Tractatus Theologico-politici, quae viris doctis scrupulum injecerunt, mihi indicares. Cupio namque istum Tractatum notis quibusdam illustrare, & concepta de eo praejudicia, si fieri possit, tollere.â (G 4/299; CW, vol. 2, p. 459 [my emphasis]).
âNon possum non probare institutum tuum, quo illustrare, & mollire te velle significas, quae in Tractatu Theologico-Politico crucem Lectoribus fixere.â (Oldenburg* to Spinoza, 1675.11.15, Ep 71 [G 4/304; CW, vol. 2, p. 464]).
Cf. Akkerman, âTractatus theologico-politicusâ, p. 213 and passim. Clefman: BL.
Cf. ibid. For an edition of the Adnotationes: G 3/251â267. Textual history: G 3, pp. 382â420. See: Van Bunge, etc. (eds.), The Dictionary, pp. 347â351; CW, vol. 2, passim.
Haifa, University of Haifa, Younes & Soraya Nazarian Library, B 3985 1670A. Clefman* visited Spinoza, at his Paviljoensgracht residence in The Hague very likely. According to the estate of Clefmanâs brother, Hendrick, it is documented his legal heir and other brother Johan Clefman, Lieutenant and secretary of Colonel Baron dâEijlenburg, was to make payment to all his siblings. See: The Hague, Haags Gemeentearchief, 0372-1: âNotarieel Archief Den Haag, 1597â1842â, inv. no. 652, fol. 268 (13 July 1676), inv. no. 653, fol. 266 (13 July 1676), inv. no. 655, fol. 53 (20 January 1678), inv. no. fol. 445 (28 January 1678). Thanks are due to Wassenaar for sharing the archival information about the Clefman estate.
Leiden, University Library, ms. ASF, vol. 10, p. 508. Cf.: Willem N. du Rieu (ed.), Album studiosorum Academiae Lugduno-Batavae MDLXXVâMDCCCLXXV accedunt nomina curatorum et professorum per eadem saecula (The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1875), col. 606. One family surnamed Van der Vlijm is recorded in the municipal archives of Leiden at the time Clefman* enrolled at the university as a law student. Cf. Leiden, Regionaal Archief Leiden (Erfgoed Leiden en omstreken), âdoop-, trouw-, en begraafboekenâ, inv. no. 1004,238: fol. 247r. One other individual in Leiden was also named Van der Vlijm: a certain Baafje Pietersz van der Vlijm. (ibid., inv. no. 1004,239).
âNobilissimo Do. Do. Jacobo statio Klefmanno Dono D. Autor, et nonnullis notis illustravit illasque propria manu scripsit Die 25. Julii Anno 1676â.
Dorow, Benedikt Spinozaâs Randglossen, pp. 10â17. Adnotationes in the copy presented to Clefman* are scribbled on pp. 2, 70, 93, 116, and 117. Reproduced in: Ernst Altkirch, âBenedictus Spinoza. III: Im Lande Spinozasâ, Ost und West. Illustrierte Monatschrift für das gesamte Judentum, 10 (1910), pp. 79â100, pp. 82â83, 86â90.
Raphael J. Bock, âNachrichten über Handschriften und alte Druckwerke der Gräflich v. Wallenrodtischen Bibliothek zu Königsberg in Preussenâ, Preussiche Provinzial-Blätter, 2 (1829), pp. 505â518, at pp. 516â517. For Bock: Fritz Juntke, Geschichte der v. Wallenrodtschen Bibliothek (Leipzig: Harassowitz, 1927), pp. 70â83.
Cf. Dorow, Benedikt Spinozaâs Randglossen, p. 7. For Schütz: Ernst Kuhnert, Geschichte der Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek zu Königsberg von ihrer Begründung bis zum Jahre 1810 (Leipzig: Hiersemann, 1926), pp. 228â229.
Former shelf-mark D.612. Cf.: Theo van der Werf, âKlefmannâs Copy of Spinozaâs Tractatus theologico-politicusâ, Studia Rosenthaliana, 38/39 (2006), pp. 274â253, p. 249. Cf. also: Dorow, Benedikt Spinozaâs Randglossen, p. 7.
See for the history of this special copy of the TTP: Van der Werf, âKlefmannâs Copyâ. Some biographical particulars about Clefman* in the latter paper are flawed. Van der Werf assumed Clefman was from the German town of Wesel. He was however born and raised in the Pomerania region and lived in Königsberg most likely.
Stolle: BL.
âZuletzt wiese er mir das Exemplar des Tractat. Theolog-politici, so Spinosa selbst gebrauchet, und dabeÿ Er einige kurtze notas marginalen Msstas gemacht, die sehr deutlich zu lesen sind. Als ich ihn bath Er möchte mir vergönnen sie gleichfalls (umb Spinozam desto besserzu capiren) meinem Exemplari beÿ zu fügen so versprach Er mir es dergestalt, wenns in seinem Hause geschehe, dazu ich mich auch gar leicht einschlüssen konnteâ. (S/H, ms. A, W/Cz, vol. 1, pp. 89â90).
âDie Sequenti schrieb ich in seiner Stube die notas Msstas Spinosae ab, ⦠Er hatte diese notas Msstas Spinosae ad Tract. Theol: Pol: zwar unterschiedenen, die er genau gekandt, gezeiget, aber sie noch keinen Menschen lassen abschreiben. Welches ich dahin gestellet seÿn lassen. Spinosa hatte sie einige Jahre post editum Tractat Theol. Politicum angefertigt, weil er gesehen, dass man ihn nicht recht capirt gehabt, und würde auch ohne Zweiffel haben drucken lassen, wenn Er länger gelebt, und das Buch wieder wäre aufgelegt worden.â (ibid.).
â⦠so gestund er, dass Spinosae Schrifften beÿ ihm allein zu bekommen wären ⦠u. nachdem Er unss die gesambten Wercke for 9. Gulden gebothen, â¦.â (ibid., p. 88).
Ibid., p. 85 (S/H, ms. B). Apart from Bayle* (Dictionaire, 1697, vol. 2, p. 1085), Colerus* (W/Cz, vol. 1, pp. 118â119), and Stolle/ âHallmannâ (ibid., p. 85), the apology is mentioned by the Dutch Cocceian theologian Salomon van Til (1643â1713) in: Het voor-hof der heydenen, voor alle ongeloovigen geopent, ⦠(2 vols., Dordrecht: 1694â6). There, in vol. 1, on p. 6, it reads: â⦠a Spanish treatise against the Old Testament, under the title of a âVindication of his Rejection of JudaismË®.â (â⦠een Spaans tractaat op de naam van een verantwoording voor sijn afwijking van ât Jodendom tegen ât O.T. by een geraapt: â¦.â). For the 1656 ban: Chapter 6, n. 47. For Van Til: Van Bunge, etc. (eds.), The Dictionary, vol. 2, pp. 981â983. Van Til owned copies of Wittichâs 1690 Anti-Spinoza and the OP. Cf.: Bibliotheca Tilliana, sive catalogus praestantiorum in omni genere studiorum librorum, â¦, quos collegit ⦠Sal: van Til, ⦠(Leiden: 1714), p. 61, no. 794 and p. 155, no. b.
W/Cz, vol. 1, pp. 85 and 89 (S/H, mss. B and A).
Ibid., pp. 91â92 (S/H, ms. A). This information about the KV was reiterated in: Jacob F. Reimmann, Catalogus bibliothecae theologicae, ⦠(Hildesheim: 1731), p. 983; Johann C. Mylius, Bibliotheca anonymorum et pseudonymorum, ⦠(Hamburg: 1740), p. 941. KV: G 1/13â121; pp. 407â525 (textual history); Benedictus de Spinoza, Åuvres complètes. I: Premier écrits, Filippo Mignini, etc. (eds.) (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2009), pp. 159â180. See also: CW, vol. 2, pp. 46â156. A scholarly edition of the KV, a translation from Spinozaâs Latin holograph by his friends, was edited in: Benedictus de Spinoza, Korte verhandeling van God, de mensch en deszelvs welstand, Filippo Mignini (ed.) (LâAguila: Japadre Editore, 1986); Spinoza, Åuvres complètes. I, Premier écrits, esp. pp. 71â80. For a synopsis: Van Bunge, etc. (eds.), The Continuum Companion to Spinoza, pp. 343â345. Cf.: Mogens Lærke, âA Conjecture about a Textual Mystery: Leibniz, Tschirnhaus and Spinozaâs Korte Verhandelingâ, The Leibniz Review, 21 (2011), pp. 33â68 (on speculation about the KVâs transmission in the 1670s involving Tschirnhaus* and Leibniz*). See for the manuscript copy of the KV: Chapter 7, Manuscript The Hague 75 G 15.
Cf.: W/Cz, vol. 1, p. 92 (S/H, ms. A). See: Chapter 7.
1673.04.19, Ep 48B. Cf. Freudenthal, Die Lebensgeschichte Spinozas, pp. 231â232; W/Cz, vol. 1, p. 93 (S/H, ms. A, incomplete text).
The edition lacks the Adnotationes 1, 18, 20, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, and 39.
Adnotationes 16, 19â22, and 24. For the Utrecht retort: Chapter 3, Publication and Immediate Reception. Cf. further: Johannes J.V.M. de Vet, âOn Account of the Sacrosanctity of the Scriptures: Johannes Melchior Against Spinozaâs Tractatus theologico- politicus (1670)â, Lias, 18 (1991), pp. 229â261, at p. 233; Gootjes, âLe Réseau Cartésien dâUtrechtâ; id., âSpinoza between French Libertines and Dutch Cartesiansâ. See further: Chapter 3, Synodal Complaints.
Leiden, University Library, ms. MAR 77. Title: âAnimadversiones, seu Additiones ad Tractatam B. De S. cui titulus est Tractatus Theologico-Politicus: exscriptae ex Exemplari hujusce Tractatus, cujus margini propria manu illas ipse scripserat Autor. Non mihi videntur Additiones, quod quidam volunt: Textum enim male secant: sed potius Animadversiones et Notae. Hic etiam occasione Errata quaedam restituenda curaviâ. Cf.: Akkerman, âTractatus theologico-politicusâ, p. 213 and passim. The manuscript copy (36 fols) by Marchand* lacks Adnotationes 15, 20, and 27.
âSometimes he incorporates material from Saint-Glain, reproducing it in French, as if to confess that he doesnât have it from a Latin source. And Adnotations XXVIIIâXXX, which occur only in Marchand, seem most unlikely to stem from Spinoza. Preus 1995 treats these notes as being Marchandâs own, and I think he is probably right about that.â (CW, vol. 2, p. 62). For Curleyâs reference: J. Samuel Preus, âA Hidden Opponent of Spinozaâs âTractatusââ, Harvard Theological Review, 88 (1995), pp. 361â388.
Von Murr* owned two copies of the OP, DRT (1693), the NS, and the PP/CM. He too had an otherwise unidentified copy of Traitté des ceremonies, and of La Clef du santuaire (possibly the X.1 variant). Cf.: Catalogus librorum quos V.C. Christophorus Theophilus de Murr ⦠collegerat, ⦠(Nuremberg: 1811), p. 267, no. 4417, p. 268, no. 4440, p. 269, nos. 4447 and 4448, p. 292, nos. 4764 and 4767.
Cf. Benedictus de Spinoza, Adnotationes ad Tractatum theologico politicum, Christoph G. von Murr (ed.) (The Hague: 1802), p. 33; Akkerman, âTractatus theologico-politicusâ, p. 213, and passim. Cf. also: Piet Steenbakkers, âLes Ãditions de Spinoza en Allemagne au XIXe siècleâ, in André Tosel, etc. (eds.), Spinoza au XIXe siècle: Actes des journées dâétudes organisées à la Sorbonne 9 et 16 mars, 23 et 30 novembre 1997 (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2007), pp. 21â32, there at pp. 21â22. The Adnotationes (missing 15, 20, 27, 28, 29, and 30) from the lost copy owned by Rieuwertsz* père were published by Von Murr* in: Spinoza, Adnotationes. See also: Dorow, Benedikt Spinozaâs Randglossen.
âMarginal Manuscript Notes of Benedictus de Spinoza to the âTractatus theologico-politicusâ (issued in 4to, 1670), transcribed from the original owned by Jan Rieuwertsz, printer in the city of Amsterdam.â
Cols 217â221.
âIn Amsterdam erhielt ich 1757 die Abschrift des Adnotatt. auf des seel. Meermanns Empfehlung von einem Nachkommen Joh. Rieuwertsz. Ich bekam seither aus Auctionen noch sechs Copien, die alle mit einander übereinstimmen. Wo Spinozaâs Handexemplar des Trac. theol. polit. hingekommen ist, wird schwer ausfindig zu machen seyn.â (Intelligenzblatt, cols 351â352). Quoted in: Akkerman, âTractatus theologico-politicusâ, pp. 217â218.
1671.02.17, Ep 44, NS, âZevenenveertigste Briefâ, p. 591 (G 4/227). See for this further: Chapter 7. Jelles: BL.
âAdditional Notes of Benedictus de Spinoza on his âTheological- Political Treatiseâ; Accurate and Necessary Remarks for a Better Understanding of this Bookâ (fols 423â424). Contained in: The Hague, KB, ms. 75 G 15 (siglum: codex A). Missing are the Adnotationes 20, 27, 28, 29, and 30. Copied in codex B (75 G 16): fols 145â159. The Adnotationes in the manuscript are critically published in: Leen Spruit, âI manoscritti nederlandesi delle Adnotationes al Tractatus theologico-politicus di Spinoza. Edizione criticaâ, in Pina Totaro (ed.), Spinoziana: Richerche di terminologia filosofica e critica testuale (Firenze: L. Olschki, 1997), pp. 185â231, there at pp. 203â231.
The Hague, KB, ms. 75 G 15. See further: Chapter 7, Manuscript The Hague 75 G 15. Cf.: Akkerman, âTractatus theologico-politicusâ, p. 214 and passim. Missing are Adnotationes 20, 27, 28, 29, and 30.
Olim: Halle, Königliche Universitätsbibliothek (Document 6). Acquired in 1863 and lost during the Second World War. An edition of the lost autograph copy by Monnikhoff* was published in: Benedictus de Spinoza, Tractatus de deo et homine eiusque felicitate lineamente atque Adnotationes ad Tractatum theologicum politicum, Eduard Boehmer (ed.) (Halle: Lippert, 1852). In the latter work, Boehmer introduced the Adnotationesâ numbering, too. Cf. Akkerman, âTractatus theologico-politicusâ, p. 214 and passim. Cf. also: Spruit, âI manoscrittiâ, pp. 190â192 and pp. 203â231 (critical edition). For the edition of the KV: Benedictus de Spinoza, Korte verhandeling van God, de mensch en deszelfs welstandâ, tractatuli deperditi De Deo et homine ejusque felicitate versio Belgica, Carl Schaarschmidt (ed.) (Amsterdam: F. Muller, 1869).
Florence, Biblioteca Marucelliana, R.O. 15 (T.1 edition). Cf. Akkerman, âTractatus theologico-politicusâ, p. 214 and passim. Background: Isaiah Sonne, âUn manuscritto sconosciuto delle âadnotationesâ al trattato teologico-politico di Spinozaâ, Civiltà moderna, 5 (1933), pp. 305â312; Pina Totaro, âUn manuscritto inedito delle âAdnotationesâ al Tractatus theologico-politicus di Spinozaâ, Studia Spinozana, 5 (1989), pp. 205â224; id., âNote su due manoscritti delle âAdnotationesâ al Tractatus theologico-politicus di Spinozaâ, Nouvelles de la République des Lettres, 10 (1990), pp. 107â115. An overview of the Adnotationes, extant in seven sources, and a scholarly commentary on the different text branches is contained in: Akkerman, âTractatus theologico-politicusâ, pp. 215â236. The Florence copy was formerly owned by Count Philip von Stosch (1691â1756), an antiquary. On the title-page of his copy, he wrote the following: âNB.: Les Adnotations ont ete tires de lâoriginal exemplaire de Benoit de Spinosa, qui avoit dessein de les faire imprimer dans une seconde Edition, quâil avoit dessein de faire de ce livreâ (The âAdnotationesâ were taken out of the original copy of Benedictus de Spinoza, who planned to have them printed in a second edition which he intended to make of this book; quoted in Totaro, âNote su due manoscrittiâ, p. 109).
Cf. Akkerman, âTractatus theologico-politicusâ, p. 222.
Ibid., p. 217.
Anon. [Meyer*], Philosophia.
I,xxv (cited in TP, ch. 7, § 14 [G 3/311â314; CW, vol. 2, p. 296]).
Bibliotheca Telleriana, sive catalogus librorum bibliothecae illustrissimi ac reverendissimi d.d. Carolo Mauritii Le Tellier, ⦠(Paris: 1693), p. 145.
Bayle*, Dictionaire, 1697, vol. 2, p. 1089.
Placcius* owned an (unidentified) copy of the Reflexions (Theatrum, ch. 2, p. 181).
Wolf, Bibliotheca, vol. 1, p. 240.
One extant copy is known: Oxford, Bodleian Library, Vet B3 f.117. The Oxford copy has title-pages of both La Clef du santuaire (X.3) and Traitté des ceremonies (Y.5).
In May 2017, I inspected a copy in the private collection of M. de Jongh (Zutphen) which has title-page Y.1 bound in between Y.4 and Y.5. Here, Y.1 is a stubbed leaf. The stub is visible after leaf *10. At the present, the De Jongh collection is housed in the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study, NJ.
Desmaizeaux/Bayle: BL.
Cf. Bayle*, Dictionaire, 1740, vol. 4, p. 258.
Vogt, Catalogus, p. 687.
Cf. Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, pp. 420â421.
Graesse, Trésor, vol. 6, p. 469.
Cf. Bamberger, âThe Early Editionsâ, p. 27.
Kingma and Offenberg, âBibliographyâ, pp. 16â21.
Ibid.
âEn attendant que je puisse vous envoyer quelques curieuses nouveautez de Paris, où jâespère aller passer lâautomne, voici ce que je sai touchant la République des Lettres. Jâai lu un livre in-12, imprimé à Amsterdam, chez Jacob Smith, lâan 1678, intitulé Traité des cérémonies superstitieuses des juifs, tant anciens que modernes, qui est bien le plus rempli de doctrines impies que jâaie jamais lu ⦠Ce quâil dit sur la fin, que le prince est le souverain maître de la religion, me feroit penser que lâauteur est le fameux Spinosa, qui a composée de sembables pensées dans son Tractatus theologico-politicus.â (Bayle*, Correspondance, vol. 3, pp. 180â181, no. 171). Minutoli: BL.
For the yoke ornament, see: Chapter 3, Floral-Fruit Vignettes.
âDominus autem Spiritus est: ubi autem Spiritus Domini, ibi libertasâ. Rieuwertsz père: BL.
For the ornament, see: Chapter 3, Floral-Fruit Vignettes.
Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, OTM: ROK A 1467; Lyon, Rhône, Bibliothèque municipale, Fonds CGA, Rés. 807279. Cf.: Catalogue, no. 150 (Wolf), p. 34, no. 373.
The date of the official announcement of the peace treaty, signed on 10 August 1678, was 25 September/5 October 1678. See: The Peace of Nijmegen: 1676â1678/79. Proceedings of the International Congress of the Tricentennial, Nijmegen, 14â16 September 1978, Hans Bots (ed.) (Amsterdam: Holland University Press, 1980).
Cf. Kingma and Offenberg, âBibliographyâ, pp. 16â17.
In printing, justification is the process of changing spaces between words in the composing stick one by one until lines were tight; this was achieved for example by splitting a word at the end of the line with a hyphen, varying the spelling of words, or using contractions. Gaskell (A New Introduction, p. 45): âMoxon in the seventeenth century specified two sorts of spaces: thick spaces measuring four to the âemâ (the body size of the type concerned), which is the same as the modern printerâs middle space; and thin spaces, which measured seven to the em, considerably thinner than the modern thin space and in fact what would now be called a hair space.â
Ibid., p. 17.
For the reception of Spinozaâs writings in France: Pierre Claire, âSpinoza à travers les journaux en langue française à la fin du XVIIe siècleâ, Cahiers Spinoza, 2 (1978), pp. 207â239; Paul Vernière, Spinoza et la Pensée française avant la Révolution (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1954); Paul-Laurent Assoun, âSpinoza, les libertins français et la politique (1665â1725)â, Cahiers Spinoza, 3 (1979â80), pp. 171â207. French interest in Spinoza and the prohibition of his writings, especially in the eighteenth century, is also studied in: Françoise Weil, âLa Curiosité pour Spinoza révélée dans les catalogues de ventesâ, in Paolo Christofolini, etc. (eds.), Spinoza au XVIIIe siècle. Actes des journées dâÃtudes, organisées les 6 et 13 décembre 1987 à la Sorbonne (Paris: Méridiens Klincksieck, 1990), pp. 95â102.
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms. âManuscrits françaisâ, inv. no. 21.473. For an annotated edition: Anne Sauvy, Livres saisis à Paris entre 1678 et 1701 (The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1972).
Ibid., p. 29, no. 204.
Ibid., p. 31, no. 223.
Ibid., p. 34, no. 325.
Ibid., p. 42, no. 568.
For the Reynoldsâs collection in Eton College library: Robert Birley, The History of Eton College Library (Eton: The Provost & Fellows of Eton, 1970), pp. 41â44.
Cf. for Mestre: Yves Jocteur-Montrozier, ââJe ne mourrai point tout à faitâ: la collection raffinée dâun bibliophile lyonnais du Second Empire, Stèphane Mestreâ, Gryphe, 9 (2004), pp. 17â26.
Libri: Maccioni Ruju, P. Alessandra, and Marco Mostert, The Life and Times of Guglielmo Libri (1802â1869). Scientist, Patriot, Scholar, Journalist and Thief. A Nineteenth-Century Story (Hilversum: Verloren, 1995).
For Debure: Dictionnaire de biographie française, Jules Balteau, et al. (eds) (Paris: Letouzey, 1933 ff), vol. 7, p. 683.