Note on Pronunciation
| c | in Turkish is [dÍ¡Ê] as in English John |
| Ä | [c] or [tÍ¡É] similar (but not equal) to English ch in Charles |
| Ä, ç | [tÍ¡Ê] as in English Charles |
| Ä | [É] or [dÍ¡Ê] similar (but not equal) to English j in John |
| Ä | historically a velar fricative [É£], mostly unpronounced in Modern Turkish |
| h | in Macedonian is [x] as in German Bach |
| kh | [x] as in German Bach |
| ı | âdarkâ vowel [ɯ] (no standard English equivalent) |
| ö | [Å] as in German zwölf |
| Å¡, Å | [Ê] as in English Shakespeare |
| ü | [y] as in German fünf |
| ž | [Ê] as in French Jean |