Index
Actio popularis
235 , 237
Admissibility of evidence
419
Admission of evidence
419
Adversarial procedure
276 , 278 , 284
Affirmanti incumbit probatio
36
Approaches of contextualization
12
Best evidence rule
437
Beweisverwertungsverbote
423
Beyond reasonable doubt
5
Burden of proof.
See
Terminology
Burden to come forward with evidence
363 , 381
Case law.
See
Sources of law
Checkerboarding.
See
Criteria for legitimacy
Circumstantial evidence
, 281 –282
Civil law
278
Clear and convincing evidence
5
Coherence.
See
Criteria for legitimacy
Committee against Torture
68
Committee of Ministers
7
Common law
2 , 278
Contextualization
9 , 13 –15
Convention on the Rights of the Child
4
Criteria for legitimacy
15 –16
Degree of proof.
See
Standard of proof
Diplomatic communiqué
66
Due process
14
European Agreement relating to Persons Participating in Proceedings of the ECtHR
381
European Committee for the Prevention of Torture
453 , 463
European Court of Human Rights
Admissibility
Art. 35 ECHR
176
Commencement de preuve
177
Exhaustion of domestic remedies
171
Ex-officio examination
168 , 171
Indirect victims
164
International res iudicata
175
Manifestly ill-founded
176 –178
Non liquet
167
Preclusion of objections
169
Reasonable claim
163
Rule 47 Rules of Court
177
Rule 55 Rules of Court
168
Six-months rule
170
Victim status
163 –166
Art. 19 ECHR
286
Art. 35 ECHR
272
Art. 38 ECHR
285 , 288 , 301 , , 303 , 405
Art. 39 ECHR
288
Art. 39 Rules of Court
393
Art. 40 ECHR
294
Burden of proof
187 , 285
Duty to cooperate
304 –306
Annex to the Rules of Court
305
Art. 38 ECHR
304
Rule 44A Rules of Court
304
Summoning witnesses
306
Facilitation of proof
Art. 14 ECHR
328
Art. 2 ECHR
317
Art. 8 ECHR
325
Burden of proof
308
Casting doubt
315
Circumstantial evidence
313 , , 320 –321
Clandestine surveillance
324 –326
Continuous practice
321 –323
Discrimination
326 –329
Discriminatory effect
327
Elements of doubt
308
Enforced disappearance
317 –324
Factual presumption
300 , 308
Ill-treatment
311
Lack of adequate investigation
329 –331
Plausible explanation
314
Prima-facie case
320 , 329
Prison overcrowding
315
Racial prejudice
328
Tactical burden
310 , , 315 –316 , 382
Victim in State custody
311 –317
Fact-finding
381
Annex to the Rules of Court
297 , , , 301 –303
Art. 2 ECHR
381
Conflicting accounts of events
290 , 292
Delegations
297
Fact-finding missions
, 291 –292
Intimidation of witnesses
381
Investigatory powers
291
On-spot investigations
300 –303
Proprio motu fact-finding
290
Rule 23A Rules of Court
292
Submission of evidence
291
Witnesses
296 ,
Written evidence
293 –294
Free evaluation of evidence
449
Hearings
294 –299
Hearsay evidence
430
Investigative measures
285
Investigatory procedure
399
Non liquet
192
Non-cooperation
395
Arguable claim
400
Prima-facie case
397 –400
Rule 44B Rules of Court
395
Rule 44C Rules of Court
396
Persuasive burden
Adequate investigation
202
Art. 10 ECHR
184 , 186
Art. 11 ECHR
184 , 186
Art. 13 ECHR
182
Art. 14 ECHR
183 , 187
Art. 15 ECHR
188
Art. 2 ECHR
181 , 198 , 203
Art. 3 ECHR
181 , 204
Art. 5 (1) ECHR
180
Art. 5 ECHR
186
Art. 6 ECHR
179
Art. 9 ECHR
184
Availability of an effective remedy
173
Detention
186
Difference in treatment
183
Discriminatory effect
184
Dispel any doubts
196
Exhaustion of domestic remedies
172 –175
Institutional obligations
201 –202
Jurisdiction
162
Justification grounds
185 –188
Non liquet
179 , 200
Non-refoulement
184
Obligation to protect
199 –201
Prima facie case
194
Reus in ex excipiendo fit actor
185
Shift in the burden of proof in non-refoulement cases
192 –198
Shift in the persuasive burden
189 –198
State of emergency
188
Waiver of a right
188
Presumption of fact
189
Procedural economy
286
Procedural principles
Audiatur et altera pars
43 –45 , 298 , 381
Equality of arms
45 , 298 , 381
Legal certainty
45 , 170
Proper administration of justice
41 –43 , 381
Subsidiarity
46 –48
Proprio motu fact-finding
285 , 287
Protocol 11
83 , 287 , 302
Protocol 14
83 , 288 , 293
Protocol 15
289
Risk of non-persuasion
194
Rule 38 Rules of Court
432
Rule 44C Rules of Court
401 , 404
Rule 65 Rules of Court
298
Rule 74 Rules of Court
450
Rule A1 Annex Rules of Court
286
Rule A7 Annex Rules of Court
286
Satisfactory and convincing explanation
192 , 196
Shift in the burden of proof
175
Standard of proof
81
Beyond reasonable doubt
113 , 127 –130
Conditions its approach
128
Contextualization
128
Fundamental rights
131
Inter-state cases
126
Justification grounds
132 –133
Non-refoulement
133 –137
Substantial grounds
136
Subsidiarity in fact-finding
Art. 8 ECHR
92
Cogent elements
83 –91
Different standards of proof
96 –97
Ex nunc evaluation
95
Obiter dictum
95
Subsequent developments
91 –96
Evidentiary burden.
See
Terminology
Exclusionary rules
419 , 427
Factual presumption
282 , 284 ,
Flexibility
4
Free evaluation of evidence
446 –449
Freie Beweiswürdigung.
See
Free evaluation of evidence
General principles of law.
See
Sources of law
Hearsay
419
Human Rights Committee
Admissibility
Abuse of petition
241
Anonymous submission
240
Art. 2 Optional Protocol
252
Burden to come forward
248
Coherency test
253
Communication on behalf of a group
236
Duty to ascertain
244
Exhaustion of domestic remedies
243 –250
International res iudicata
251
Locus standi
238
Non liquet
247
Rule 84 Rules of Procedure
234
Rule 86 Rules of Procedure
235
Rule 90 Rules of Procedure
258
Rule 98 Rules of Procedure
258
Rule 99 Rules of Procedure
233 , 237 , 241 , 252 , 259
Substantial material
257
Substantiation
252 –259
Sufficient link
237
Victim status
235 –238
Adversarial procedure
364
Allegations corroborated by evidence
268
Art. 10 ICCPR
414
Art. 14 ICCPR
, 253 –254 , 366
Art. 17 ICCPR
255
Art. 2 ICCPR
270
Art. 3 Optional Protocol
238
Art. 4 (2) Optional Protocol
411 , 441
Art. 5 Optional Protocol
233 , 363 , 365
Art. 6 ICCPR
270
Art. 7 ICCPR
256 , 371
Art. 9 ICCPR
253
Duty to cooperate
373 –376
Facilitation of proof
Circumstantial evidence
376
Corroborative evidence
378
Factual presumption
376
Ill-treatment in custody
376
Non-refoulement
379
Persuasive burden
380
Presumption
377
Fact-finding
Adversarial procedure
375
Affidavits
371
Art. 41 ICCPR
369
Court transcripts
370
Government documents
370
Medical reports
371
Non-refoulement
370
Oral proceedings
367 –370
Photographic evidence
371
Rule 101 Rules of Procedure
367
Third-party evidence
372
Written evidence
370 –372
General Comment No 31
270
General Comment No 33
70 , 238 , 373
Non liquet
364
Non-cooperation
411 261
Absence of full information
413
Corroborative evidence
413 , 415
Credible evidence
416
Due weight to the author's account
416
Persuasive burden
Art. 14 ICCPR
261
Art. 15 ICCPR
262
Art. 18 ICCPR
267
Art. 19 ICCPR
266
Art. 25 ICCPR
259
Art. 26 ICCPR
267
Art. 4 ICCPR
267
Art. 7 ICCPR
260 , 271
Art. 9 ICCPR
264
Exhaustion of domestic remedies
249 –250
Increasing burden
264
Justification grounds
263 –267
Onus probandi
259
Positive obligations
269 –270
Reus in ex excipiendo fit actor
263
Shift in the burden of proof
268 –269
Probative value
461
Procedural principles
Audiatur et altera pars
74 –76 , 442
Equality of arms
75 , 365
Flexibility
73
Subsidiarity
76
Quasi-judicial procedure
65 –73
Rule 101 (3) Rules of Procedure
442
Sound criticism
460
Standard of proof
Compelling evidence
143
Non-refoulement
144 –147
Subsidiarity in fact-finding
101 –110
No obligation to defer
104
Non-refoulement
104 –109
Travaux préparatoires
369
Hybrid procedure
278 , 365
Inference
, 280 –281
Auxiliary facts
283 , 312
Inferred facts
283
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
Due process
50
Fact-finding
335 –337
Quasi-jurisdictional
50
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
224 –227
A carga de la prueba
217
Admissibility
Art. 46 ACHR
207 , 212
Art. 47 ACHR
209
Art. 61 (2) ACHR
, 205 –206
Manifestly groundless petition
209
Art. 11 ACHR
362
Art. 29 Rules of Procedure
407
Art. 41 (3) Rules of Procedure
408 –410
Art. 43 Rules of Procedure
439
Art. 46 ACHR
272
Art. 48 ACHR
56
Art. 50 (3) Rules of Procedure
436
Art. 57 (2) Rules of Procedure
437
Art. 58 Rules of Procedure
332 , 439
Art. 8 ACHR
216
Burden of proof
217
Duty to cooperate
353 –355
Art. 26 Rules of Procedure
353
Art. 53 Rules of Procedure
355
Facilitation of proof
Circumstantial evidence
355 , 360
Clandestine surveillance
362
Ill-treatment in custody
360 –362
Official practice
357 –359
Presumptions
356
Probabilistic reasoning
359
Tactical burden
362
Fact-finding
Affidavits
341 –345 , 382
Amicus curiae briefs
353
Art. 41 (3) Rules of Procedure
333
Art. 41 Rules of Procedure
382
Art. 46 Rules of Procedure
341
Art. 48 Rules of Procedure
346 , 348
Art. 49 Rules of Procedure
346
Art. 51 Rules of Procedure
348
Art. 57 Rules of Procedure
338
Art. 58 Rules of Procedure
338 , 351
Biased witness
348 –351
Expert witness
345 –347
Hearings
347 –351
Hearings in situ
348
On-site visits
351 –353
Proprio motu fact-finding
333 , 354
Video/audio evidence
340
Written evidence
339 –345
Istanbul Protocol
460
Non liquet
218
Persuasive burden
Alleged discrimination
222 –224
Art. 11 ACHR
220
Art. 13 ACHR
220
Art. 14 ACHR
224
Art. 16 ACHR
220 , 227
Art. 4 ACHR
220 , 225 , 230
Art. 5 ACHR
219
Art. 7 ACHR
226 , 232
Art. 8 ACHR
219
Discriminatory purpose or effect
222
Exhaustion of domestic remedies
211 –216
Inhumane and degrading treatment
219
Non liquet
226
Non-refoulement
220
Positive obligations
230 –233
Procedural obligations
231
Shift in the persuasive burden
227 –229
Procedural principles
Legal certainty
63 , 208
Principio del contradictorio
58 –60 , 382
Procedural equality
60 –63 , 208 , 348 , 352 , 382
Right of defense
58 , 208 , 382 , 438
Sana Critica
457
Sound criticism
456
Standard of proof
Clear and convincing evidence
139
Non-refoulement
142
Velásquez Rodríguez
137
International Court of Justice
4
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
11
International customary law.
See
Sources of law
Investigatory procedure
276 , 284
Irrelevance of evidence
428
Istanbul Protocol
455 , 463
Ius Cogens
14
Judicial notice
278
Legal certainty.
See
Procedural principles
Legal presumption
280
Legal proof
445 –446 , 450
Legitimacy
7 –9
Manifestly ill-founded.
See
European Court of Human Rights - Admissibility
Medical evidence
454
Medical reports
411
Nemo-tenetur
430
Non-cooperation
385 , 407
Art. 53 ICJ-Statute
387 –390
Default procedure
387
Fisheries case
385
Non-liquet.
See
Terminology
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
67
Parker case
34 , 425
Parliamentary Assembly
404
Permanent Court of International Justice
1
Persuasive burden
Adoption of available measures
160
Facts giving rise to a positive obligation
160
In dubio mitius
154
In dubio pro libertate
154
International Court of Justice
151 , 153
Non liquet
151 , 154 , 161
Norm theory
150
Onus probandi actori incumbit
149
Positive obligations
158 –161
Presumption of compliance
154
Shift in the burden of proof
157 –158
Photocopies
431
Photographic evidence
461
Police and Criminal Evidence Act
424
Presumption
280
Prima-facie case
391 –395
Prima-facie evidence
392
Principle of immediacy
437
Principled approach.
See
Contextualization
Principles relating to the Status of National Institutions (the Paris Principles)
67
Privilege of witnesses
429
Probative value
431 , 453
Procedural fairness.
See
Legitimacy
Procedural principles
Audiatur et altera pars
14
Equality of arms
14
Right to be heard
14
Proprio motu fact-finding
280 , 284 , 381
Pull towards compliance.
See
Legitimacy
Quasi-burden to come forward with evidence
277 , 284
Quasi-judicial body
66
Quasi-judicial proceedings
65
Relevance of evidence.
See
Admission of evidence
Shift in the burden to come forward with evidence
283
Sound criticism.
See
Free evaluation of evidence
Sources of law
17 –21
Specialized procedures.
See
Sui generis procedural law
Standard of proof
Beyond reasonable doubt
114 –117
Case concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
124
Erroneous outcomes
116
International Court of Justice
123 –126
Intime conviction
121 –122
Non liquet
112
Non-refoulement
113
Preponderance of probabilities
117 –119
Volle richterliche Überzeugung
119 –121
Subsidiarity
De novo review
78
Deference
78 –81
Sui generis procedural law
6 , 9 –13
Terminology
Adversarial procedure
27 –28
Burden of persuasion
24
Burden of proof
23 –27
Burden to come forward with evidence
30 –31
Duty to cooperate
31
Evaluation of evidence
23
Evidentiary burden
28 –30
Fact-finding
38 –39
Investigatory procedure
27 –28
Non liquet
23 –27
Shift in the burden of proof
38 –39
Standard of proof
22
Tactical burden
31 –33
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
197