Abbreviations Employed
| BSOAS | Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London |
| EI | Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition, 4 vols, and supplement, Leiden, 1913â42 |
| EI2 | Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd edition, 1960â2005 |
| EI3 | Encyclopedia of Islam, 3rd edition, 2007â |
| EIr | Encyclopedia Iranica, 1996 |
| IJMES | International Journal of Middle East Studies |
| JA | Journal Asiatique |
| JAL | Journal of Arabic Literature |
| JAOS | Journal of the American Oriental Society |
| JRAS | Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |