Figures
12.1 (a) Modern carthorse hames and their position on the collar, (b) Collar and hames for a light carriage horse 249
12.2 (a) Position of neck yoke with yoke forks (shoulder traction), (b) Modern collar harness, (c) Position of dorsal yoke (breast traction), (d) Modern breastcollar harness, (e) Yoke with shoulder cushion from the frescoes at Dunhuang, Xinjiang, China, (f) Erroneous “throat and girth” harness postulated by Lefebvre des Noëttes, consisting of a band around the neck attached to a yoke placed on top of the withers. a–d, f after Spruytte 1983, figs. on pp. 14–16; e adapted from A. Wegener Sleeswyk, Wielen, Wagens, Koetsen (Leeuwarden: Hedeby Publishing, 1993), fig. 4.24 250
12.3 Han dynasty carriage, Eastern Han dynasty (AD 8–AD 220). After Sun Ji, Zhongguo Gu Yu Fu Luncong, fig. 21–10.1. By kind permission of Mr Sun Ji 252
12.4 (a) Gallo-Roman harness as depicted on a stone monument from Arlon (Belgium). After Brownrigg and Crouwel, “Draught Systems in the Roman World,” fig. 3 (b) U-shaped element still hinged on its wooden sidepieces. Gallo-Roman harness fitting, excavated at Le Rondet, Switzerland. After Brownrigg and Crouwel, “Draught Systems in the Roman World,” fig. 9 252
12.5 Collars and traces depicted in the “Trier Apocalyse” c.800 AD (Stadtbibliothek und Stadtarchiv Trier, Codex 31). After Norbert Benecke, Der Mensch und Seine Haustiere. Die Geschichte einer jahrtusendealten Beziehung (Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss Verlag, 1994), fig. 66 254
12.6 Shafts attached directly to the collar, first half of the tenth century. Latin manuscript Psychomania: vices and virtues depicted as charioteers. Paris, Bibl. Nat. Ms 8085. After Rommelaere, “L’attelage médiéval,” 90 255
12.7 Donkey ploughing and pony harrowing, Bayeux tapestry c.1077. Adapted from Rommelaere, “L’attelage médiéval,” 91 255
12.8 (a) Jacob’s journey to Egypt, from Rudolf von Ems, Weltchronik, 1250–1254. After Rommelaere, “L’attelage médiéval,” 96; (b) Detail from a French manuscript “Vita sancti Dionysii” [Life of Saint Denis] (Paris, France), c.1320. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Ms. 2092. After Rommelaere, “L’attelage médiéval,” 100 256
12.9 Carriage and cart depicted on Eastern Han moulded bricks from Yinan and Fiching, China, second century AD (Eastern Han dynasty). After Sun Ji 2001, Figs. 4–6.2 and 4–6.3. By kind permission of Mr Sun Ji 260
12.10 Mural painting, Bangtaizi Village, Liaoyang, Late Han. After Sun Ji, Zhongguo Gu Yu Fu Luncong, Fig. 4–6.5. By kind permission of Mr Sun Ji. It is not clear whether the breast harness has been omitted or become less visible in the painting, or whether it has been supplanted by the U-shaped yoke harness resting in front of the horse’s shoulders 260
12.11 (a) Detail of a fresco in Dunhuang (Xinjiang, northwest China), cave no. 257. Author’s drawing after Needham, Science and Civilization in China, fig. 561, Northern Wei dynasty, fifth century AD (b) Stone carving, Wei Dynasty (386–534 AD). After Sun Ji, Zhongguo Gu Yu Fu Luncong, fig. 4–6.6. By kind permission of Mr Sun Ji 261
12.12 (a) Baggage cart from the procession of Lady Sung. Late Tang Dynasty mural in Dunhuang (Xinjiang, northwest China), cave no. 156, 851 AD. After Sun Ji, Zhongguo Gu Yu Fu Luncong, fig. 4–6.7. By kind permission of Mr. Sun Ji; (b) Yoke with shoulder cushion from the frescoes at Dunhuang. After Needham, Science and Civilization in China, fig. 556 (b) 263
12.13 Detail from the scroll painting “Along the River during the Quing Ming Festival,” attributed to the Song dynasty artist Zhang Zeduan (1085–1145) in the Palace Museum in Beijing, of which many copies exist including several from the Qing dynasty in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. After Sun Ji, Zhongguo Gu Yu Fu Luncong, fig. 4–6.8 263
12.14 Haudricourt’s postulated origin of the single ox yoke and modern horse harnessing, and the transfer of words for them, after Haudricourt, “De l’origine de l’attelage moderne,” fig. 12 265
12.15 (a) Wooden sidepieces of Gallo-Roman harness – forerunner of the hames on a horse collar. Detail of a stone relief, Trier, second century AD, after Raepsaet, Attelages et Techniques, fig. 136. (b) Reconstructed harness in use. Photo: G. Brownrigg. (c) Detail of a fourteenth-century French manuscript showing collar, hames and traces, adapted from Rommelaere, “L’attelage médiéval,” 100 266
13.1 Detail from the Begerin High Cross, Wexford. By kind permission of Dr Christiaan Corlett National Monuments Service Ireland 277
13.2 The Killeevan snaffle, Monaghan, Ireland. This image is reproduced with the kind permission of the National Museum of Ireland 278
13.3 Reconstructed Moynagh Lough organic bridle 283
13.4 Roxy modelling the organic bridle (with thanks to Carl Dunlop, QUB McClay Library for the loan of her cob) 284
13.5 The Anaverna pack saddle, from Co. Louth, Ireland. This image is reproduced with the kind permission of the National Museum of Ireland 285
14.1 Equus infoelicitatis: Francesco Colonna, Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499), ed. Marco Ariani and Mino Gabriele, Adelphi 1998, 3rd ed., 2 vols., I, 32, pp. 29–30 293
14.2 Temperance in Séjour de deuil pour le trepas de Messire Philippes de Commines (hs. 76 E 13, fol. 8r), 1512, tempera and gold leaf on parchment. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek 297
14.3 Detail from a fifteenth-century painting Adorazione dei Magi, 1423, Galleria degli Uffizi, by Gentile da Fabriano, showing curb bits with ornamental bosses at the sides of the mouthpiece 299
14.4 Wenzel von Olmütz (?), Aristotle and Phyllis, print 1485–1500 300
14.5 Detail from The Luttrell Psalter, British Library Add MS 42130, dated 1325–1340, fol. 63v 302
14.6 Triumph of Death, Bolzano, Church of the Dominicans, Saint John’s Chapel, 1330–1335) 303
14.7 Triumph of Death Lucignano d’Arezzo, Church of Saint Francis, Bartolo di Fredi, 1375 304
14.8 Triumph of Death, Palermo, Palazzo Abatellis, 1446 305
14.9 Subiaco (Roma), Monastero di Sacro Speco, mid-fourteenth century 306
14.10 Le tarot dit de Charles VI, Death, Major arcana from the Rothschild deck of cards (Ferrara, end of the fifteenth century) 307
14.11 Bible (1290–1300), Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague KB, 76 F 5, fol. 24v sc. 2A 309
14.12 Detail of the Reliquary of the head of San Galgano, Siena Museo dell’Opera del Duomo 311
14.13 Andrea di Bartolo, La Conversione di San Galgano, Pisa, Museo Nazionale San Matteo 312
14.14 Andrea Alciato, Emblematum libellus, “Temeritas,” Venice, Aldus, 1546, E7v–f39v 315
14.15 Jacopo Bellini, ca. 1440–1470, London, British Museum, 1855–0811.4 recto, The Warburg Iconographic Database 316
14.16 Detail from The Luttrell Psalter, British Library, Add MS 42130 (dated 1325), fol. 80r 317
14.17 Honoré Daumier, Don Quichotte, 1850, Neue Pinakothek, Munich 321
Table
13.1 From Maguire 2018. Radiocarbon dates for horse bones at Hill of Ward/Tlachtga 272