This appendix provides a general overview of each of the twenty-four manuscripts that contributed recipes to the analysis, including information on their dating, origins, and contents.
Manuscripts from the Bibliothèque Nationale de France
Paris, BnF lat. 2849A
BnF lat. 2849A is a composite manuscript made up of two distinct codicological units later bound together; medical material is only found in the first section.1 Bernhard Bischoff has suggested that this part of the manuscript, ff. 1râ23v, can be dated to the third quarter of the ninth century, but he was not certain where to place the manuscriptâs origins, noting that it was most likely produced in France or Italy.2 Medical texts, including a cluster of unattributed recipes and a monthly regimen, occur on ff. 16vâ23v; the small recipe collection (ff. 18vâ23v) yielded fifty-four recipes.
Paris, BnF lat. 2858
BnF lat. 2858, a manuscript dated to the third quarter of the ninth century, contains the only surviving copy of the letters of Lupus of Ferrières.3 Bischoff considered this manuscript to be a product of Lupusâ circle and located its origins to either Fleury or Auxerre.4 While Lupusâ letters make up the majority of the manuscript (ff. 1râ63v), two recipes appear in the final section of the volume (on f. 67v and f. 68r, respectively) alongside an excerpt from Boethius and various other letters.5 Given the unexpected context of this medical material, the manuscript appears to have been unknown to Augusto Beccaria, though Ernest Wickersheimer included it in his catalogue.6
According to Bischoff, BnF lat. 5543 was produced in a writing centre in France; its appearance in Fleury by the tenth century may suggest that it was written at this site.7 Although the manuscriptâs place of origin is somewhat uncertain, Bischoff pinpointed its production to the year 847.8 The manuscript contains a diverse mixture of texts that primarily focus on computistical, calendrical, and astronomical themes, including computus tables and calendars, an illustrated catalogue of stars, and a selection of writings by Bede and Isidore of Seville.9 While some medical material can be found within this textual environment (for example, Egyptian Days (dies aegyptiaci), or particular days of the year that were thought to be unlucky and often noted as days to avoid bloodletting, are included in some of the calendars), the manuscript opens with a small section of recipes on ff. 1râ3r. It appears, however, that some pages have been lost, since it begins in the middle of a prescription. Although Beccaria did not include BnF lat. 5543 in his catalogue, like the preceding manuscript, it was known to Wickersheimer.10 In total, the surviving folia yielded sixty-five recipes.
Paris, BnF lat. 6882A
BnF lat. 6882A is a composite manuscript made up of medical texts written in the ninth, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries.11 The ninth-century material, dated more specifically to the first half of the ninth century by Bischoff, is situated at the beginning of the manuscript (ff. 1â26). Bischoff suggested that it may have been composed in southwest France.12 Within this section of the manuscript, excerpts from the Pseudo-Galenic De succedaneis liber and Isidoreâs Etymologiae can be found alongside information on weights and measures, instructions for phlebotomy, hermeneumata, and, according to Beccaria, miscellaneous recipes and extracts (âmiscellanea di estratti e di ricetteâ).13 A contents list on ff. 1vâ8v suggests that the manuscript once included a large, early medieval pharmaceutical compilation, but the collection itself has not survived. A number of individual recipes, however, were added to the margins of the
Paris, BnF lat. 7021
According to Bischoff, BnF lat. 7021 can be dated to the first or possibly second quarter of the ninth century and may have been written at a centre in the vicinity of Paris.14 Hippocratesâ Aphorisms represents the primary text of this manuscript, covering ff. 1râ118r out of 119 folia.15 I transcribed the only other text found within the codex, a single antidote located on ff. 118vâ119r.16
Paris, BnF lat. 9332
BnF lat. 9332, an early ninth-century manuscript from western France (most probably Fleury), contains excerpts from three well-known classical and late antique medical texts: Oribasiusâ Synopsis (ff. 1vaâ138va), Alexander of Trallesâ Therapeutica (ff. 138vbâ242vb), and Dioscoridesâs De materia medica (ff. 243raâ321va).17 The earliest surviving copy of the Epistula vulturis, a short treatise on the medico-magical uses of vulture body parts, was inserted into the text of De materia medica on f. 251vaâ251vb.18 In addition to these writings, unattributed recipes are located on ff. 69rb, 233vb, and 321va. My transcriptions of the material added to these pages produced nine recipes.
Paris, BnF lat. 11218
Bischoff noted a number of early Caroline hands in BnF lat. 11218, dating the 126-folia manuscript to the late eighth or early ninth centuries and suggesting Burgundy as a possible location for its composition.19 Its contents are entirely medical, and include a diverse range of texts, such as excerpts from the Hippocratic and Galenic corpora, several texts by Vindicianus (fl. fourth century), a selection of Isidoreâs Etymologiae, instructions on phlebotomy, a variety of prognostic and calendrical works, as well as many groups of recipes that have not been associated with an individual classical or late antique source.20 Regarding the latter, these are listed by Beccaria as miscellaneous
Paris, BnF lat. 11219
BnF lat. 11219 is thought to have been produced at Saint-Denis.22 Like BnF lat. 11218, its texts are entirely focused on medicine and cover a wide range of medical writings. These include a number of epistolary texts and excerpts from classical and late antique authors, a series of treatises on phlebotomy, several hermeneumata, a dietetic calendar, writings on prognostication, as well as collections of recipes.23 While a primary hand, dated to the middle of the ninth century, is responsible for the majority of these texts, a series of other hands can be found throughout the manuscript. Many of these, such as those responsible for glosses in Old High German, have been dated to the tenth century and later; Bischoff dates these vernacular additions, for example, to the twelfth century.24
Near the end of the manuscript, ff. 221vaâ229vb contain unattributed recipes and present a complex mixture of these different hands. Past scholarship has tended to interpret this material as a series of later additions.25 A close palaeographical study and re-examination of the order in which the hands appear, however, suggests that, at least in this section of the manuscript, the various hands date to the very end of the present studyâs date range.26 It is particularly noteworthy that many of these individual hands appear to be closely related, possibly representing teachers and students. As such, the manuscript bears witness to the addition of material over time and to the continued engagement with the manuscript itself over several generations of scribes. While its latest hands in the sections of recipes relevant to this study may extend into
Manuscripts from the Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallen27
Cod. sang. 44
Cod. sang. 44 is a composite manuscript made up of two distinct halves. A bible given to St Gall in c. 780 covers pp. 1â184 while a compilation of over twenty individual medical texts can be found on pp. 186â368.28 The medical half of the manuscript, a distinct âmedical manuscriptâ prior to its union with the bible, has been dated to the second half of the ninth century, and Bischoff has suggested that it was written in northern Italy.29 Its texts include a wide range of medical topics and genres of writing, such as excerpts from the Hippocratic and Galenic corpora, letters of Vindicianus, the Herbariencorpus, and prognostic and calendrical texts.30 Three major early medieval recipe collections can also be found within the manuscript, covering pp. 228â60, 337â54, and 354â68, each of which were transcribed and published in the early twentieth century: Henry Sigerist included the first in Studien und Texte zur frühmittelalterlichen Rezeptliteratur and Julius Jörimann addressed the second two in Frühmittelalterliche Rezeptarien.31
While some research into their content has been pursued (John Riddleâs study of non-local materia medica, for example, uses Sigeristâs transcriptions), rarely have the three recipe collections been discussed together or with other texts within the medical half of the manuscript.32 Some of these individual components, however, have been recognised as related to material in other codices; the third of the large early medieval recipe collections (pp. 354â68), for example, has been noted as sharing much in common with a recipe collection in bav pal. lat. 1088 (also part of this studyâs sample), and Arsenio Ferraces RodrÃguez has linked both to the Teraupetica-Tereoperica tradition
Overall, I take a more comprehensive approach to the manuscriptâs âmiscellaneousâ and unattributed recipes, considering not only the early medieval recipe collections (for which I have produced new, revised transcriptions), but also including individual marginal remedies noted by Beccaria (pp. 195, 197, and 215), as well as small groups of recipes either unmentioned by Beccaria or labelled âmiscellaneousâ (pp. 186, 276â80, 282â6, 304, and 330â6), in my analyses. In total, the manuscript contributed 917 recipes to the study, and a selection of these recipes can be seen in Figures 3 and 7.
Cod. sang. 217
Cod. sang. 217 is thought to have been written in northern Italy and has been dated to the early ninth century by Bischoff.34 This is a particularly complex manuscript, containing at least two distinct works that were later bound together. This subsequent binding has resulted in the reordering of quires as well as the loss of certain sections, some of which are also still held in St Gall and will be addressed below in the discussion of cod. sang. 1396.35
While the Stiftsbibliothekâs earliest surviving copy of Gregoryâs Regula pastoralis comprises much of the manuscript (pp. 1â249), a varied collection of medical texts makes up the final quarter of the codex (pp. 252â341). Small groups of recipes are interspersed between the St. Galler Botanicus and St. Galler Bestiarius, neither of which follow their intended order. Monica Niederer has published an edition and translation of the Botanicus, a text that stems from the classical and late antique herbal tradition.36 Within this re-bound environment, I transcribed the recipes found on pp. 253â74 and 332â8, putting the pages in the following order: 255, 256, 253, 254, 259, 260, 257, 258, 261â74, 335â8, and 332â4. Although Peter Köpp has also published a transcription of these pages, a revised transcription was needed. Furthermore, in my transcriptions of recipes from cod. sang. 217, just as in cod. sang. 44, I have included not only material
Cod. sang. 397
Although it contains the hands of approximately forty different scribes, cod. sang. 397 has been identified as the vademecum of Grimald, Abbot of St Gall (841â72). As such, it can be dated to the middle of the ninth century, specifically from the 830s to the 860s, and tied to locations where Grimald was active, such as Aachen and St Gall.38 Grimaldâs connections to the court (as Louis the Germanâs arch-chaplain, chancellor, and a missus Dominicus) resulted in his movement around the Frankish Empire, so it is likely that the manuscript was added to over time and at a number of different locations.39
The codex consists of a vast and varied assemblage of different texts, such as information about the St Gall area, poems, liturgical writings, and material relating to many different branches of the natural world, including medicine. Given the relatively minor role played by medical writings within the vademecum as a whole, it is not surprising that Beccaria appears to have been unaware of this manuscript and thus did not describe it in his catalogue. The short texts concerning medicine and healthcare, which range from a list of Egyptian Days to a word list defining places of care (such as xenodochium and nosochomium), occur throughout the manuscript.40 Within this mixture of medical material, I identified and transcribed two recipes on p. 22.
Cod. sang. 550
Dated to the second and third quarters of the ninth century (with some later additions, too), Bischoff has suggested that cod. sang. 550 was likely produced in a Swiss writing centre.41 The manuscript contains hagiographical texts, the formulae of Reichenau and Murbach, a penitential of Pseudo-Cummean, and ends with a series of grammatical
Cod. sang. 751
A massive codex primarily focused on medical writings, cod. sang. 751 consists of several dozen different texts within its 500 pages.42 This manuscript, first noted in Chapter 1 in relation to the case of Terenti(an)us, appears to have been produced in a northern Italian writing centre, though it probably arrived in St Gall soon after its compilation.43 Dated to the first half of the ninth century, the compendium contains medical glossaries, the Liber Esculapii, prognostic and calendrical texts, a version of the Physica Plinii, passages from the Herbariencorpus, Galenic and Hippocratic texts, selections from Vindicianusâ writings, instructions for bloodletting, and works on diet.44
Beccaria described many of the short sections of text between these better known medical writings and excerpts simply as âvarious recipesâ, âother recipes and extractsâ, or âmiscellaneous recipes and extractsâ (e.g., pp. 37â9, 172â5, 304â8, 318â24, 362â9, 377â414, 414â24, and 430). Furthermore, a significant number of folia in the final one hundred pages of the manuscript (namely, pp. 431â45, 448â52, 455â63, 467â75, 478â91, and 494) are unmentioned in the catalogue.45 However, two numbered contents lists indicate the planned nature of the assortment of texts included within the manuscript. The first contents list, found on pp. 341â7, corresponds to the material on pp. 355â414 (which includes the âmiscellaneousâ sections on pp. 362â9 and 377â414), while the second, found on pp. 424â28, outlines much of the rest of the manuscript. Both of these discrete compilations contain hundreds of individual recipes, though they also contain additional texts largely orientated around pharmacy (e.g., on weights and measures). In total, the manuscript contributed 1187 recipes to the study, and a selection of these treatments can be seen in the bookâs cover image as well as in Figure 2.
Cod. sang. 752 is thought to have been composed at St Gall itself.46 Paralleling codd. sang. 44 and 217, the codex represents a composite manuscript made up of two distinct units. In this case, both textual units focus on medicine and have been dated to c. 900.47 The first section of the manuscript, pp. 1â80, contains the Medicina Plinii.48 In the several pages between the end of this text and the start of Gargilius Martialisâ (fl. third century) Medicinae ex oleribus et pomis (which is often found together with the Medicina Plinii), a diverse group of medical writings appears. These include a dietetic calendar, a group of recipes for darkening the hair, and the Spera Apulei Platonici, a medico-mathematical prognostic device used to predict the outcome of an illness.49 The second half of the manuscript, pp. 161â326, contains an excerpt from Isidore of Sevilleâs Etymologiae and one of the few surviving copies of the Oxea et chronia passiones Yppocratis, Gallieni et Urani. I transcribed material on pp. 5, 81â82, and 158â9, totalling fifteen recipes. Two of these recipes can be seen in Figure 5.
Cod. sang. 759
The opening Terenti(an)us example also features cod. sang. 759. Bischoff suggests that this early ninth-century manuscript was composed in Brittany; the text is written in an Insular script that shows continental influences.50 The 94-page codex contains a variety of medical texts, such as extracts of Oribasius and Galen, dietetic calendars, and information on weights and measures.51
The second half of the manuscript, pp. 53â94, contains a large recipe collection, although a number of pages of the collection have been lost. While its contents list records 446 entries, only entries 1â137 and 271â353 survive, or roughly half of the collection (220 out of a possible 446 entries). I transcribed the surviving portions of this collection as well as two smaller groups of recipes on pp. 1â8 and 45â6. In total, the manuscript contributed 451 recipes, a selection of which can be seen in Figures 1 and 6.
Cod. sang. 761, another manuscript written in an Insular script, appears to have been composed in the early ninth century.52 Bischoff located the manuscriptâs origins to Fulda, a writing centre known to have had scribes writing in a âcontinental Insularâ script until the middle of the ninth century.53 The codex contains extensive selections of Oribasiusâ Synopsis and Euporista as well as excerpts from the Hippocratic and Galenic corpora.54 In addition to these established textual traditions, the manuscript contains a relatively small collection of recipes on pp. 51â66 that are unattributed to a single classical or late antique source. From this collection, I transcribed forty-six recipes.
Cod. sang. 878
Cod. sang. 878, a manuscript thought to have been Walahfrid Straboâs vademecum, contains a wide variety of writings, ranging from works on computus to Priscianâs (fl. c. 500) Institutiones grammaticae.55 Texts relating to health and medicine are interspersed throughout the codex. In particular, Hippocratesâ Epistula ad Antiochum regem, Anthimusâ De observatione ciborum, a treatise on phlebotomy, and several pages of âmiscellaneous recipes and extractsâ (âmiscellanea di ricette e di estrattiâ) are found in clusters over pp. 327â93.56 I transcribed the so-called miscellaneous sections (pp. 331â4, 372â7, and 392â3), resulting in seventeen recipes.
Although the manuscript has been linked to Walahfrid, a number of different hands can be seen within its pages. The Old High German glosses on p. 333, for example, certainly cannot be attributed to Walahfrid since they appear to date to the eleventh
Cod. sang. 899
According to Bischoff, cod. sang. 899 was produced at St Gall at the very end of the ninth century.59 Largely a poetry anthology, it includes works such as Ausoniusâ (fl. fourth century) Mosella and Walahfrid Straboâs Versus Strabi de beati Blaithmaic vita et fine as well as poems by Paul the Deacon (d. before 800), Peter of Pisa (d. before 800), and Theodulf of Orléans (d. 821).60 The codex also contains writings on the liberal arts, a notable number of Greek and latinised Greek words, and several medical sections.61 Given this mixture of genres, largely non-medical in their areas of focus, the manuscript appears to have been unknown to Beccaria. My transcriptions of the medical writings on pp. 83â4, 131, and 137â42 produced a total of forty-two recipes, a selection of which can be seen in Figure 4.
It is significant to note a link between this manuscript and two others in the present study, codd. sang. 397 and 752, all of which can be directly associated with St Gall. These three codices share a distinct unit of medical information: two recipes that contain an unusual (and hence highly recognisable) cluster of ingredients named in the vernacular and explained in Latin (the version of these recipes in cod. sang. 752 can be seen in Figure 5).62 In cod. sang. 899, the second recipe ends with the phrase de libro
Cod. sang. 1396
Cod. sang. 1396, unlike the manuscripts reviewed above, represents a collection of fragments that the Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallen keeps together as a single unit.63 Within this diverse assemblage, there is a section of fragmentary medical writings, several of which date to the Carolingian period. A number of these folia have been linked with cod. sang. 217. As noted above, during a later binding of cod. sang. 217, several sections of text were lost from the original manuscript, some of which remain in St Gall and now form part of cod. sang. 1396; the pages in question are labelled pp. 9â16 and 19â22 in cod. sang. 1396.64 These folia belong to the same group of recipes I transcribed from cod. sang. 217, meaning they, too, originated in a northern Italian centre in the early ninth century. My transcription of these fragments produced an additional 118 recipes.
Manuscripts from the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana
bav pal. lat. 187
Although bav pal. lat. 187 begins with a psalter (ff. 1vâ6v, incomplete), the majority of the manuscript is medical in focus: f. 7r contains two unattributed recipes and ff. 8râ66v represents the oldest surviving (though incomplete) copy of The Alphabet of Galen.65 Surprisingly, the manuscript is not featured in Beccariaâs catalogue. The places of origin and dates of the manuscriptâs three constituent parts are still debated. While E. A. Lowe dated all three units to the eighth century and suggested that it was produced in northern Italy on the basis of the cursive seen on f. 7r, Bischoff revised the dating to the late eighth and early ninth centuries and identified eastern France as a possible area of origin.66 Nicholas Everett has proposed an earlier dating of all parts of
bav pal. lat. 1088
bav pal. lat. 1088, a medical manuscript written in the area of Lyon in the middle or third quarter of the ninth century, consists entirely of medical texts.68 Excerpts of Galen, Quintus Serenus (fl. second century), and Vindicianus, several groups of recipes unattributed to a particular source, as well as two larger early medieval recipe collections are contained within its 121 folia.69 Glosses in Old High German can be seen in some of the recipes.70 As noted above, the recipe collection on ff. 31râ50r, which includes a contents list on 31râ33rc, has many parallels to the third recipe collection of cod. sang. 44 (pp. 354â68). While their similarities highlight the movement of knowledge and dissemination of shared of sources during this period, the ways in which the individual compilations differ simultaneously speak to the fluidity of such collections: scribes could add, remove, and adapt material as their conditions allowed.
In addition to transcribing the collection on ff. 31râ50r, I also transcribed the smaller recipe collection on ff. 50râ66r since, according to Beccaria, it represents another example of a âmiscellanea di ricette e di estrattiâ.71 An edition of this recipe collection has recently been published by Arsenio Ferraces RodrÃguez, but this was not available when I transcribed and analysed the text.72 Taking into account these two recipe collections as well as a number of individual recipes inserted on ff. 94râ95r and 107v, the manuscript contributed 835 recipes to the analysis.
bav reg. lat. 598
bav reg. lat. 598 represents a collection of fragments written at different times and covering a variety of topics.73 Two sections of the manuscript concern medicine and have been dated to the Carolingian period: ff. 26râ33r and 124râ125r. While the first section contains a selection of excerpts from known texts, such as Quintus Serenusâ Liber medicinalis and Hippocratesâ Epistula ad Antiochum regem, the second medical
bav reg. lat. 1143
bav reg. lat. 1143 is an early ninth-century manuscript made up of three codicological sections: a) ff. 1â85 and 201â202, b) ff. 86â189, and c) ff. 190â200.75 At least four quires are missing (vâvi and xiiiâxiv), and the manuscript has been damaged by humidity. Bischoff has suggested that the codex was composed in the area around Mainz.76 The surviving texts are entirely related to health and medicine and include a selection of Theodorus Priscianusâ Euporista, the end of book iii of Alexander of Trallesâ Therapeutica, Vindicianusâ Epistula ad Pentadium, Hippocratesâ Epistula ad Antiochum regem, as well as a large number of recipes and extracts labelled âmiscellaneousâ by Beccaria (e.g., ff. 80vâ86r, 105vâ109v, 118râ125r, 129vâ134v, 141râ187v, 188râ189r, 190râ193r, and 196râ200r).77 In total, the manuscript contributed 312 recipes to the study.
bav vat. lat. 5951
Dated to the first quarter of the ninth century, Bischoff has suggested that bav vat. lat. 5951 was produced in Italy or possibly southern Burgundy.78 Certain elements in the script and particular notes might reflect a connection to Nonantola.79 The manuscript mostly consists of Celsusâ (fl. second century) De Medicina, although Book I of Muscioâs Gynaecia (c. 500) was inserted on ff. 65râ65v in the twelfth century. In addition to these two texts, recipes have been added as marginal notes on ff. 1r, 1v, 2r, 66v, and 68v. These additions have been written by several different hands, some of which appear to date to the ninth century, while others, including the cough recipe on f. 68v added by a certain âIohannes Calabriâ (quite possibly John Philagathos, the tenth-century antipope John xvi), were added in the tenth century and later.80 Unfortunately, some of the manuscriptâs margins have sustained damage, such that, of the ninth-century additions, only a single recipe could be transcribed.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 4253; Beccaria, I codici, no. 19; Wickersheimer, Les manuscrits, no. 49.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 4253.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 4255; Bernhard Bischoff, âCaritas-Leiderâ, in Mittelalterliche Studien. Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur Schriftkunde und Literaturgeschichte, ed. Bernhard Bischoff (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1967), vol. 2, 56â76, at p. 66.
Bischoff, Manuscripts and Libraries in the Age of Charlemagne, trans. Gorman, 123.
Wickersheimer, Les manuscrits, no. 50.
Ibid.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 4367; Marco Mostert, The Library of Fleury. A Provisional List of Manuscripts (Hilversum: Verloren, 1989), no. 1058f.
Wickersheimer, Les manuscrits, no. 56; Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 4367.
On links between calendars, computus, and medicine, see Wallis, âMedicine in Medieval Calendar Manuscriptsâ.
Wickersheimer, Les manuscrits, no. 56.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 26; Wickersheimer, Les manuscrits, no. 63.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 4419; Wickersheimer, Les manuscrits, no. 63.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 26.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 4420; Wickersheimer, Les manuscrits, no. 64.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 27.
Cf. Wickersheimerâs transcription of this recipe in Les manuscrits, no. 64.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 4569; Bischoff, Manuscripts and Libraries in the Age of Charlemagne, trans. Gorman, 31, 144; Beccaria, I codici, no. 31; Wickersheimer, Les manuscrits, no. 71. Note: this manuscript is also linked to Bern, Burgerbibliothek, A 91.7, a manuscript not under analysis in the present study.
Loren C. MacKinney, âAn Unpublished Treatise on Medicine and Magic from the Age of Charlemagneâ, Speculum 18, no. 4 (1943): 494â6,
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 4669.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 34; Wickersheimer, Les manuscrits, no. 76.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 34.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 4670; Jean Vezin, âLe point dâinterrogation, un élément de datation et de localisation des manuscrits. Lâexemple de Saint-Denis au ixe siècleâ, Scriptorium 34, no. 2 (1980): 181â96, at pp. 191â2; Jean Vezin, âLes manuscrits copiés à Saint-Denis en France pendant lâépoque carolingienneâ, Paris et Ãle-de-France. Mémoires 32 (1981): 273â87, at p. 283.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 35; Wickersheimer, Les manuscrits, no. 77. See also Sabbah, Corsetti, and Fischer, btml; Fischer, btml 1; and Fischer, btml 2, entries on âDynamidia (Hippocratis)â and âPseudo-Galenus: Prognostica (Inc. Frons rubet)â.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 4670.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 35.
My thanks to Rosamond McKitterick and Anna Dorofeeva for their assessments of these folia. While McKitterick posits that the folia in question contain hands primarily from the mid-to late ninth century, Dorofeeva suggests a slightly later dating, moving into the tenth century but emphasises the relatedness of the hands.
Manuscripts held in St Gall are paginated not foliated.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 129; Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, nos. 5529a-30.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, nos. 5529a-30; Bischoff, âItalienische Handschriftenâ, 177â8.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 129. Meg Leja considered this manuscript in relation to her analysis of the Lorscher Arzneibuch, see Leja, âThe Sacred Artâ, 17â18.
Studien und Texte, ed. Sigerist, 78â99; Frühmittelalterliche Rezeptarien, ed. Jörimann, 37â61.
Riddle, âThe Introduction and Use of Eastern Drugsâ.
Ferraces RodrÃguez, âUn recetario médico altomedievalâ; Ferraces RodrÃguez, âReutilización de fuentes en recetarios medicos de la antigüedad tardÃaâ.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, nos. 5662a-63; E. A. Lowe, Codices Latini antiquiores: A Palaeographical Guide to Latin Manuscripts Prior to the Ninth Century, 11 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934â66), vol. 8, no. 926; Beccaria, I codici, no. 131. Both Clare Pilsworth and Meg Leja have considered this manuscript in their analyses of medical manuscripts, see Pilsworth, Healthcare in Early Medieval Northern Italy, 78â81 and Leja, âThe Sacred Artâ, 16â17.
Vademecum eines frühmittelalterlichen Arztes, ed. and trans. Köpp, 15.
Der St. Galler Botanicus, ed. and trans. Niederer.
Vademecum eines frühmittelalterlichen Arztes, ed. and trans. Köpp.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 5741. The manuscript is also linked with a series of folia in bav reg. lat. 421 (ff. 21â25), a manuscript not under analysis in the present study.
Bernhard Bischoff, âBücher am Hofe Ludwigs des Deutschen und die Privatbibliothek des Kanzlers Grimaltâ, in Mittelalterliche Studien. Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur Schriftkunde und Literaturgeschichte, edited by Bernhard Bischoff (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1981), vol. 3, 187â212, at pp. 199â201.
For the Egyptian Days, see cod. sang. 397, p. 26; on Egyptian Days more generally, see, for example, Skemer, âArmis Gunfeâ. For the list of places of care, see p. 38; the terms include: xenodochium, ptochotrophium, nosochomium, orphanotrophium, gerontochomium, and brephotrophium.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 5761; Bischoff, âBücher am Hofe Ludwigs des Deutschenâ, 194â5.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 133.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 5844.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 133. See also Sabbah, Corsetti, and Fischer, btml; Fischer, btml 1; and Fischer, btml 2 (entry on âDynamidia (Hippocratis)â) regarding material on pp. 339â40, 365, 416â17.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 133: âricette varieâ, âaltre ricette ed altri estrattiâ, or âmiscellanea di ricette e di estrattiâ.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 134; Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 5845.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 134; Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 5845.
For a recent English translation, see The Medicina Plinii, trans. Hunt.
Roy Michael Liuzza, âThe Sphere of Life and Death: Time, Medicine, and the Visual Imaginationâ, in Latin Learning and English Lore: Studies in Anglo-Saxon Literature for Michael Lapidge, ed. Katherine OâBrien OâKeeffe and Andy Orchard (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), vol. 2, 28â52, at p. 29. For a transcription of the Spera (both text and image), see Sigerist, ââThe Sphere of Life and Deathâ in Early Medieval Manuscriptsâ, 294â6.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 5846; Bischoff, Manuscripts and Libraries in the Age of Charlemagne, trans. Gorman, 30.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 135.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 5847.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 5847; Bischoff, Manuscripts and Libraries in the Age of Charlemagne, trans. Gorman, 118, 149; Herrad Spilling, âAngelsächsische Schrift in Fuldaâ, in Von der Klosterbibliothek zur Landesbibliothek. Beiträge zum zweihundertjährigen Bestehen der Hessischen Landesbibliothek Fulda, ed. Artur Brall (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1978), 47â98.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 136.
Cod. sang. 878; Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 5862. For more on cod. sang. 878 and its connection to Walahfrid Strabo, see Bischoff, âEine Sammelhandschrift Walahfrid Strabosâ, 34â51; Bischoff, Manuscripts and Libraries in the Age of Charlemagne, 101; Richard Corradini, âPieces of a Puzzle: Time and History in Walahfridâs Vademecumâ, Early Medieval Europe 22, no. 4 (2014): 476â91,
Beccaria, I codici, no. 139.
von Steinmeyer and Sievers, Die althochdeutschen Glossen, vol. 4, 455.
More specifically, Bischoff considers the writing on pp. 331â4 to represent âw iiiâ, the penultimate phase of Walahfridâs script, whereas he has labelled the text on pp. 372â7 as âw ivâ, thereby dating this section of the manuscript to the final years of Walahfridâs life. Bischoff, âEine Sammelhandschrift Walahfrid Strabosâ, 34â51; my thanks also to Richard Corradini for discussing these sections of the manuscript.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 5865. Like cod. sang. 397, the manuscript is also connected to a series of folia in bav reg. lat. 421 (ff. 20, 27â8, and possibly 33), a manuscript not under analysis in the present study.
Bernhard Bischoff, âÃbersicht über die nichtdiplomatischen Geheimschriften des Mittelaltersâ, in Mittelalterliche Studien. Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur Schriftkunde und Literaturgeschichte, ed. Bernhard Bischoff (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1981), vol. 3, 120â48, at p. 138; Bischoff, âBücher am Hofe Ludwigs des Deutschenâ, 201, 210.
Significant sections of Greek words can be found on pp. 57, 83â4, and 107, for example. Bernhard Bischoff, âDas griechische Element in der abendländischen Bildung des Mittelaltersâ, in Mittelalterliche Studien. Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur Schriftkunde und Literaturgeschichte, ed. Bernhard Bischoff (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1967), vol. 2, 246â74, at pp. 256, 268.
The recipes are located in cod. sang. 397, p. 22; cod. sang. 752, p. 158; and cod. sang. 899, p. 131; see Chapter 5.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, nos. 5886â93 (note that the medical sections under consideration here are covered by no. 5889); Beccaria, I codici, no. 140.
On the original order of the pages in cod. sang. 217, see Vademecum eines frühmittelalterlichen Arztes, ed. and trans. Köpp, 15.
Lowe, cla, vol. 1, nos. 80â1; Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 6474; The Alphabet of Galen: Pharmacy from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, ed. and trans. Nicholas Everett (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012), 121â3.
Lowe, cla, vol. 1, nos. 80â1; Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 6474; Bischoff, Die Abtei Lorsch im Spiegel ihrer Handschriften, 60, 118â19.
The Alphabet of Galen, ed. and trans. Everett, 121â3.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 6574; Beccaria, I codici, no. 103.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 103.
von Steinmeyer and Sievers, Die althochdeutschen Glossen, vol. 4, 363â5 and 367â8.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 103.
Ferraces RodrÃguez, âUn recetario médico altomedievalâ, 41â80.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 104.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, nos. 6718â22.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, nos. 6766â7.
Ibid.
Beccaria, I codici, no. 106.
Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften, vol. 3, no. 6927.
Bischoff, Manuscripts and Libraries in the Age of Charlemagne, trans. Gorman, 151; Beccaria, I codici, no. 102.
My thanks to Silvia Maria Marchiori for sharing unpublished work on the early medieval Latin tradition of Celsusâ De medicina and John Philagathos.