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Index

In: Walt Whitman and His Caribbean Interlocutors: José Martí, C.L.R. James, and Pedro Mir
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Rafael Bernabe
Rafael Bernabe
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Index

(The names of Walt Whitman, José Martí, C.L.R. James have been abbreviated to Whitman, Martí and James, respectively)

abolitionism
James on 241–2
Whitman on 163–4, 168, 171–172, 238
affirmative character of culture (Marcuse) 150–1
African-Americans
Martí on 193–6
Whitman on 45–7, 161–4, 166–78
See also abolitionism, Emancipation, Reconstruction, Redemption
agape (love of strangers)
ethics of self-fulfillment and solidarity 141–142
socialism and 143
Ahmad, Aijaz 67–70
Allen, Gay Wilson 28, 271n34
American Revolution 157
James on 255–6, 260
Whitman on 86, 137, 163–4
In Countersong to Walt Whitman (Mir) 255
Antebi, Susan 200n88, 207
Aristotle 141–2
Arvin, Newton 3, 84–5, 89, 144n49, 155, 162, 165, 239n107
Auden, W.H. 239n109
Blaine, James 198
Bloom, Harold 237–8
Borges, Jorge Luis 269, 271
Brennan, Timothy 220
Brooklyn Bridge
Martí on 109–11, 124, 203, 205, 207, 210
Brown, John 164
Bucke, Richard M. 42
Buhle, Paul 243–4
Buinicki, Martin T. 119, 176–9, 180n118
capitalism See Karl Marx on capitalism
See also Ralph Waldo Emerson, Alexis de Tocqueville
Cherokee people 196
Civil War
conflicts leading to 12, 157–60
sectional and class analysis of 178–90
Walt Whitman on 19, 74, 96, 168–71
Cohen, Jonathan 252–253
commodity fetichism
Marx on 54–5, 56–7
Whitman and 94–6
Emerson and 95n111
comradeship
Whitman on 72–74, 80–3, 86–91, 96, 137–8, 141–5, 174, 233
in US armed forces, James on 240
Coney Island
Martí on 108–109, 122–123, 198–199, 200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207n112
Congress of Industrial Organizations
James on 223–5, 242–3
Conway, Christopher 266
Countersong to Walt Whitman see Pedro Mir
Coy, Edward 195–196
Crystal Palace Exposition (New York 1853) 34–5
Cutler, Ed 34–5
Debs, Eugene 143n42
democracy
Whitman on 40, 86, 270
radical views on 42–5, 48–50
workers’ role in 49
comradeship and 81, 88
spiritualisation of 83
labour question and 136–7
small farms and 138–40
important battles (abolitionism, Emancipation, Reconstruction) missed 171–2
Martí on failure to prevent wealth concentration under 191
James on potential of modern media in 227–8
See also slavery, abolitionism, Emancipation, Reconstruction, Redemption, ‘Religious Democracy’, Soviet bureaucracy
Eagleton, Terry 70n56, 141–3, 233n73
Emancipation
Whitman on 168–170, 171–172
Emerson, Raph Waldo
Marx compared to 59n13, 65n37
Martí and 130–31, 130n47, 211–13
José Enrique Rodó on 204n105
Emerson and
poetry of the world 21n48, 99n132
division of labour 59n13
commodification 62n24
commodity fetichism 95n111
Leaves of Grass 99
US as world leader 150n74
Engels, Friederich
on US labour in 1886 192–193
Erkkila, Betsy 50, 71, 74, 80n50, 88n80, 96, 97, 138, 138n11, 156–7, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 178, 179n113, 179–80, 181
ferries
Whitman and 14–15, 21, 22, 23n60, 110–11
Folsom, Ed 47, 167–8, 172, 178, 179n113, 181–2, 238
Foner, Eric 157, 160, 191–2, 260–1
Fort Greene, Brooklyn 20, 75–6
Freeburg, Christopher 247
free time
Marx on 63–6, 91–2, 153–4
Whitman on 72, 73, 91–4, 160–1
See also loafing
Garrison, William Lloyd 164
Geffen, Arthur 110–11
George, Henry
Martí on 183, 187–8, 190, 193, 206
Whitman on 235
Ginsberg, Allen 83n60
Grant, Ulysses S.
Martí on 117–20, 125, 129
Whitman on 119–20
Grunzweig, Walter 147
Haddox, Thomas F. 141, 181, 237
Haymarket events (1886)
Friederich Engels on 192–3
Martí on 183, 189–90, 193
Henkel, Scott 181, 237
Herreshoff, David 59n13, 65n37
homoeroticism
in Whitman 73, 88–9
Hunnicutt, Benjamin K. 92, 153–4
imperialism
Marx on 66–70, 149
Whitman’s apology for 145–50, 266
Martí on 197–8
James on Whitman and 236–7
In Countersong to Walt Whitman (Mir) 261–2
Harold Bloom as ideologist of 237–8
See also Aijaz Ahmad, Walter Grunzweig, Edward W. Said, Ed Whitley
internationalism (Marxist) 266
James, C.L.R.
life to the 1950s 218–9
James on
rail trip across US 219–20
contradictions and revolutionary potential in American society 221–5, 242–3
revolutionary potential of US working class 220–1
women in US capitalism 222–3
Hollywood and mass commercial culture 225–8
democratic possibilities of modern media 227–8
C.I.O.’s radical potential 223–5, 242–3
John L. Lewis 224–5, 228–9, 243
US intellectuals 228–9, 241
Max Lerner, Jr. 225
Whitman 232–40, 246–7
attitude to class conflict 232–3, 236
isolation 238
as apologist for status quo 238
recruited for Cold War propaganda 236–7
future of his verse 246–7
Herman Melville 220–1, 231, 240–2, 248, 249
Mariners, Renegades and Castaways (Melville)
Moby Dick 240–1, 248, 249
Captain Ahab and totalitarianism 240–1
Ishmael as intellectual 241
‘Postcript’ 243–6
Wendell Phillips and radical abolitionists 241–2
bureaucracy 229–31, 243–5
American Revolution (1776) 255–6, 260
male comradeship in wartime 240
Gilded Age and the concentration of capital 260–1
shared views with Whitman 239–40
compared to Martí 219–20, 242
debate on his reading of Whitman and Melville 247–9
Kaplan, Justin 20, 34
Klammer, Martin 45, 140, 176
Knights of Labor
Martí on 185, 187–9
Engels on 192–3
labour struggles (in the United States)
James on 223–5, 242–3
Martí on 184–93
Whitman on 136–8, 165–6, 233–6
rebellion of 1877 136
rise of the C.I.O., 1934 to 1950 223
course of labour after 1950 242–3
Lawson, Andrew 155–6, 165–6
Lerner, Jr., Max 225
Levis jeans 237
Lewis, John L.
James on 224–5, 228–9, 243
loafing
Whitman on 91–5, 153–4
See also free time
Lomas, Laura 211–16
McCarl, Clayton 110n43
Mancuso, Luke 174–6
Marcuse, Herbert 150–1
Mariners, Rengades and Castaways (James)
see C.L.R. James
Martí, José
Martí on
American society
Wendell Phillips 125–6, 242
racism 193–6
lynching of Edward Coy 195–6
Native Americans 196–7
political machines 184
Wall Street and financial speculation and crises 184
James Blaine as imperialist and expansionist 198
expansionism and imperialism 197–8
labour struggles 184–93
Knights of Labor 185, 187–9
Henry George 183, 187–188, 190, 193, 206
Haymarket events 183, 189–90, 193, 224
United Labor Party 184, 190, 193, 206
monopolization of wealth 191
commemoration of death of Marx 189
Emerson 130–1, 130n147, 211–3
modernity and its contradictions
nature and the modern connected 103, 107, 120, 129–132, 204
commitment to modernity 116–7, 123–4, 202–4, 205, 206
city life in US 105–11
electricity 112–3
industry and machines 111–2
railroads 105–6, 114, 204
newspapers 105–6, 115, 117
New York and US as modern Babel 113
Brooklyn Bridge 109–11, 124, 203, 205, 207, 210
Coney Island 108–109, 122–3, 198–9, 200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207n112
modern man as rebel angel 112–3
Grant as modern leader 118–20, 125, 129
present as preparatory stage 103, 104–5, 106–7
anguish of modern life 106, 113–6, 122, 123
one-sidedness and fragmentation 120–8
art in present unsettled stage 104–17
sense of alienation in Versos libres 126–8
shared criticism of US life with Whitman 134
modern poetry 130–2
US as model for Latin America 117
US as a failed model of modernity 193, 199
Cuban independence as alternative modernity 199
program for independent Cuba 209–210
socialism 187, 190–1, 209n116
Whitman 130–5, 213–6
women 201–2
compared to
Engels 192–3
C.L.R. James 219–20, 242
young Marx 209–10
idealisation of capitalist present 210–11
debate on
attitude toward modernity 199–209, 216–7
reading of Whitman 213–6
reading of Emerson 211–3
Marx, Karl
Marx on
alienation 94n110, 151–3
‘average man’ and commodity production 40–2
capitalism
productive forces developed by 6–7, 9
relations of personal dependence dissolved in 5–6
mobility of labour in 7
world market and global interdependence created by 8, 9, 10, 28
new needs fostered in 8, 9
United States best example of 7
history transformed into ‘world history’ by 9–10
‘world-historical individuals’ created by 5, 9, 11, 26, 27, 32, 110, 113
new literature and art propitiated by 10
naturalization of 39, 129
notion of equality generalized by 41–2
value and labour in 41–2, 53–4
surplus value as basis of profit in 55–7
commodity fetishism in 54–5, 56–7
market as alien power in 53–4, 60
imperative to accumulate and increase productivity under 57–8
‘clearing of estates’ 58n11
exclusion of majority from property as premise of 260–1
both liberating and oppressive 61–2
individual freedom affirmed and negated under 55
progress one-sided under 58–60, 61–2
progress as emptying-out in 61
effect of division of labour and machinery on workers in 59–60
free time and working day in 63–6, 91–2, 153–4
class struggle required to end classes 233n73
Hegel 138
individual liberation and collective action 264–5
imperialism and colonialism 66–70, 149
revolution in backward Germany 209–10
romantic nostalgia 62–4, 66–7, 69–70, 138, 149, 271–2
small commodity production 53n1
socialism 63–4, 65–6, 92
aspects of society as described by Whitman 11–12, 15
‘variations of labour’ and ‘fluidity of functions’ 18
network of ‘varied labours’ 21
new needs and a richer individuality 22–3
‘world-historical’ persons, events and places 26
new means of transportation and communication 28
creation of ‘empirically universal individual’ 29–30
manufacturing division of labour 33n106
market relations taken as natural 38–9
overthrow of all presuppositions 50
people split from each other, reduced to the pursuit of profit 72–73
progress as ‘emptying-out’, ‘impoverishment of human nature’ 77
rule of dead matter over people, dead labour over living labour 85n70, 94
labour discipline and vindication of free time 92–3
pursuit of exchange value at the expense of enjoyment use value 100
tragic sense of history 68–70, 70n56
compared to Emerson 59n13, 65n37, 62n24, 95n111
Martí on 189
Marx, Leo 31
Melville, Herman 220–1, 231, 240–2, 248, 249
Mexican War 159–60
Whitman on 166–7
Miller, Cristanne 171
Mir, Pedro
Life to the 1950s 250–1
Countersong to Walt Whitman
English translation of 252–3
aspects of 251
sections of 251–2
narrative summary of 253–64
US imperialism in 261–2
individual liberation and collective action in 264–5
idealization of American West in 266–7
internationalist, not anti-American anti-imperialism in 263–4, 265–6, 270–1
Whitman’s reception in Latin America and 267–71
ideas of Edward W. Said and 265–6
Marxist internationalism in 266
Moby Dick 240–1, 248, 249
Molloy, Sylvia 88
Napoleon 120
nature
Whitman as poet of 37–40
Martí on 103, 107, 120, 129–132, 204, 212, 216
Neruda, Pablo 268
newspapers
Martí on 105–6, 115, 117
Whitman and 35–6
Norton, Charles Eliot 99, 156
Parker, Simon 35
Pascal, Richard 89, 100, 145
Pearce, Roy Harvey 151–3
Pease, Donald E. 220, 230, 243–6
permanent revolution
young Marx on 209–10
Leon Trotsky on 209, 220
Cuban Revolution and 210n120
Phillips, Wendell
Martí on 125–6, 242
James on 241–2
Post, Charles 12, 24, 157–60
‘Postcript’ of Mariners, Renegades and Castaways 243–6
racism
Martí on 193–6
James and Marxism on 247–8
Whitman and 45–7, 161–4, 166–74
See also slavery, abolitionism, Emancipation, Reconstruction, Redemption
Ramos, Julio 199–209, 216–7
Reconstruction
Whitman and 170–3, 174–82, 238
class and sectional analysis of 178–180
Red Cloud 197
Redemption
Whitman on 172–3, 178
‘Religious Democracy’ 74, 83–6, 132, 143
Reynolds, David 50, 74, 96, 99, 144n49, 172, 238–9
Roediger, David 161–2, 173, 178
romantic nostalgia
Marx on 62–4, 66–7, 69–70, 138, 149, 271–2
Whitman and 71, 98, 99, 138
Martí and 103, 106–7
Ruskin, John 25n69
Said, Edward W. 1, 66, 146–7, 149, 265–6
Santiago Pedrosa, José 258, 259
Santí, Enrico Mario 267–71
Shulman, Robert 73, 89
Sioux people 197
Sismondi, Sismonde de 138n13
slavery
in US economy 157–60
runaway slaves and 48, 158, 160, 163–4, 242
Whitman on 162–8
In Leaves of Grass 45–7
See also abolitionism, Emancipation, Reconstruction, United States (economic and political evolution)
socialism
Marx on 63–4, 65–6, 92
Martí on 187, 190–1, 209n116
Whitman’s refusal of 137, 143–5, 233–6
as ethics of self-fulfillment and solidarity 141–3
See also Soviet bureaucracy
Sommer, Doris 50, 138, 141, 236, 239
Soviet bureaucracy
James on 229–31, 240–1, 243–5
Leon Trotsky on 230–1, 245
Stevens, Thaddeus 170
surplus value, Marxist theory of 55–7
Thomas, M. Wynn 26, 40, 87, 89, 94n110, 98, 138, 140, 145, 156, 163, 165, 166, 180
Thoreau, Henry David 26
Tocqueville, Alexis de on
new moneyed aristocracy 192n39
one sided pursuit of money 76n20, 60n20, 122n96
mobility of labour, openness to innovation 7, 60n20
recurrent crises 60n20
Trachtenberg, Alan 33
Traubel, Horace L. 143n42, 234–5
Trotsky, Leon
on bureaucracy 230–1
The History of the Russian Revolution 218, 219
on permanent revolution 209, 220
conversations with James 247
United Labor Party
Engels on 193
Martí on 184, 190, 193, 206
United States (economic and political evolution)
mercantile capital, plantation economy, small commodity production before 1840s 157–8
bi-sectional politics 157–8
rise of manufacturing capital and market dependence and the road to civil war 12, 158–60
value, Marxist theory of 41–2, 53–4
Vázquez Pérez, Marlene 217
Wacker, Jill 20
Wall Street (financial power, speculation)
Martí on 184
in Countersong to Walt Whitman (Mir) 260–2
Walsh, Donald D. 252–3
Whitley, Edward 26, 147–9
Whitman
occupations and trades in life 18
poet of modern and nature 37–40
levels and aspects of his poetry 73
homoeroticism 73, 88–9
writing enabled by capitalism 11–12
centrality of New York 12–15, 19–20, 26, 36
views akin to pre-Civil War skilled workers 155–7, 160–1
as international proletarian poet (Gay Wilson Allen) 271n34
Whitman and
affirmative character of culture (Marcuse) 150–1
American Revolution 86, 137, 163–4
business civilization and alternatives to it
one-sided pursuit money 74–80, 99–100
unease with consequences 72–3, 74–86
social fragmentation 80–5
emptiness, personal void 77–8
commodity fetichism 94–96
progress not only material 97–8
need to vivify 73n70, 85–6, 127, 128, 136, 137, 143, 151, 239, 271–2
comradeship 72–4, 80–3, 86–91, 96, 137–8, 141–5, 174, 233
international “adhesiveness” 82–3, 83–6, 132, 143
fight to save Fort Greene 20, 75–6
free time 72, 73, 91–4, 160–1
loafing 91–4, 95, 153–4
capitalism
refusal to question 137–8, 140, 141, 143–4, 234–5
avoidance of class and apology of 144–150, 236
poetic resolution of social contradictions 140–1, 144–5
democracy 40, 86, 270
radical views on 42–5, 48–50
workers’ role in 49
comradeship in 81, 88
spiritualization of 83
labour question and 136–7
small farms and 138–40
‘average man’ and 40–2
revolutionaries in other lands 48
‘Religious Democracy’ 74, 90–1
Ulysses S. Grant 119–20
imperialism, apology of 145–50, 266
labour movement
labour question and struggles 136–8, 165–6, 233–6
Henry George 235
Levis jeans 237
Marx’s journalism 13n11
modern, industrial world
industry, engines, machines 15–16, 33–4
city land rural life 20–4
diverse labors in poems 17–18, 19, 21–2
world trade and cosmopolitan perspective 26–30, 32
manufacturing division of labour 33n106
railroads 24–5, 28, 29, 31, 32–3
Suez Canal 31, 97
trans-Atlantic cable 31, 97
intercontinental railroad 31, 97
newspapers 35
Crystal Palace Exposition 1853 34–5
Napoleon 120
John Ruskin 25n69
Sismonde de Sismondi 138n13
slavery, anti-slavery, post-slavery debates
opposition to slavery compatible with racism 161
extension of slavery and abolitionism 162–8
slavery and African-Americans in ‘Song of Myself’ (1855) 45–7
slavery idealized 164
political evolution before Civil War 161–8
abolitionism 163–4, 168, 171–2, 238
William Lloyd Garrison 164
John Brown 164
Mexican War and the Wilmot Proviso 166–7
Civil War 19, 96, 74, 168–170
black troops 169–70
Emancipation 168–70, 171–2
Reconstruction 170–3, 174–82, 238
Redemption 172–3, 178
‘Songs of Insurrection’ cluster 96, 177–8
Henry David Thoreau 26
women 44
C.L.R. James on 232, 240, 246–7
Martí on 130–5, 213–6
Allen Ginsberg on 83n60
Eugene Debs on 143n42
debates on
Whitman and Reconstruction 174–6
Martí and Whitman 213–6
Whitman’s reception in Latin America 267–71
Wilentz, Sean 157, 160, 162
Will, George 237
Wilmot Proviso 166–7
Wilson, Ivy G. 247–9
Wilson, Rob 145–6
Women
Martí on 201–2
Whitman on 44
James on 222–3
‘world-historical individuals’ 5, 9, 11, 26, 27, 32, 110, 113

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Walt Whitman and His Caribbean Interlocutors: José Martí, C.L.R. James, and Pedro Mir

Song and Countersong

Series:  Historical Materialism Book Series, Volume: 230
Cover Walt Whitman and His Caribbean Interlocutors: José Martí, C.L.R. James, and Pedro Mir
E-Book ISBN:
9789004462748
Publisher:
Brill
Print Publication Date:
08 Jun 2021
  • Subjects
    • American Studies
      • Latin America
      • North America
    • History
      • Modern History
    • Literature and Cultural Studies
      • Literary Relations
    • Social Sciences
      • Cultural Studies
Front Matter
Preliminary Material
Copyright Page
Dedication
Introduction
Chapter 1 Marx and the ‘Transformation of History into World History’
Chapter 2 ‘Within Me Latitude Widens, Longitude Lengthens’: Whitman and the World Created by Capital
Chapter 3 ‘In Paths Untrodden’: Whitman, Nature, Democracy and the ‘Average Man of To-day’
Chapter 4 The ‘Emptiness’ of the Present: Marx, the ‘Bourgeois Viewpoint’ and Its ‘Romantic Antithesis’
Chapter 5 ‘This All-Devouring Modern Word’: Whitman’s Critique of Business
Chapter 6 From Brooklyn Ferry to Brooklyn Bridge: José Martí and the ‘Modern Multiple Life’
Chapter 7 ‘The final Culmination of This Vast and Varied Republic’: Whitman’s Failed Transcendence of the Present
Chapter 8 Whitman: Inconsistent Democrat, Yet More Than a Democrat
Chapter 9 A ‘Damaged and Alien Civilization’: Martí’s Search for an Alternative Modernity
Chapter 10 C.L.R. James’s Notes on American Civilization, or the Song of the C.I.O.
Chapter 11 ‘Now Has Come the Hour of the Countersong’: Pedro Mir and Walt Whitman
Back Matter
References
Index

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