Index
15th Air Force
77
Abandonment of the Jews, The (Wyman)
76, 78–80, 84
Advisory Council on European Jewish Affairs
87, 89
Agudat Yisrael
8
Ahad Haʾam (Asher Zvi Hirsch Ginsberg)
24–25, 29
Akzin, Benjamin
2–3, 10–11, 58, 93, 108, 111–113, 119, 121–123, 125–152
and American Jewry
66, 141, 192
background
3, 48, 61, 112, 121–122, 151–151, 156, 182, 184–184
Brewster, O. communication with
128–130
correspondence
13, 37, 82–83, 89, 94, 126, 140, 183
Crum, B., relations with
130–132
Exodus affair, involvement in
11, 134–136, 138–140
in Israel
3, 11, 23, 27, 40, 42–43, 55, 64–65, 67, 69, 95, 109, 145, 149–150, 152, 157, 165, 171, 173–174, 176–181, 191, 193
in United States
4, 69, 113, 166
McGrath, J. communication with
127–129
political worldview, transformation of
152
public activity
2, 6–11, 16–18, 27, 30, 46–47, 55, 67, 72–73, 75, 102, 107, 109, 112–113, 122–122, 141, 154–155
Revisionist background
122, 151
worldview, American Zionism influence on
7–9, 12, 14–15, 18, 21, 23–25, 27, 29–30, 34, 36, 39, 41, 43, 55–57, 63, 67, 70, 73, 76, 121, 126, 147, 149, 152, 157, 162, 171, 178, 180, 188, 192
Akzin, Eliza (Leventhal)
2–3, 10–11, 58, 93, 108, 112, 195–198, 202–203
Aliyah (Jewish immigration to Israel)
.
see Jewish immigration to Israel
1, 18, 28, 44, 65, 73, 75
Allied forces, Jews joining
86, 170
Allied states, military regime of
61, 63, 168
Allies
49, 77–80, 84–85, 91, 93–94, 98, 100, 102, 104, 109–110, 164
‘American Battalion’ (Jewish Legion)
7
American citizenship
20, 62, 111, 114, 140
American Emergency Committee for Zionist Affairs (later American Zionist Emergency Council)
.
see American Zionist Emergency Council
3
American influence, importance of
10
American Jewish Committee
5, 8, 72, 126, 158, 178
activities of
5, 9, 31, 33, 41, 54–55, 61, 95, 108–109, 119, 164, 169, 192–193
European Jews, postwar aid to
2–3, 5, 8, 10–11, 13, 19, 31, 40, 46–51, 53–54, 58, 60, 62–64, 71–72, 75, 77, 80, 83–84, 86, 95, 98–99, 101–104, 106–107, 122, 126, 130, 155, 163, 170, 174–175, 178
references to
72, 180
research institute
124, 158–160, 162, 166
American Jewish community
3, 8, 11–13, 18, 21–22, 27–30, 35, 37, 44, 47, 69, 72–73, 102, 108, 121–122, 124, 133, 143–144, 148–149, 158, 191
criticism of
35, 54, 58, 103–104, 106–108, 110, 130, 144, 183–184, 186–187, 189–191, 194
data, collecting on
158–159, 161–162, 171, 184
infrastructure of
202–203
State of Israel, ties with
9–12, 14–15, 23, 26–30, 35–38, 42–43, 55, 64–67, 69–70, 111, 120, 125, 141–143, 147–151, 153, 155–157, 171, 176–177, 179–182, 188, 191–192
American Jewish Congress
31, 33, 39, 92, 107, 155
Polish Jews, concern over
46–47, 108, 196
traditions of
31
World Jewish Congress, joint activities with
1–2, 5, 12, 17, 29–34, 44–46, 48, 53, 55, 65, 75, 81, 86–87, 95, 104–107, 122, 126, 149, 155, 157, 163
American Jewish Diaspora
43, 65
Israel, State of, relationship with
1–3, 5–12, 14–15, 18, 20, 23, 25–30, 35–43, 48, 55, 64–70, 73, 75, 80, 95, 109, 153, 155–157, 165, 169, 171–174, 176–183, 188–193
Zionism in
12, 14, 18, 20–21, 23, 30, 73, 115, 126
American Jewish history, international nature of
9–10, 13, 40, 79–80, 107, 126, 146, 178
American Jewish leadership, critique of
20, 76, 102, 108, 196, 203
American Jewish life, Zionist impact on
40, 74
American Jews
14, 20, 26, 30, 35, 37–39, 50, 57, 69, 72, 106–107, 121, 124–125, 130, 133–135, 145, 148, 169, 171
ethnic identity of
29, 44, 171
importance of
15, 25–27, 38, 40, 44, 55, 73, 82, 99, 109, 113, 115, 119–121, 127, 129, 131, 133, 144–145, 148, 159, 169, 171–172, 175–176, 181–182
Jewish life in Europe, interest in
44, 55, 59–61, 71, 145, 155, 159, 162, 188
socioeconomic status of
3, 133
American society, Jews’ integration into
4, 11, 18, 20, 22, 69, 73, 133, 148, 191
American Zionist Emergency Council
3, 111–113, 127
Ben-Gurion, D., relations with
7–9, 38–39, 41–44, 55, 65, 84, 113, 116–120, 123–124, 142, 144, 151–152, 175–178, 189–190
leadership
7, 9–10, 12–13, 20, 22, 31, 35–39, 41–44, 50, 52–53, 68–69, 76–81, 84, 89–90, 92–93, 99, 102–104, 106–108, 113–114, 116–117, 121, 124, 127, 131, 133, 135, 141, 144–145, 147, 162–163, 171, 175, 177–178, 191
American Zionist movement
4, 9, 12, 16, 18, 28, 39–40, 67, 73, 115, 121, 127–130, 141, 162
concept of
20, 25, 28, 60, 66, 68, 73, 140, 159
Jewish state and
32, 44, 121
Jewish vote and
125, 127, 129
leadership
7, 9–10, 12–13, 20, 22, 31, 35–39, 41–44, 50, 52–53, 68–69, 76–81, 84, 89–90, 92–93, 99, 102–104, 106–108, 113–114, 116–117, 121, 124, 127, 131, 133, 135, 141, 144–145, 147, 162–163, 171, 175, 177–178, 191
legal and bureaucratic foundation for
198
myth of
169
nature of
1, 7–8, 10–12, 16–18, 23, 34, 37, 41, 46, 59, 73, 121, 125, 133, 137, 145, 170–172, 182–183
organizational infrastructure
114, 116, 119
post-World War II
8, 36–37, 60, 63, 65, 67, 95, 123, 125, 130, 133, 140, 146, 155–158, 161, 178, 191–192
rise of
20, 38, 159
roots of
30, 41
American Zionists
26–27, 30, 38, 40, 42–44, 73–74, 114–118, 120–121, 126, 128, 130–131, 141–144, 156
Arabs, attitude toward
40–41, 74, 126, 152, 192
Jewish vote, focus on
35, 123–130, 132–134, 145
Zionist movement, role in
2, 4, 6–23, 25, 28–30, 34, 37–44, 65–67, 71, 73–74, 76, 99, 106, 113–116, 118–122, 124–125, 127–132, 134, 140–144, 150, 152, 162
And the Crooked Shall Be Made Straight (Robinson)
2, 9, 11, 32, 108, 153–176, 178–184, 186–194
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Palestine
130
anti-Semitism
16, 18, 34, 38, 46, 69, 71, 124–124, 181
in Central Europe
148
in Eastern Europe
17, 28, 63, 66, 71, 147, 169
in United States
4, 69, 113, 166
Jewish response to
79
Arab countries, Jews in
36–37
Arab Higher Committee
192
Arab-Jewish relations
73–74
United Nations and
149, 157–158
Arab minority, discrimination against
67
Arabs, socioeconomic conditions
40–41, 74, 126, 152, 192
Arab states, Israel relations with
74
Arendt, Hannah
188–191, 193–194
Argentina, government of
2, 66, 75, 176, 178–179
Auschwitz
11, 75–96, 98–99, 101, 108
Auschwitz-Birkenau
76–77
Balfour Declaration
13–14, 17, 23, 31, 33, 37, 39, 179
implementing
56, 116–117, 133, 178, 189
Balkans, German takeover of
183
banality of evil (phrase)
66, 178, 188–189
Baron, Salo Wittmayer
165–166, 170, 174, 178, 182–188, 191, 194
Basel Program
19
Ben-Gurion, David
7–9, 38–39, 41–44, 55, 65, 84, 113, 116–120, 123–124, 142, 144, 151–152, 175–178, 189–190
American administration, contact with
47, 76, 80, 82, 84–86, 91–92, 94, 96–98, 102, 104, 112, 114–115, 120, 141
American Jewish Diaspora, attitude toward, attitude toward
43, 65
American Jews, attitude toward
14, 20, 26, 30, 35, 37–39, 50, 57, 69, 72, 106–107, 121, 124–125, 130, 133–135, 145, 148, 169, 171
American Zionism, attitude concerning
12–14, 20–23, 26, 28–30, 38–39, 41, 43, 114–115, 121, 125, 131
American Zionists, relations with
26–27, 30, 38, 40, 42–44, 73–74, 114–118, 120–121, 126, 128, 130–131, 141–144, 156
Arab-Jewish relations, attitude concerning
73–74
Eichmann trial, involvement in
2, 11, 156, 165, 169, 171–172, 175–178, 181–183, 186, 188–189, 191, 193–194
Hadassah, observations regarding
6, 8–10, 38–39, 117, 124–125, 152
Jewish state, campaign for
8, 10–11, 14, 19–20, 22, 25–27, 29, 32–33, 35, 37–38, 40–41, 44, 73–74, 107, 113–114, 121–123, 125–126, 130–131, 133–134, 140–143, 146, 149–150, 156, 158, 162
Silver, A. H., relations with
4, 10, 23–27, 36, 42–44, 119–120, 132–134, 136–139, 141–144, 149, 151–152
Tartakower, A. worldview compared to that of
1–2, 9, 11, 32, 46–75, 95–96, 99, 102, 104, 107–109, 122, 140, 159, 164, 195–196
in United States
4, 69, 113, 166
Ben-Gurion, Paula Munweis
7–9, 38–39, 41–44, 55, 65, 84, 113, 175–178, 189–190
Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak
7–8
Bergson Boys
106–107
Bergson, Peter (Hillel Kook)
76, 106–107, 113
Bernstein, William
136–137, 139
Bombing of Auschwitz, The (Neufeld and Berenbaum)
11, 75, 77–78, 80, 83–84, 91–96, 98, 101, 108
Brandeis, Louis
4, 9, 12–13, 21–23, 27–28, 39–40, 68, 114–116, 123
as Zionist
3, 30, 39, 124
background
3, 48, 61, 112, 121–122, 151–151, 156, 182, 184–184
on American Zionism
13
Weizmann, C. views contrasted with those of
22–23, 39–40, 42–43, 117, 119–120, 152, 182–183, 187
Brewster, Owen
128–130
Britain
38, 46–47, 63, 82, 89, 119, 124, 138, 144, 165
Exodus affair, involvement in
11, 134–136, 138–140
Zionist movement and
4, 8, 13, 17, 20–23, 34, 39–40, 43–44, 73, 114, 125, 130–132, 140–142
British army
8, 46–47
Brubaker, Rogers
4–5, 199
Burckhardt, Carl Jacob
53
catastrophe (term)
6, 8, 19, 27, 41, 43, 59, 68, 72, 77, 102, 105, 124, 160, 165, 167, 172, 188–189, 191
Central European Jews
50
Central Jewish Emigration Society (JEAS)
1
Chronology of Jewish History under Nazi Imact (1960)
24, 156, 170, 173–176, 178, 180, 182, 190–191
Churchill, Winston
79, 92
civilians in war zones
49
Claims Conference
156, 158, 172
Cohen, Benjamin
12, 79, 123, 172
colonization
162
Committee of Jewish Delegations
31
concentration and extermination camps
76
liberation of
86, 170
Congress of European Nationalities
154
crimes against humanity
178–179
criminal judge, historical researcher compared to
182
Crum, Bartley
130–132
Czechoslovakia, Nazi involvement in
2, 49, 75, 83, 90, 111
Czechoslovak underground
88–90
de Haas, Jacob
13, 21
democracy, threats to
22, 67, 111
Democratic Party
31, 76, 126, 129, 134
democratic processes
147
Destruction of European Jews, The (Hilberg)
174–175
Dewey, Thomas
127, 132
Diaspora
6, 11, 26–30, 32–33, 35–37, 41, 43–45, 55–56, 64–68, 70–71, 73, 109, 145, 147–151, 157–159, 162–163, 165, 186–188, 191–192
after World War II
8, 10–11, 35–36, 44, 55, 58, 61, 122, 126, 145, 147, 149–149, 155, 157, 162, 165, 176, 192
existence of
20, 26–28, 33, 67, 71, 127–128, 150, 191–192
Jewish homeland (Palestine) coexistence with
1–2, 6–11, 14, 17, 19–26, 28–30, 32–34, 37, 39–41, 44–46, 57, 59, 66, 71–75, 84, 90–91, 93, 105, 109, 114–115, 117, 119–120, 123–132, 134–138, 140–145, 147, 149, 152, 158–158, 161–162, 165, 192–193
Jewish life in
13, 19, 27–30, 32, 35, 41, 44–45, 55, 59–61, 65, 67, 70–71, 73, 145, 147–147, 149, 155–156, 159, 161–162, 187–188, 191
Jewish life, postwar in
13, 16, 18–19, 23–24, 26–30, 32, 35, 40–41, 44–45, 55–56, 59–62, 65, 67–68, 70–74, 145–147, 149, 151, 153, 155–159, 161–162, 164, 187–188, 191–192
Jewish nationalism in
22, 25, 36, 159
Jewish nationality in
36
marginality of
71
significance of
9, 20–21, 37, 39, 46, 49, 55, 77, 86, 107, 109, 113, 123, 125, 132, 145, 159, 174, 180–181, 188–190
Diaspora communities
147, 149, 192, 198–199
identity, preserving
7, 14, 16, 21, 28–29, 44, 67, 73, 125, 133, 136, 140, 146–147, 159, 171, 175, 193
Diaspora culture
151
Diaspora Jews
27, 35, 55, 65, 73, 145, 151, 192
ethnic and national identity of
73
representation of
46, 55, 69
diaspora nationalism
28–29, 67, 159
Institute of Jewish Affairs and
2, 164
diasporic communities
198
diasporic life, nationalism and universalism combined in
199
Dinur, Ben-Zion
65, 174
displaced Jews
56, 164
displaced persons, aid to
64, 125–126, 130, 164
displaced persons camps, visits to
130
Dubnow, Simon
29–30, 70
Eastern Europe
3, 7, 13, 17, 19, 28, 38, 57, 63, 66, 71–72, 108, 124, 147, 165, 169–169
Eastern European Jews
defense of
71, 106
Palestine and
7, 9–10, 21–22, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 59, 71, 73, 84, 93, 120, 125–126, 131, 147, 149, 152, 158, 193
safe haven for
19, 57
East European Jewish immigrants
4, 7
economic reconstruction
59
economic structure, Jews’ integration into
34, 59
Eichmann, Adolf role in Holocaust
2, 11, 156, 165, 169, 171–172, 175–184, 186, 188–194
Eichmann in Jerusalem (Arendt)
178, 180, 188–191, 193–194
Eichmann trial
2, 11, 156, 165, 169, 171–172, 175–178, 181–183, 186, 188–189, 191, 193–194
contributions to
90, 148
historical perspective, incorporating into
155, 182, 185, 187
impact of
39, 128–129, 178
overview of
99, 112
preparation for
146, 152, 168, 173, 188
prosecution’s case at
2
prosecution team
156, 168, 182, 190
testimony at
165, 182–183, 186, 194
Eretz Israel, Jewish return to
23, 38, 42, 66, 68
ethnic groups
6, 22, 125, 133–134
ethnic identity
28–29, 44, 67, 73, 125, 133, 146, 171
ethnic leaders, U.S. immigration by
6
ethnic minorities
4–5
ethnic organizations
20
ethnic political activism
133
ethnic politics
20, 125, 133
European Jewish anomaly, emergence of
72
European Jewish community(ies)
empowering
67
intellectual qualifications of
62
restoration of
11
European Jews
2–3, 5, 8, 10–11, 13, 19, 31, 40, 46–51, 53–54, 58, 60, 62–64, 71–72, 75, 77, 80, 83–84, 86, 95, 98–99, 101–104, 106–107, 155, 163, 170, 174–175, 178
abandonment, alleged of
78, 84
atrocities against
164
fate of
5, 15, 19, 36–37, 62, 78–79, 100, 136–138, 140–141, 146, 155, 161, 163, 165, 169, 173, 193
food supplies to
48
internment camps, transport to
49
killing of
137, 139
legal status of
111, 161
reparations for
145, 155
rescue efforts on behalf of
77
rescue of
10, 35, 48, 83, 97–99, 105–107
social support network
56
transport of
104, 134, 136
wartime efforts (general) on behalf of
2, 11, 18, 21, 27, 39, 42, 50, 53, 57, 66, 75, 91, 106, 127, 163, 166, 170–171, 175, 182–184, 186, 189, 193–194
European Representative Committee
87
Europe, postwar conditions in
3–9, 11–13, 17–19, 22, 28, 30–34, 38, 41, 44–47, 49–64, 66, 71–72, 75–76, 78, 81–83, 85–86, 89, 95–98, 100–101, 103–105, 108, 154–155, 158–167, 169–173, 176, 181–183, 188, 190, 194
Exodus affair
11, 134–136, 138–140
Exodus (Uris)
6, 11, 134–139
extermination policy, Red Cross silence in face of
53
Feingold, Henry
3, 21, 39, 79, 134, 191
Feuer, Leon I.
20, 119
Final Solution
14, 37, 163, 169–170, 174, 176, 182, 189, 193
information gathered about
170
knowledge of
58, 62, 194
overseers of
176
Frankfurter, Felix
22–23, 100, 117, 122–123
correspondence
13, 37, 82–83, 89, 94, 126, 140, 183
meetings with
21, 89, 118, 128
Free Synagogue, New York
14, 18
French prisoners, liberation of
86
French resistance
90
Frischer, Ernest
83
galut (term)
6, 8, 19, 27, 41, 59, 68, 71–72, 77, 124, 165, 172
Gellner, Ernest
28, 199
Geneva Convention
48–49
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
49
German-Polish non-aggression agreement
173
German prisoners of war
47, 51, 54
German soldiers, Jewish slaughter known to
101
Germany
3–4, 14, 17, 22, 37–38, 48–49, 51, 53, 75, 81, 99, 101, 105, 107, 135, 139, 154, 156, 160–161, 167, 170, 173–174, 176, 178, 183, 185
anti-Jewish propaganda originating in
38, 124
defeat of
53, 159
European Jews, responsibility for killing of
2–3, 5, 8, 10–11, 13, 19, 31, 40, 46–51, 53–54, 58, 60, 62–64, 71–72, 75, 77, 80, 83–84, 86, 95, 98–99, 101–104, 106–107, 122, 126, 130, 155, 163, 170, 174–175, 178
Jews, official position concerning
2–6, 8, 10–11, 13–14, 16–17, 19–23, 26–41, 44–60, 62–65, 69–88, 90, 92–93, 95–108, 110, 121–125, 150–151, 153–158, 160–171, 173–179, 181, 183, 186, 188, 191–193
reparations with
156
Gestapo Department for Jewish Affairs
176
global Zionist leadership
38
glossary of terms
169
gola (term)
6, 8, 19, 27, 41, 59, 66, 68–69, 71–72, 77, 165, 172
Goldmann, Nahum (1895–1982)
8, 31, 50, 76, 90–91, 97–98, 103–106, 118–120, 161–162, 175–176
addresses, essays, lectures
21, 91
background
3, 48, 61, 112, 121–122, 151–151, 156, 182, 184–184
correspondence
13, 37, 82–83, 89, 94, 126, 140, 183
meetings
21, 33, 41, 52, 57, 84, 89, 93, 118–119, 128, 167, 173, 183, 187
Washington, trips to
3, 20–21, 77–79, 81–82, 86, 89–91, 96, 103–104, 112–113, 116–122, 193
Gottheil, Richard
14, 18–22
Grauel, John Stanley
135, 139
Great Depression
124
Grossman, Kurt
164
Gruenbaum, Yitzhak
88, 90–91
Gruenwald, Malchiel
176–177
Gruenwald trial
176
Hadassah
6, 8–10, 38–39, 117, 124–125, 152
growth of
39
Yishuv, involvement with
5, 7, 9–12, 15, 20–23, 25–26, 28, 37–42, 44, 73, 75, 83–84, 145, 147, 151, 197, 199
Halevi, Benjamin
177
Halpern, Ben
15, 23, 27
Halprin, Rose
9
Hausner, Gideon
175, 178, 182–183, 186–187
Henderson, Loy
132
Herzlian Zionism
15, 17–19, 21, 23–24, 28, 30
analysis of
70–71, 91, 93, 101, 112, 189
Herzl, Theodor
13–14, 16–19, 21–28, 30
addresses, essays, and lectures on
21, 91
de Haas, Jacob, dealings with
13, 21
Wise, Stephen influenced by
2, 10, 13–19, 21–23, 27, 31, 35–37, 44, 69, 76, 101–106, 109, 121, 126, 144–145, 161–164
Hilberg, Raul
174–175
Himmler, Heinrich
53, 92
historical Providence (term)
6, 8, 19, 27, 41, 59, 68, 72, 77, 165, 172, 185
historical researcher, criminal judge compared to
182
Hitler, Adolf
77, 102, 164, 167–168, 185
Holocaust
2–3, 5, 8, 11, 13–15, 28–29, 35–37, 41, 44, 47–48, 54–56, 58, 62, 73, 75–80, 83–84, 87–88, 94–96, 99, 101, 104–106, 108–110, 124–125, 133–136, 138, 140–141, 143, 149, 155–156, 163, 165–166, 169–179, 184–185, 187–191, 193–194
American Jewish community after
133, 149
American Jewish response to
79
history of
7, 17, 25, 29, 40, 56, 65–66, 72, 75, 165, 167, 172–173, 176–177, 179
information, collecting about
2, 10–11, 36, 48, 57–58, 63, 75–76, 78–83, 91, 93–96, 100–101, 113, 116–117, 129–130, 132, 135–137, 139, 146, 154–155, 158, 160–161, 163–166, 168, 170–171, 177–178, 181, 184–185
information, disseminating about
2, 10–11, 36, 48, 57–58, 63, 75–76, 78–83, 91, 93–96, 100–101, 113, 116–117, 129–130, 132, 135–137, 139, 146, 154–155, 158, 160–161, 163–166, 168, 170–171, 177–178, 181, 184–185
Jewish fortitude during
191
Jewish responses to
110, 191
memorialization of
156, 169, 171–172
revelations about
54
Holocaust Remembrance Day
109–110
Holocaust survivors
11, 134, 136, 138, 140–141, 176, 179
aid to
16, 148
in Israel
3, 11, 23, 27, 40, 42–43, 55, 64–65, 67, 69, 95, 109, 145, 149–150, 152, 157, 165, 171, 173–174, 176–181, 191, 193
homeland, diaspora community identification of
25, 33, 66, 68, 147, 162, 199–200, 202
homeland-diaspora relations
200
House of Representatives, candidates to
112, 128–129
human civilization, Jewish contribution to
186
human rights
2, 155–158
Hungarian Jews
76–77, 81–82, 85, 92–93, 95, 177
killing of
137, 139
legal status of
111, 161
rescue efforts on behalf of
77
illegal immigrants, transport of
11, 137
immigration to Palestine
9, 34, 59, 73, 126
addressing
34, 40, 49, 74, 139, 150, 164, 179, 193
illegal
11, 98, 134, 136–138
Jewish life in Europe, integrating with
44, 55, 59–61, 71, 145, 155, 159, 162, 188
immigration to United States
obstacles to
140
promotion of
155
information (on Holocaust), dissemination of
2, 10–11, 36, 48, 57–58, 63, 75–76, 78–83, 91, 93–96, 100–101, 154–155, 158, 160–161, 163–166, 168, 170–171, 177–178, 181, 184–185
Institute of Jewish Affairs (later Institute for Jewish Policy Research)
2, 153, 155–156, 158–165, 167–171, 173, 194
establishment of
8–11, 14, 19–20, 25–26, 32–33, 35–37, 40–41, 44, 55, 66, 71, 73, 96, 107, 111, 119–120, 123–125, 134, 140–142, 145, 149, 156, 158, 192
information gathered by
165
publications
54, 67, 72, 161, 174
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
46–54, 58–59, 98–99
rescue efforts, involvement in
47, 51, 76–77, 80, 82, 92, 96–99, 101, 103–105, 107–109
international cooperation
67, 149, 172, 192
International Court of Justice, Hague
179
international organizations
40, 59–60, 74, 108, 157, 161
Jewish
1–41, 43–50, 52–81, 83–93, 95–110, 112, 153–183, 186–194
Middle East, role in
7, 22, 35, 37, 40–41, 73–74, 200
post-World War II
8, 36–37, 60, 63, 65, 67, 95, 146, 155–158, 161, 178, 191–192
International Refugee Convention
157
Internment camps for Jews
49
Islamic world, Jewish communities in
146
Israeliness
150
Israeli public, Diaspora Jewry, relations with
8, 36, 55, 109
Israeli United Nations Association
149
Israel, State of
1–3, 5–12, 14–15, 18, 20, 23, 25–30, 35–43, 48, 55, 64–70, 73, 75, 80, 95, 109, 111–113, 120, 123–125, 132, 134, 141–145, 147–153, 155–157, 165, 169, 171–174, 176–183, 188–193
American influence on
10
American Jewish Diaspora, collaboration with
43, 65
American Jewish women in
9–10
American Jews, relations with
14, 20, 26, 30, 35, 37–39, 50, 57, 69, 72, 106–107, 121, 124–125, 130, 133–135, 145, 148, 169, 171
Arab states, relations with
74
assets for
122
consolidation of
9, 24–25, 27, 133, 156
Diaspora, relationship with
6, 11, 26–30, 32–33, 35–37, 41, 43–45, 55–56, 64–68, 70–71, 73, 109, 145, 157–159, 162–163, 165, 186–188, 191–192
education system
25, 60
founding of, American Jewry role in
9, 15, 23, 26, 33, 35–39, 65, 67, 140, 145, 188
founding of (see also Holocaust: Israel statehood impetus in wake of)
9, 15, 23, 26, 33, 35–39, 65, 67, 140, 145, 188
government
2–3, 31, 35–36, 43, 46, 48–49, 51–52, 65–66, 75, 78, 80–83, 86, 88–90, 92, 94, 96, 100–101, 108, 118, 120, 156, 161, 178–179, 190, 193
Holocaust museums and memorial centers, involvement in
169
Holocaust research in
173
Jewish life in
13, 19, 27–30, 32, 35, 41, 44–45, 55, 59–61, 65, 67, 70–71, 73, 147–147, 149, 155–156, 159, 161–162, 187–188, 191
nationalist trends in
67
world Jewry, bond with
5, 16, 19, 26, 29, 32–33, 35–36, 71, 73, 76, 151, 179
Zionist movement in
13–15, 17, 21–22, 30, 38, 44, 106, 116, 120–121, 127, 130, 132, 141, 150
Jabotinsky, Ze’ev
7, 42, 113, 122, 145, 152
Akzin, B. relationship with
2–3, 10–11, 58, 93, 108, 111–113, 119, 121–123, 125–152
meetings with
21, 89, 118, 128
Silver, A. H. compared to
4, 10, 23–27, 36, 42–44, 119–120, 132–134, 136–139, 141–144, 149, 151–152
Wise, S. attitude toward
2, 10, 13–19, 21–23, 27, 31, 35–37, 44, 69, 76, 101–106, 109, 116, 118–119, 121, 126, 144–145, 161–164
Jackson, Robert
155, 182
Jacobs, Rose
9
Jewish Agency
2, 8, 31, 34, 36, 38, 43, 48, 66, 83, 88, 91, 113–115, 118–121, 123, 142, 155–156, 161, 165, 192
American Zionism, role in
12–14, 20–23, 26, 28–30, 38–39, 41, 43, 114–115, 121, 125, 131
Nuremberg trials, involvement in
2, 155–156, 168–169, 176, 182
United Nations, involvement in
2, 35, 47, 61, 64, 105, 134, 144–145, 149–149, 155–158, 168, 178, 192–193
Jewish army, creation of
107
Jewish cause, mobilization on behalf of
38, 109, 124
Jewish children and youths
99
in convents
99
in France
46, 134–135
Jewish communities
3–5, 11, 17, 31, 33, 36–37, 44, 56–57, 60, 65, 79, 108, 142, 145–148, 157, 171, 187, 191–192
activities
1–2, 5–6, 8–11, 18, 31–33, 39, 41, 51, 54–55, 58, 61–64, 72, 75, 82, 90, 95–96, 98, 108–109, 111–112, 114–115, 118–119, 122, 126, 136, 142, 148, 152, 157, 159, 162, 164, 168–171, 180–181, 189–190, 192–194
life enhancing
13, 19, 21, 27–33, 35, 41, 44–45, 55, 58–62, 64–65, 67, 70–73, 145–147, 149, 155–157, 159, 161–162, 177, 187–188, 191
Jewish consciousness, collective
150–151, 171
Jewish elite
22
Jewish elites
4, 16–17, 37, 143
Jewish existence, post-Holocaust
6, 16, 26, 29, 36, 41, 44–45, 67, 72
Jewish homeland (in Palestine)
.
national home
6–7, 9–10, 14, 17, 19, 22, 25–26, 28–30, 32–34, 39–41, 44, 71–74, 84, 90–91, 93, 130, 140–141, 145, 147, 149, 152, 158, 162, 165, 192
establishing
24, 33, 44, 56, 70, 72–73, 90, 97, 113, 115–117, 119, 133, 155, 164, 179
rehabilitation of
26, 44, 57, 70, 145, 155, 159, 162
Jewish immigrant community, socioeconomic status of
3–4
Jewish immigrants to Israel
care for newly arriving
74
ethnic identity of
29, 44, 171
Third Aliyah, lifestyle among
1
Jewish immigration to Israel
75
promotion of
155
Jewish Institute of Religion (JIR)
14
Jewish labor movement
65, 72
Jewish leadership
20, 76, 80, 84, 102, 107–108, 175, 191
criticism of
35, 54, 58, 103–104, 106–108, 110, 130, 144, 183–184, 186–187, 189–191, 194
Jewish life
13, 16, 18–19, 23–24, 26–30, 32, 35, 40–41, 44–45, 55–56, 59–62, 65, 67–68, 70–74, 145–147, 149, 151, 153, 155–159, 161–162, 164, 187–188, 191–192
existential threat to
201–202
Jewish life in Europe
44, 55, 59–61, 71, 145, 155, 159, 162, 188
rehabilitation of
26, 44, 57, 70, 145, 155, 159, 162
renewal of
29, 44
Jewish masses, messianic dreams of
3, 16, 24, 34, 157
Jewish nationalism
9, 15, 22, 24–25, 30, 36, 64–65, 67–69, 73, 150, 156, 159, 186
consolidation of
9, 24–25, 27, 133, 156
debate over
15, 126–127, 175, 178
essence of
21, 24, 26, 36, 128, 182, 186
issues stemming from
187
new model of
67, 133
Jewish organizations
2–3, 5, 7–8, 16, 32, 34, 46, 48, 52–56, 60, 65, 78, 84, 96–99, 106, 108–110, 126, 141, 146, 148, 156, 163, 192
aims of
19, 125
European Jews, postwar aid to
2–3, 5, 8, 10–11, 13, 19, 31, 40, 46–51, 53–54, 58, 60, 62–64, 71–72, 75, 77, 80, 83–84, 86, 95, 98–99, 101–104, 106–107, 122, 126, 130, 155, 163, 170, 174–175, 178
influence of
9, 12, 50, 121, 153
international
2, 5, 17, 19–20, 23, 31–35, 37, 40, 46–52, 54–55, 58–60, 63–64, 67, 74, 81, 99, 105, 108–110, 112–112, 114, 137–138, 154–158, 160–161, 165, 167–168, 172–175, 178–181, 185, 189–193
leadership of
22, 76, 106, 113–114, 133, 141, 178
Jewish People
2, 11, 13, 15–17, 20–21, 24, 26–28, 31–32, 34, 37, 44, 53, 55–56, 61, 63–65, 67, 70–71, 95, 105, 110, 120, 150–150, 156, 158–161, 163, 171, 175, 179, 183, 186
composition of
11
Diaspora, existence in
6, 11, 26–30, 32–33, 35–37, 41, 43–45, 55–56, 64–68, 70–71, 73, 109, 145, 147–151, 157–159, 162–163, 165, 186–188, 191–192
framing
26, 34, 95, 168, 190, 194
leaders, information for
6, 9–10, 13–14, 21–23, 25, 29–33, 35–36, 40–42, 47–50, 67, 73, 76, 78–82, 85–86, 88–89, 93–94, 96, 99, 102, 106, 158–162, 168, 189–190
outside Israel
55, 66
rehabilitating
70, 163, 179
representation of
46, 55, 69
spirit and essence of
24
transformation of
14, 27, 152
Jewish People in Our Time, The (Tartakower)
1–2, 9, 11, 32, 46–75, 95–96, 99, 102, 104, 107–109, 159, 164, 195–198
Jewish philanthropies
63, 98, 124, 196
activities, intensity of
1–2, 5–6, 8–11, 18, 31–33, 39, 41, 51, 54–55, 58, 61–64, 72, 75, 82, 90, 95–96, 98, 108–109, 111–112, 114–115, 118–119, 122, 126, 136, 142, 148, 152, 157, 159, 162, 164, 168–171, 180–181, 189–190, 192–194
diaspora, benefits to
6, 11, 26–30, 32–33, 35–37, 41, 43–45, 55–56, 64–68, 70–71, 73, 109, 145, 147–151, 157–159, 162–163, 165, 186–188, 191–192
Jewish prisoners, appeals on behalf of
93
Jewish question
145–146, 182
Jewish Reform movement
4
Jewish refugees
56, 192–193
aid to
16, 148
mass movement of
56–57
Jewish Refugee, The (Tartakower and Grossman)
112, 164
Jewish resistance
170, 172, 193
Jewish Settlement in the Diaspora (Tartakower)
1–2, 9, 11, 32, 46–75, 95–96, 99, 102, 104, 107–109, 159, 164, 195–198
‘Jewish Social Work before the War’ (course)
1, 8–9, 18, 28, 41, 50, 58–60, 66, 87, 93–94, 106, 108, 155, 158–159, 164, 178–182, 185–186, 189
Jewish social workers
56, 60
Jewish solidarity
15–16, 20, 148
Jewish state
.
Israel, State of
American Zionist views on (establishment of)
8–11, 14, 19–20, 25–26, 32–33, 35–37, 40–41, 44, 55, 66, 71, 73, 96, 107, 125–125, 134, 156, 158, 192
establishment of
8–11, 14, 19–20, 25–26, 32–33, 35–37, 40–41, 44, 55, 66, 71, 73, 96, 107, 111, 119–120, 123–125, 134, 140–142, 145, 149, 156, 158, 192
Middle East, integration into
7, 22, 35, 37, 40–41, 73–74, 114, 122, 125, 129–132
territorial concentration in
150
Jewish tradition, attitude toward
25, 151
Jewish Union
102
Jewish values, national
151
Jewish vote
35, 123–130, 132–134, 145
debate over
15, 126–127, 175, 178
impact of
39, 128–129, 178
political use of
125
Jewish world
17, 27, 29, 33, 37, 56, 108, 128, 141, 147, 151, 158–159, 162–163, 170, 180, 188, 191
representatives of
4, 23, 32, 62, 97, 114, 121, 154, 156, 164, 192
Jews
2–6, 8, 10–11, 13–14, 16–17, 19–23, 26–41, 44–60, 62–65, 69–88, 90, 92–93, 95–108, 110, 121–126, 129–130, 133–135, 143, 145–151, 153–158, 160–171, 173–179, 181, 183, 186, 188, 191–193
deportation of
85, 169, 174
fate of
5, 15, 19, 36–37, 62, 78–79, 100, 135–138, 140–141, 146, 155, 161, 163, 165, 169, 173, 193
killing of
137, 139
liberation of
86, 170
Joint Distribution Committee (JDC)
5, 96–97, 126, 165–165
European Jews, postwar aid to
2–3, 5, 8, 10–11, 13, 19, 31, 40, 46–51, 53–54, 58, 60, 62–64, 71–72, 75, 77, 80, 83–84, 86, 95, 98–99, 101–104, 106–107, 122, 126, 130, 155, 163, 170, 174–175, 178
founding of
9, 15, 23, 26, 33, 35–39, 65, 67, 140, 145, 188
information gathered by
165
Judaism, moral and spiritual elements of
10, 25, 29–30, 73, 79, 125, 159
Judenräte (Jewish councils)
189
judicial processes, historical testimony in
179, 184–185
jurisdiction, international law addressing
63, 86, 177–180
justice for the Jews, world peace and
36–37
Kallen, Horace
28, 56
Kaplan, Mordecai
28, 31, 70
Dubnow, S. compared to
29–30, 70
Tartakower, A. views compared to those of
1–2, 9, 11, 32, 46–75, 95–96, 99, 102, 104, 107–109, 159, 164, 195–198
Kapustin, Alexander
91
Karski, Jan
100–101
Kastner, Rudolph
176–177
Kastner trial
176
Katzenelson, Itzhak
47
Keren HaYesod
39
Klinghoffer, Yitzhak
111
Kook, Hillel (Peter Bergson)
7, 76, 106, 113
Kubovy, Aryeh Leon (Kubowitzki)
2, 9–11, 17, 32, 36, 52–53, 75–76, 79–96, 98–110, 122, 140, 168, 195–197
Akzin, B. views compared to those of
2–3, 10–11, 58, 93, 108, 111–113, 119, 121–123, 125–152
background
3, 48, 61, 112, 121–122, 151–151, 156, 182, 184–184
correspondence
13, 37, 82–83, 89, 94, 126, 140, 183
Hungarian Jews, wartime efforts on behalf of
76–77, 81–82, 85, 92–93, 95, 177
in Israel
3, 11, 23, 27, 40, 42–43, 55, 64–65, 67, 69, 95, 109, 145, 149–150, 152, 157, 165, 171, 173–174, 176–181, 191, 193
in Palestine
6–7, 9–10, 14, 17, 19, 22, 25–26, 28–30, 32–34, 39–41, 44, 71–74, 84, 90–91, 93, 114–115, 120, 125, 130–131, 135–136, 140–141, 145, 147, 149, 152, 158–158, 162, 165, 192
in United States
4, 69, 113, 166
meetings with
21, 89, 118, 128
public activity
2, 6–11, 16–18, 27, 30, 46–47, 55, 67, 72–73, 75, 102, 107, 109, 112–113, 122–122, 141, 154–155
World Jewish Congress, involvement in
1–2, 5, 12, 17, 29–34, 44–46, 48, 53, 55, 65, 75, 81, 86–87, 95, 104–107, 122, 126, 149, 155, 157, 163
worldview, American Zionism influence on
7–9, 12, 14–15, 18, 21, 23–25, 27, 29–30, 34, 36, 39, 41, 43, 55–57, 63, 67, 70, 73, 76, 121, 126, 147, 149, 152, 157, 162, 171, 178, 180, 188, 192
Kubovy, Miriam
2, 9–11, 32, 36, 48, 52–53, 75–76, 79–96, 98–110, 122, 140, 168, 195–197
Kushner, Tony
170
Lachrymose Conception
187
Landau, Moshe
177
Lassal, Ferdinand
23
law and history, interrelationship between
181–182, 185
League of Nations
45, 64, 137, 165
Lehman, Herbert
127
Lesser, Lawrence S.
46, 84–85, 173, 187
Lestschinsky, Jacob
6–7
Leventhal, Louis
112, 118
Library of Congress
112
Lipsky, Louis
31, 161
Lithuanian Foreign Ministry
154–154
Lithuanian Parliament (Seimas)
154–154
Luria, Arthur
119
Magnes, Judah Leib
10
Mahler, Raphael
6–7
Mapai (Milfleget Po’alei Eretz Israel, ‘Workers’ Party of the Land of Israel’)
42–44, 117, 151
Markowitz, Sylvia
61
Marshall, George C.
22, 136, 140
Masaryk, Jan
88
McCloy, John J.
82–83, 85–87, 89, 91–92
McGrath, James
127–129
Mead, Margaret
58
Meir, Golda (Meyerson)
9, 43–44, 48, 55
Melchett, Lord (First Baron Alfred Moritz Mond)
144
Middle East
7, 22, 35, 37, 40–41, 73–74, 114, 122, 125, 129–132
Arab-Jewish relations in
73
migration, studying
6–7, 57, 148, 162–162
minority rights
60, 154, 157–158, 165
modern state, democracy threatened by
67
Monsky, Henry
104
Mordowicz, Czeslaw
79
Motzkin, Leo
31
Munich pact
173
Munweis, Paula (later Ben-Gurion)
7
National Council of Lithuanian Jews (Nationalrat)
154
national home
.
Jewish homeland (in Palestine)
6–7, 9–10, 14, 17, 19, 22, 25–26, 28–30, 32–34, 39–41, 44, 71–74, 84, 90–91, 93, 158–158, 162, 165, 192
establishing
24, 33, 44, 56, 70, 72–73, 90, 97, 113, 115–117, 119, 133, 155, 164, 179
nationalism, European theories of
9, 15, 20, 22, 24–25, 28–30, 36, 64–65, 67–69, 73, 148, 150, 152, 156, 159, 186–187
national Jewish values
151
nation, American Jewish community as part of
7, 29, 67, 148–151, 159
Nations and Nationalism (Gellner)
28, 199
nation (term usage)
7, 29, 67, 148–151, 159
Nazi and Nazi Collaborators Law
189
Nazi crimes
167–169, 179, 185
Nazi leaders, official position concerning Jews
49
Nazi occupation
51, 105
Nazi regime, collective memory of
52–53, 170, 176, 182
Nazi rise to power
3, 161
impact of
39, 128–129, 178
Jews, treatment following
2–6, 8, 10–11, 13–14, 16–17, 19–23, 26–41, 44–60, 62–65, 69–88, 90, 92–93, 95–108, 110, 153–158, 160–171, 173–179, 181, 183, 186, 188, 191–193
Neumann, Emanuel
10, 26–27, 118–119, 142, 144
Ben-Gurion, D., dealings with
7–9, 38–39, 41–44, 55, 65, 84, 113, 116–120, 123–124, 142, 144, 151–152, 175–178, 189–190
New School for Social Research
56–57
new society, establishment of
15, 26
New Zionist Organization (NZO)
111, 113
non-governmental organizations
36–37, 192–193
non-Jews, Jewish problems addressed by
16, 33, 54, 59, 171, 181
normalization (term usage)
146, 149–150
North Africa, Jewish communities in
146
Nuremberg trials
2, 155–156, 168–169, 176, 182
Palestine
1–2, 6–11, 14, 17, 19–26, 28–30, 32–34, 37, 39–41, 44–46, 57, 59, 66, 71–75, 84, 90–91, 93, 105, 109, 114–115, 117, 119–120, 123–132, 134–138, 140–145, 147, 149, 152, 158, 161–162, 165, 192–193
American Jewish women in
9–10
American Zionist involvement in
39
British governance over
137
Jewish nationalism in
22, 25, 36, 159
Jewish settlement in
65–66, 71
Jewish sovereignty in
14, 67, 162
Jewish statehood in
74, 192
question of
30, 72, 74, 76, 78–80, 82, 93, 118, 120–121, 126–127, 129–130, 132, 137, 148, 157, 167–168, 170, 173, 178, 180
Revisionist activities in
152
UN resolutions on
130
Zionism in
12, 14, 18, 20–21, 23, 30, 73, 115, 126
Papanex, Jan
89
Partition Plan (United Nations)
2, 35, 47, 61, 64, 105, 134, 144–145, 149–149, 155–158, 168, 178–179, 192–193
peace, promotion of
36–37, 67, 74, 149, 152, 166, 192–193
Peel Commission
113, 183, 187
Pehle, John W.
83–85, 87, 92, 96
persecuted minority, Jewish and Zionist experience as
68
Peter, Marc
35, 48, 50–53, 58, 76, 113
Pius XII, Pope
99
Poland, extermination camps in
1–2, 6, 29, 46–47, 49, 65, 72, 75, 85, 90, 100–102, 107–108, 169, 173–174
Poland, Jews killed in
1–2, 6, 29, 46–47, 49, 65, 72, 75, 85, 90, 100–102, 107–108, 169, 173–174
Polish citizens, role in killing of Jews
174
Polish-German collaboration, Jews sent to camps through
47
Polish Government-in-Exile
2, 46, 88, 92, 100–101, 108
Polish Jews
46–47, 108, 196
internment camps, transport to
49
in United States
4, 69, 113, 166
rescue efforts on behalf of
77
Polish underground
85–88, 91, 96, 100–101
political activists, immigration to U.S. by
6, 122
political means (term)
6, 8, 19, 27, 41, 50, 59, 68, 72, 77, 123–124, 127
Popanek, Ernst
58
presidential elections
127, 129
President Roosevelt (ship)
3, 11, 31, 51–52, 61, 83, 100, 103, 112, 123, 135, 144
primary source material, loss of
165
Prisoners of War Treaty
48
Quakers
57
race, extermination of
21, 52, 76
Raveh, Yitzhak
177
Rawidowicz, Simon
28, 68
extermination policy, silence in face of
53
Red Cross
.
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
47–54, 58–59, 98–99
Reform movement, anti-Zionist outlook in
4, 14, 19, 25
Refugee Convention
157, 192–193
refugees
40, 56–57, 61, 103, 122, 125, 130, 134–136, 138, 192–193
aid to
16, 148
information from
36
mass movement of
56–57
transport of
104, 134, 136
Reichstag members, anti-Jewish laws passed by
167
Reparations (Luxemburg) Agreement between the State of Israel and the West German government
145, 155–156, 179
research institutes
131, 158–159, 163, 172
Eichmann trial, role in
2, 11, 156, 165, 169, 171–172, 175–178, 181–183, 186, 188–189, 191, 193–194
European
2–8, 10–15, 17–20, 22, 24, 29, 31–32, 34, 37–38, 40, 43–44, 46–51, 53–54, 56–60, 62–64, 71–72, 75, 77–78, 80, 83–84, 86–87, 89, 92, 95–99, 101–109, 112, 122, 126, 130, 146, 154–155, 158–161, 163–164, 166–167, 170–171, 173–178, 183–184, 189–190, 194
resources, duplication of
31, 39, 60, 163, 165, 199–200
Revisionist Zionist activists
106
Riegner, Gerhart
79, 81, 101, 104
Ringelblum, Emanuel
47
Robinson, Jacob
2, 9, 11, 32, 108, 153–176, 178–184, 186–194
background
3, 48, 61, 112, 121–122, 151–151, 156, 182, 184–184
citizenship
20, 59, 62, 111, 114, 140, 147, 157
correspondence
13, 37, 82–83, 89, 94, 126, 140, 183
Diaspora, work supporting
6, 11, 26–30, 32–33, 35–37, 41, 43–45, 55–56, 64–68, 70–71, 73, 109, 145, 147–151, 157–159, 162–163, 165, 186–188, 191–192
in Israel
3, 11, 23, 27, 40, 42–43, 55, 64–65, 67, 69, 95, 109, 145, 149–150, 152, 157, 165, 171, 173–174, 176–181, 191, 193
Israeli affairs, involvement in
156
Jewish life, public activism as parallel to
13, 16, 18–19, 23–24, 26–30, 32, 35, 40–41, 44–45, 55–56, 59–62, 65, 67–68, 70–74, 145–147, 149, 151, 153, 155–159, 161–162, 164, 187–188, 191–192
World Jewish Congress, work for
1–2, 5, 12, 17, 29–34, 44–46, 48, 53, 55, 65, 75, 81, 86–87, 95, 104–107, 122, 126, 149, 155, 157, 163
worldview, American Zionism influence on
7–9, 12, 14–15, 18, 21, 23–25, 27, 29–30, 34, 36, 39, 41, 43, 55–57, 63, 67, 70, 73, 76, 121, 126, 147, 149, 152, 157, 162, 171, 178, 180, 188, 192
writings
10–11, 23, 26–27, 70, 72, 109, 198
Robinson, Nehemiah
2, 9, 11, 32, 108, 195–198, 202–203
Rokach, Israel
42
Romania, rescue attempts in
52, 104
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
3, 31, 35, 51–52, 61, 83, 92, 96, 100, 103, 112, 114, 123, 125–126, 134–135, 144–145
Arab world, policy regarding
126
correspondence
13, 37, 82–83, 89, 94, 126, 140, 183
European Jews, policy concerning
2–3, 5, 8, 10–11, 13, 19, 31, 40, 46–51, 53–54, 58, 60, 62–64, 71–72, 75, 77, 80, 83–84, 86, 95, 98–99, 101–104, 106–107, 122, 126, 130, 155, 163, 170, 174–175, 178
Jewish supporters of
128
Rosen, Pinchas
6, 111, 175, 180, 182, 190–191
Rosin, Arnost
79
Royal Air Force
79
Schwarzbart, Ignacy
31, 85, 88, 92, 95
secularization, rise of
20, 147
Servatius, Robert
177, 185
Shapira, Rabbi Kalman
184
Shapiro, Harry
14, 22, 127–129, 131
Shazar, Zalman
149–150, 173
Shertok, Moshe (later Sharett)
43, 144
Silver, Abba Hillel
4, 10, 23–27, 36, 42–44, 119–120, 132–134, 136–139, 141–144, 149, 151–152
Akzin, B. communication with
2–3, 10–11, 58, 93, 108, 111, 143–144, 149–152
Akzin, B. relationship with
2–3, 10–11, 58, 93, 108, 112, 144, 195–197
American administration, contact with
47, 76, 80, 82, 84–86, 91–92, 94, 96–98, 102, 104, 112, 114–115, 120, 141
background
3, 48, 61, 112, 121–122, 151–151, 156, 182, 184–184
Ben-Gurion, David relations with
7–9, 38–39, 41–44, 55, 65, 84, 113, 116–120, 123–124, 142, 144, 151–152, 175–178, 189–190
correspondence
13, 37, 82–83, 89, 94, 126, 140, 183
Emergency Council, involvement in
3, 111–113, 116–123, 127, 131, 136, 139, 142–143
Exodus affair, involvement in
11, 134–136, 138–140
Herzl, T., views concerning
13–14, 16–19, 21–28, 30
Revisionist movement, attitude concerning
112–113, 121–122, 151–152, 172
Wise, S. views compared to those of
2, 10, 13–19, 21–23, 27, 31, 35–37, 44, 69, 76, 101–106, 109, 116, 118–119, 121, 126, 144–145, 161–164
Six-Day War
10
Slánský, Rudolph
75
slave who would be king, the (term)
6, 8, 19, 27, 41, 59, 68, 72, 77
social and socialist humanitarian values
150
social reconstruction
58
South America, Jewish communities in
75, 102, 105, 146
Soviet armed forces
79
Soviet Union, assimilation in
1, 71, 79, 155
Starvation over Europe (1943)
3, 31, 39, 47–48, 50, 54, 88, 96, 99–101, 103–104, 164
State Department
92, 97–98, 103, 132, 136–140, 161–162
Crum, B. attacked by
130–132
Exodus affair, involvement in
11, 134–136, 138–140
research divisions
161
Stone, Ruth
61
Straus, Nathan
6
superpowers
19
Switzerland
35, 47–48, 79, 81–82, 92, 99
Szold, Henrietta
9–10, 21–22
activities
1–2, 5–6, 8–11, 18, 31–33, 39, 41, 51, 54–55, 58, 61–64, 72, 75, 82, 90, 95–96, 98, 108–109, 111–112, 114–115, 118–119, 122, 126, 136, 142, 148, 152, 157, 159, 162, 164, 168–171, 180–181, 189–190, 192–194
American society, integration into
4, 11, 18, 20, 22, 69, 73, 133, 148, 191
worldview
7–9, 12, 14–15, 18, 21, 23–25, 27, 29–30, 34, 36, 39, 41, 43, 55–57, 63, 67, 70, 73, 76, 121, 126, 147, 149, 152, 157, 162, 171, 178, 180, 188, 192
Tartakower, Aryeh
1–2, 9, 11, 32, 46–75, 95–96, 99, 102, 104, 107–109, 122, 140, 159, 164, 195–196
American Jews, attitude toward
14, 20, 26, 30, 35, 37–39, 50, 57, 69, 72, 106–107, 121, 124–125, 130, 133–135, 145, 148, 169, 171
background
3, 48, 61, 112, 121–122, 151–151, 156, 182, 184–184
correspondence
13, 37, 82–83, 89, 94, 126, 140, 183
in Israel
3, 11, 23, 27, 40, 42–43, 55, 64–65, 67, 69, 95, 109, 145, 149–150, 152, 157, 165, 171, 173–174, 176–181, 191, 193
in Poland
1, 47, 72, 85, 100–102, 108, 173
in United States
4, 69, 113, 166
Jewish nationalism, approach to
9, 15, 22, 24–25, 30, 36, 64–65, 67–69, 73, 150, 156, 159, 186
Kubovy, A. defended by
2, 9–11, 32, 36, 48, 52–53, 75–76, 79–96, 98–110, 122, 140, 168, 195–197
post-World War II activities (U.S.)
103
Washington, trips to
3, 20–21, 77–79, 81–82, 86, 89–91, 96, 103–104, 112–113, 116–123, 126–127, 131–133, 142, 193
worldview, U.S. and American Zionism influence on
7–9, 12, 14–15, 18, 21, 23–25, 27, 29–30, 34, 36, 39, 41, 43, 55–57, 63, 67, 70, 73, 76, 121, 126, 147, 149, 152, 157, 162, 171, 178, 180, 188, 192
writings
10–11, 23, 26–27, 70, 72, 109, 198
Tartakower, Malka
1–2, 9, 11, 32, 75, 95–96, 99, 102, 104, 108–109, 122, 159, 164, 195–197
Tartakower, Yohanan
1–2, 9, 11, 32, 46–47, 75, 95–96, 99, 102, 104, 107–109, 195–198, 202–203
tfutza (term)
6, 8, 19, 27, 41, 59, 68, 72, 77
Theresienstadt ghetto
87
transportation routes leading to Auschwitz, whether to bomb
89
Truman, Harry
35, 114, 125–127, 130, 132
associates of
99, 131
Roosevelt, F. compared to
3, 31, 35, 51–52, 61, 83, 92, 96, 100, 103, 112, 114, 123, 125–126, 134–135, 144–145
United Nations
2, 35, 47, 61, 64, 105, 134, 144–145, 149–149, 155–158, 168, 178, 192–193
charter
155
human rights policy
156
institutions
26, 31, 33, 35, 43, 62, 73, 83, 105, 107, 111, 114, 120, 131, 142–143, 157–158, 172–172, 188, 191
Jewish support for
71, 149
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)
47, 61–64
United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP)
134
United Nations War Crimes Commission
168
United States
1–4, 6–15, 17–33, 36–43, 46–48, 50, 55–56, 58, 60, 62–63, 65–66, 69–73, 75–76, 80, 82, 84, 91, 93, 96–100, 102–105, 107–118, 120–127, 129–130, 132–136, 138, 141–145, 148–149, 151–153, 157–158, 162, 165–166, 169, 171–172, 174, 181, 190–191, 194
assimilation in
71
citizenship
20, 59, 62, 111, 114, 140, 147, 157
foreign policy, factors influencing
20, 124, 130–133
Holocaust research in
173
immigration policy
3, 140
Jewish life in
13, 19, 27–30, 32, 35, 41, 44–45, 55, 59–61, 65, 67, 70–71, 73, 145, 147–147, 149, 155–156, 159, 161–162, 187–188, 191
Middle East policy
129
politics
3, 20, 22, 35, 71, 123, 125, 127, 133–134, 147–148, 169, 177
universal values, Jewish nationalism versus
68
Uris, Leon Marcus
134
Urofsky, Melvin
10, 13–14, 21–22
Villard, Henry S.
138
Vrba, Rudolf
78
Wallenberg, Raoul
82
Warburg family
6
war crimes, definition of
106, 156–157, 168, 190
war criminals, prosecution of
155, 157, 167–169, 171, 178
War Refugee Board (WRB)
58, 82–85, 91–93, 96–97, 112, 122
activities
1–2, 5–6, 8–11, 18, 31–33, 39, 41, 51, 54–55, 58, 61–64, 72, 75, 82, 90, 95–96, 98, 108–109, 111–112, 114–115, 118–119, 122, 126, 136, 142, 148, 152, 157, 159, 162, 164, 168–171, 180–181, 189–190, 192–194
correspondence
13, 37, 82–83, 89, 94, 126, 140, 183
documents
53–54, 63, 76, 79–80, 84, 91, 93, 95–96, 99, 101, 104, 136–137, 166, 177, 190
mediators for
97
staff
32, 56, 58, 104, 112, 146, 159, 161, 163–164, 168, 170, 173
Warsaw ghetto, sermons at
100, 184
Warsaw ghetto, visits to
100, 184
Weissmandl, Michael David
94
Weizmann, Chaim
22–23, 39–40, 42–43, 117, 119–120, 152, 182–183, 187
American administration, contact with
47, 76, 80, 82, 84–86, 91–92, 94, 96–98, 102, 104, 112, 114–115, 120, 141
Brandeis, L., struggle with
4, 9, 12–13, 21–23, 27–28, 39–40, 68, 114–116, 123
correspondence
13, 37, 82–83, 89, 94, 126, 140, 183
opponents of
80, 121
Peel Commission, testimony before
113, 183, 187
Silver, A., struggles with
4, 10, 23–27, 36, 42–44, 119–120
Welfare and Relief Committee (WJC)
1–2, 8, 10–11, 17, 30–37, 46–47, 50, 52–57, 62–65, 68, 73, 75
Welles, Sumner
126, 161–162
Were the Minorities Treaties a Failure? (Robinson)
2, 9, 11, 32, 155, 195–198, 202
Western Europe
60, 169
Western European Jewish communities
4
Western states, Jews’ integration into
147
West Germany, reparations agreement with
156, 185
Wise, Stephen S.
2, 10, 13–19, 21–23, 27, 31, 35–37, 44, 69, 116, 118–119, 121, 126, 144–145, 161–164
addresses, essays, lectures
21
Akzin, B. attitude toward
2–3, 10–11, 58, 111–113, 119, 121–123, 125–152
American society, integration into
4, 11, 18, 20, 22, 69, 73, 133, 148, 191
correspondence
13, 37, 126, 140, 183
Emergency Council, involvement in
3, 111–113, 116–123, 127, 131, 136, 139, 142–143
European Jews, rescue efforts on behalf of
2–3, 5, 8, 10–11, 13, 19, 31, 40, 46–51, 53–54, 58, 60, 62–64, 71–72, 122, 126, 130, 155, 163, 170, 174–175, 178
Gottheil, Richard, comparison to
14, 18–22
meetings with
21, 118, 128
Washington, trips to
3, 20–21, 112–113, 116–123, 126–127, 131–133, 142, 193
witnesses, importance of
52, 177–184, 186, 189
World Federation of United Nations Associations
149
World Jewish Congress (WJC)
1–2, 5, 8, 10–12, 17, 29–37, 44–48, 50, 52–57, 62–65, 68, 73, 122, 126, 149, 155, 157, 163
American Jewish Congress, joint activities with
31, 33, 39, 155
American Zionism and
12, 38, 41
archives
2–3, 11, 20, 24, 26, 42, 44, 47–48, 114, 116–118, 132, 155, 161, 163–166, 172–173, 176, 180, 182–183, 186, 188, 190–191, 193
European Division of
44
European Jews, postwar aid to
2–3, 5, 8, 10–11, 13, 19, 31, 40, 46–50, 122, 126, 130, 155, 163, 170, 174–175, 178
European Jews, wartime efforts on behalf of
2–3, 5, 8, 10–11, 13, 19, 31, 40, 46–51, 53–54, 58, 60, 62–64, 71–72, 122, 126, 130, 155, 163, 170, 174–175, 178
founding of
9, 15, 23, 26, 33, 35–39, 65, 67, 140, 145, 188
Institute of Jewish Affairs, role in establishing
2, 153, 155–156, 158–165, 167–171, 173, 194
Jewish life in Europe, interest in
44, 55, 59–61, 71, 145, 155, 159, 162, 188
key figures
3, 31
missions of
45
Polish Jews, concern over
46–47, 196
publications
54, 67, 72, 161, 174
Red Cross, dealings with
46–48, 50–54, 58
representatives in Europe
64, 164
ties with
2–3, 69, 113, 117, 132, 152–152, 191
United Nations, involvement in
2, 35, 47, 61, 64, 134, 144–145, 149–149, 155–158, 168, 178, 192–193
World Jewish Congress (WJC) conference, Atlantic City
1–2, 5, 8, 10–12, 17, 29–37, 44–48, 50, 52–57, 62–65, 68, 73, 122, 126, 149, 155, 157, 163
world Jewry
5, 16, 19, 26, 29, 32–33, 35–36, 71, 73, 151, 179
pre-World War II
31
State of Israel, bond with
9–12, 14–15, 23, 26–30, 35–38, 42–43, 55, 64–67, 69–70, 111, 120, 125, 141–143, 147–151, 153, 155–157, 171, 176–177, 179–182, 188, 191–192
world order
36–37, 161–162, 167
Jewish integration into
22, 59
world peace, Jewish role in
36–37
World War I
3–4, 7, 14, 16, 31, 37, 39, 60, 112, 124, 145–145, 153, 155, 157
World War II
2, 4, 8, 10–11, 31–32, 35–37, 44, 46–49, 53–56, 58–63, 65, 67, 112, 114–115, 120, 122–123, 125–126, 130, 133–134, 140, 143, 145–147, 149, 155–158, 160–163, 165, 167–171, 176–178, 180, 183, 191–192
collective memory of
170–171
terminology
169
World Zionist Organization
14, 19, 33, 41
Yablonka, Hanna
176, 178, 183
Yad Vashem (World Holocaust Remembrance Center)
2, 48, 155–156, 163–166, 171–176, 180, 182–184, 186, 188, 190–191, 193
administration
3, 35, 47, 61, 112–115, 117–118, 120, 123, 125, 127–130, 141–142, 172
Eichmann trial, role in
2, 11, 156, 165, 169, 171–172, 175–178, 181–183, 186, 188–189, 191, 193–194
establishment of
8–11, 14, 19–20, 25–26, 32–33, 35–37, 40–41, 44, 55, 66, 71, 73, 111, 119–120, 123–125, 134, 140–142, 145, 149, 156, 158, 192
leadership
7, 9–10, 12–13, 20, 22, 31, 35–39, 41–44, 50, 52–53, 68–69, 113–114, 116–117, 121, 124, 127, 131, 133, 135, 141, 144–145, 147, 162–163, 171, 175, 177–178, 191
publications
54, 67, 72, 161, 174
Yishuv
5, 7, 9–12, 15, 20–23, 25–26, 28, 37–42, 44, 73, 145, 147, 151, 197, 199
American influence on
10
American Jews, relations with
14, 20, 26, 30, 35, 37–39, 50, 57, 69, 72, 121, 124–125, 130, 133–135, 145, 148, 169, 171
American Zionist influence on
9
concentration of Jews in
179
development of
6, 18, 40, 56, 58, 74, 111, 142, 169
Diaspora Jewry, supposed supremacy over
26–27, 35–36, 45, 55, 65, 73, 150–151, 158, 162–163, 187
education system
25, 60, 150
global Jewish efforts on behalf of
20
Holocaust, response to
2–3, 5, 8, 11, 13–15, 28–29, 35–37, 41, 44, 47–48, 54–56, 58, 62, 73, 123–125, 133–136, 138, 140–141, 143, 149, 155–156, 163, 165–166, 169–179, 184–185, 187–191, 193–194
Jewish world, place in
17, 27, 29, 33, 37, 56, 128, 141, 147, 151, 158–159, 162–163, 170, 180, 188, 191
YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
7
Zionism
12–26, 28–30, 37–41, 43, 45–46, 66–67, 70–71, 73–74, 114–115, 120–122, 124–126, 128–129, 131, 141, 144, 149–149, 175, 188
centrality of
71, 115
defined
14, 16, 20–21, 28, 36, 66, 112, 115, 124, 161
Zionist activists and organizations
11
Zionist Congress, nd
1–2, 13–14, 21, 42–43, 46, 112
Zionist institutions, response to Holocaust
114, 131, 142–143
Zionist movement
.
American Zionism
American Zionist influence on
9
emergence of
5, 13, 26, 55, 68, 72, 142–143, 146, 149, 151, 157
Israel, State of, relationship to
1–3, 5–12, 14–15, 18, 20, 23, 25–30, 35–43, 48, 55, 64–70, 73, 111–113, 120, 123–125, 132, 134, 141–145, 147–153, 155–157, 165, 169, 171–174, 176–183, 188–193
Jewish support for
71, 149
key figures
3, 31
Revisionist movement
112–113, 121–122, 151–152, 172
Zionist myth
21
Zionist Organization of America
4, 6, 9, 21, 24, 26, 114–115, 125, 142
composition of
11
Zionist philanthropies
6
Zionist public activists, U.S. immigration by
3
Zionist worldview
14, 23–24, 29, 67, 197