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Index

In: Old Religion, New Spirituality: Implications of Secularisation and Individualisation in Estonia
Editor:
Riho Altnurme
Riho Altnurme
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Index

abortion 19, 43
aesthetics 72
agrarian culture, agriculture 5, 20
Alexander (Paulus) 51
Alexander iii 48
Alexy (Ridiger) 53, 77
alienation 143, 147
alternative (lifestyle, thinking) 6, 8, 15, 20, 21, 24, 88, 89, 92, 101, 116, 120, 121, 125n, 126, 129
America 133
Amish 132
angels 125, 127
Anglican 151 (see also Church of England )
animal rights 63
Annist, August 14
Annuk, Eve 17
anti-Christian 8, 113, 115, 145
anticlerical(ism) 1, 6, 9, 14, 60, 82, 143, 144
anti-religious
attitudes 101, 145
politics, propaganda 17, 18, 22, 95
art(s) 23, 25, 87, 88, 92, 95, 104, 109
Asad, Talal 139
association of congregations 65, 69
Asson, Emma 10
Ast, Karl 10
astrology 119
atheism 1, 6, 13, 16, 39, 40, 44, 52, 60, 86, 87, 95, 101, 111, 113, 115, 116, 132, 144, 145
autocephaly 49
autonomy
individual 80, 126
of the Orthodox church 49, 53
political 7, 78
religious 62, 64, 83
Baltic German
colonial discourse 89
cultural influence 48
nobility 7, 8, 14, 23, 30, 32, 33, 46, 143
Baltic states 47, 55, 60, 140
baptism(s) 21, 22, 31, 32, 40, 42, 47, 61, 62, 97, 99
Baptists 13, 39, 68, 69
baptismal movement 22, 23
behaviour 6, 9, 16, 32, 72, 80, 81, 92, 112, 122, 129
belief 3, 5, 9, 15, 41, 44, 47, 58, 61–64, 68, 70, 72–73, 84–91, 93–94, 97, 99–107, 110–116, 118, 120, 122, 123, 127–129, 133, 135–136, 141, 142, 144, 146, 152
believer 18, 21, 29, 46, 102, 109, 111, 114, 119, 128, 142, 150
Orthodox 48–54, 94
belonging 13, 68, 76, 79, 80, 97, 119, 122–124, 127–129, 147
Berger, Peter L. 75, 131, 133, 134, 136
Bible 5–7, 13, 25, 29, 97, 98
births 6, 26, 31
blasphemy 6
Bolsheviks 9, 15, 49n
boundary, -ies 8, 13, 14, 21, 79, 80, 108, 118, 121, 125n, 129
breathwork 43, 104–106
Brethren 4 (See also Moravian church )
‘bringers of culture’ 59
Brown, Callum 92, 142
Bruce, Steve 132, 133
Buddhism 53, 88, 91, 95
burial 24, 31, 146 (see also funeral )
Byelorussians 47
Campbell, Colin 124
canonical jurisdiction(s) 49, 51, 53–55, 57, 60, 151
Casanova, José 132, 133, 141
cells of religiosity 2
census 13, 32, 45–47, 57, 59, 79, 91, 94, 99, 144
changes of political regime 4, 40, 62, 133
chaplaincy 69, 70
charismatic and Pentecostal Christian groups 62, 69, 132
China 135, 143
christianisation 5, 7, 15, 96, 110
Christian Democratic Party 40, 84
Christiano, Kevin J. 132
Church of England 33 (see also Anglican )
church in exile 23, 37, 50, 51, 53
church tithes (membership tax) 13, 30, 35, 143
civil religion 76
clergy 6–8, 14, 18, 23, 31–33, 36–40, 42–43, 48, 49, 51–54, 56, 59, 60, 62, 66–69
cohabitation act (law) 26, 81–84, 100
collectivisation 20, 39
collectivism 21
collectivist religion 79
colonial church 7
colonial discourse 89, 137
Commissioner of Religious Affairs 38, 60, 61
communism, -t 16, 30, 75, 76, 82, 137, 143, 145, 146
communion 32, 43, 50n
conceptualisation 5, 8, 19, 77, 96, 119, 122
confessional secrecy 66, 68
confirmation (rite) 6, 16, 18, 19, 32, 34, 37–39, 61, 62, 99
congregation 22, 31, 33–39, 48–50, 62, 63, 65–70, 95, 97–101, 105, 112
conscientious objection 64
consciousness 5, 7, 14, 134
conservative Christians 18, 21, 26, 27, 33, 34, 36, 42–44, 100, 151
Conservative People’s Party 84
consistory, -ia 7, 18, 38, 39, 60
constitution 13, 35, 58–61, 64, 65, 68, 70, 151
Constitutional Assembly 61
consumerism 72
convent 56
convert 45, 50, 115
cosmic justice 99
court 35, 40, 53, 63, 66
Cox, Harvey 132
creation of the world 9
cultural Christianity 79
cultural homogeneity 84
culture (general) 3, 9, 10, 14–16, 17, 23, 25, 73, 74, 80, 86, 87, 91, 97, 117, 133, 137
agrarian 20
Christian 11, 19, 91, 99, 103
Estonian 77, 78, 97, 98
European 27, 44, 87, 90, 101, 134
folk 17
irreligious 147
mainstream 121
national 71
New Age 88, 89, 93, 94, 103–108, 110, 112–114, 116, 151
of churchlessness 147
Orthodox 83
peasant 89
political 76, 79
popular 121
physical 92
Protestant 8
religion-as- 151
religious 103
Russian 48, 79
secular 76, 85, 103
spiritual 5
western 18, 92
Western European 74, 75
Cyprus 75
Czechia 138, 140, 142–146, 148, 150
Czechoslovak Hussite Church 143 (see also Hussite )
Davie, Grace 26, 100, 133
Dawson, Andrew 107
de-christianisation 1, 2, 51
defence forces 65, 66, 69
de-institutionalisation 1, 72
democratic 11, 30, 32, 74, 143
demographic process 45, 46, 54, 57, 151
Denmark 74, 140, 141
desecularisation 76, 132, 139
destiny 102, 106, 111, 112 (see also fate )
deterioration 11
differentiation 72, 132, 134
discrimination 81, 83, 146
discursive power 92, 98
disenchantment 121, 131
diversity 6, 42, 43, 84, 142
divine 6, 8, 9, 125
divorce 19, 31, 60
Dobbelaere, Karel 133, 134
dogma 10, 13, 76, 88
doubt 5, 6, 9, 100
eastern religious philosophies 21
East(ern) Germany (see also German Democratic Republic) 136–139, 145–147
eco-movement 88
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 49, 51, 53, 56, 60
education 15, 17, 19, 25, 29, 33, 41, 48, 52, 54, 56, 66–68, 70, 73, 86, 92, 95, 101–103, 107–109, 111, 114, 117, 134–136, 140, 143, 145, 147, 149
Eek, Liina 94
egalitarian 58, 59, 70
Eilart, Anton 38
elite 8, 15, 82–84, 96, 144, 145, 150 (see also ruler )
emancipation 19, 22, 72
emic 103
enlightener, -ment 7, 14, 18
enthusiasm 22, 61
environment 6, 43, 49, 72, 87, 90, 103, 110, 113, 116
Eparchy of Riga 48, 49n
equality 58, 63, 64, 67, 81, 148
eroticism 72
esoteric (religion), esotericism 21, 88, 107, 108, 134
Estland, Estonia (province) 8, 46
Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church (eaoc) 49–51, 53–56, 59–60, 69
Estonian Centre Party 55, 77, 78
Estonian Council of Churches (ecc) 41, 69, 70, 78, 83, 93
Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church (eelc) 18, 20–23, 30–46, 52, 56, 58–63, 68, 69, 78, 84, 95, 99, 115, 143–145, 151
Estonian Metropolitanate 51, 53–55
Estonian National Independence Party 40
Estonianness 14, 77–79
ethnic, ethnicity 14, 27, 46–57, 71, 75–79, 83, 84, 86, 92, 96, 115, 150, 151
etic 103
Eugene (Reshetnikov) 54
Europe 2, 9, 23. 24, 27, 28, 41, 72–77, 80–82, 84–86, 91, 96, 97, 100, 119, 120, 129, 132–134, 137, 140, 141, 143–145, 147, 148, 150–152
European culture 27, 44, 101, 134
European Union (EU) 63, 67, 71, 74–77, 80–82, 96, 151
European values 83, 87, 89
Eurosecularism 71, 74, 75
Eusebius (Grozdov) 50
evolutionary theory 9
Facebook 122, 126, 129
faith 5–9, 17, 24, 43, 65, 89, 90, 93, 97, 98, 101–104, 110, 111, 132, 135, 150
native 89–91, 94, 95, 98, 108–110, 114, 116, 152
Orthodox 94
own 111, 113, 114
Russian 48–52
faith healers 99 (see also healers )
family 12, 16, 19, 21, 26, 32, 36, 51, 67, 81–85, 97, 99, 100, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 142
fate 102, 111, 112 (see also destiny )
feminisation 18, 19
feminism 142
feng shui 92
Finke, Roger 133
Finland 33, 39, 140, 141, 150
Finno-Ugric 89
Fokas, Effie 133
folk culture 17, 89, 110, 114, 152
forced secularisation 60, 142, 143, 146
Founding Assembly 9–11
fragmentation 72, 120, 129
framework of meaning 8
France 30, 139
Frank, Anja 148
free congregations 4, 7, 13, 21, 99
freedom 5, 14, 34, 46, 61, 62, 64, 66, 102, 113, 120
of religion 10, 13, 35, 39, 58, 61, 63, 64, 68, 70, 74
fundamentalism 90, 132, 139
funeral 16, 141 (see also burial )
Furseth, Inger 140, 142
Gallup 1
Gauthier, François 136
Geertz, Clifford 127
gender 19, 22, 26, 63, 67, 80, 81, 83, 92, 100, 101, 109, 114, 137, 148
General Synod 39, 59
generation 11, 19, 20–22, 25, 39, 47, 51, 52, 92, 94, 95, 97, 104, 115, 135, 144, 148
German Democratic Republic 16, 145 (see also East Germany )
Germans 14, 15, 17, 23, 27, 36, 37, 51, 56, 145, 150 (see also Baltic German )
globalisation 81, 87, 89, 138
goal-orientedness 12
God 4–6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 23, 32, 47, 74, 93, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 111, 112, 118, 127, 142, 146
Mother of 55n, 78
gospel 7, 8
Great Britain 39
Great Northern War 48
Gregorian calendar 49
guarantor of rules 8, 11
Habermas, Jürgen 133, 134, 137
Hammer, Olav 126
Hamplová, Dana 143
hard work 12, 29
healer 41, 89, 107, 118, 123 (see also faith healer )
Heelas, Paul 91, 95, 129, 141
Hervieu-Léger, Danièle 125n
Hetherington, Kevin 124
Hinduism 88, 91, 95
hippie movement 88
historical 1, 14–16, 23, 29, 30, 34, 42, 47, 69, 73, 90, 91, 95, 96, 131–133, 136, 139, 140, 143, 145–150
critical approach 33
reasons 50, 86, 118, 131, 133, 143
historically 41, 62, 72, 77, 137
history 2, 4, 6, 11, 14, 17, 21, 25, 41, 45, 47, 48, 57, 58, 76–78, 85, 91, 94, 95, 125, 129, 142, 143, 151
Hitler, Adolf 36
holistic 87, 141, 142
Höllinger, Franz 135, 138
Hölscher, Lucian 147
homosexuality 26, 43, 81–84, 100 (see also lgbti persons )
Hong Kong 143
horoscopes 41, 99, 125n (see also astrology )
human being 8, 11, 102
Human Development Index (hdi) 135, 138
humanitarian aid 22
Hurt, Jakob 6–7, 12–14
Hussite 145
hypocrisy 25
Iannaccone, Laurence R. 133
Iceland 141
ideology 1, 3–5, 8–10, 12–17, 19–25, 27–28, 40–41, 70, 72–74, 76, 82, 84, 86, 89, 90, 96, 105, 113, 120, 129, 150
Ilves, Toomas Hendrik 77
imagination 13, 25, 86, 102
immigrants 23, 52, 84, 85
immigration 1, 2, 141
individual 3, 13, 16, 18, 19, 22, 27, 28, 61, 62, 64–67, 72, 74, 76, 80, 81, 87, 88, 90–93, 100, 105, 110, 115, 116, 120, 123–126, 128, 133–135, 138, 140
religiosity 2, 4, 6, 29, 75, 76, 88, 91, 95, 99, 110–112, 114, 115, 120, 129
secularisation 135, 141 (see also inner secularisation )
individualisation 1, 18, 43, 75, 87, 102, 126, 138–140, 143, 145, 148, 149
individualism 13, 116, 123, 126, 128, 138, 152
industrial 2, 86, 89
industrialisation 1, 2, 52, 145
Inglehart, Ronald 135, 142
inner secularisation 2, 146 (see also individual secularisation )
inner self 127
insecurity 22, 135, 142
institutional religion 1, 6, 8, 15, 27, 30, 31, 33, 35, 41–44, 47, 49, 53, 61–66, 68–74, 77, 80–82, 99, 100, 104, 108, 110, 113–115, 118–119, 124n, 126–129, 137
intellectual 1, 7, 13, 14, 21, 103, 109, 120
International Social Survey Programme (issp) 144
Islam 27, 91, 95, 101, 131, 133 (see also Muslim )
Ivan the Terrible 48
Jakobson, Carl Robert 7, 8, 14
Jannsen, Johann Voldemar 4, 5
Japan 143
Jehovah’s Witnesses 59
Jesus 97, 98
Jews 13, 37, 132
Julian calendar 49
Jürjo, Villu 40
Kaplinski, Jaan 25
Karjahärm, Toomas 14
Kesküla, Kalev 24
kgb 39, 53
Khrushchev, Nikita 39
Kiivit, Jaan 39
Kiviorg, Merilin 69
Kõpp, Johan 14, 37, 38, 56
Kukk, Jakob 34, 35
Kulbusch, Paul (Platon) 49
Lakatos, Imre 137, 138
Landeskirche 33
Latvia 39, 46, 48, 60, 76, 144
Lazar (Gurkin) 54
left-wing 8, 19, 26, 113
legislation 1, 30, 35, 52, 59–60, 62, 63, 64n, 66, 67, 69, 70, 75, 82, 151
legitimacy 5, 120
Lenin, Vladimir 16
Lepp-Utuste, Marta 13
lgbti persons 81 (see also homosexuality )
liberalism 1, 6, 9, 13, 16, 26, 43, 59, 62, 70, 74, 75, 80, 82, 83, 86, 87, 90, 103, 137
liberal theology 33, 42, 44, 151
life force 119, 142
lifestyle 83, 87, 102, 120, 122, 125n
literature 17, 20, 33, 55, 87, 88, 95, 97, 98, 104, 106, 109, 112, 113, 121, 138
Lithuania 60
Livonia 8
Lõhmus, Maarja 16
Loorits, Oskar 89
Luckmann, Thomas 132
Luiga, Georg Eduard 34
Lutheran church 7, 29
identity 29
values 12
Lutheranism 4, 8, 13, 23, 24, 29, 33, 34, 45, 46, 50, 56, 77, 79, 84, 94, 97, 98
Maavalla Koda 90, 108
magic(al) 5, 6, 14, 41, 106–108
mainstream 1, 41, 79, 89, 116, 120, 121, 125n, 151
mainstreaming 119, 121, 128
majority 4, 11, 45, 48, 49, 53, 69, 83, 91, 99, 108, 115, 122, 123, 137
church 29, 32, 62, 69, 141
Malta 75, 82
marginalisation 3, 4, 15, 22, 29, 60
marital relations 19
market 62, 70, 75, 86, 118, 125n, 128, 137
marriage, 6, 12, 26, 31, 64, 67, 69, 80, 83, 99
Martin, David 133, 136, 139
martial arts 53
Martna, Mihkel 12, 18
marxism 1, 10, 14–17, 27, 150
Masing, Uku 14, 33, 34, 37, 89
mass conversion 45, 46, 48
materialism 7, 8, 41, 86, 92, 118, 119, 125, 127 (see also scientific-materialist worldview )
meaning 1, 3, 4, 8, 17, 20–22, 26, 27, 60, 72, 79, 96, 103, 104, 107, 109, 111, 119, 125, 127, 128
media 34, 92, 116, 117, 120–122, 124–129
meditation 62, 89, 99, 104–106, 112, 114
memory 6, 17, 77, 85
collective 73
cultural 25–28
mentally ill 18
Merkel, Garlieb Helwig 14
meso-level 2, 3, 133
Methodists 13, 39, 68, 69
Meulemann, Heiner 146
mind-body duality 107
minority 26, 47, 53, 55, 57, 76, 77, 79, 84, 100, 137, 141, 151
mission 20, 44, 47, 102
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 60
monastery 48, 54, 56, 65
Moravian church 145 (see also Brethren )
moral
(counter)arguments 12, 26
formation 11
hero 6
ideal 12
norm 12, 26, 28, 72, 80, 100
panic 11
Protestant 12
morality 12, 15, 18–20, 22, 25, 26, 28, 36, 43, 66, 81, 100, 134
Moscow Patriarchate 51, 53, 56, 57 (see also Patriarch of Moscow )
Mõtsnik, Harri 40
Mstislav Mstislavich 47
Muckenhuber, Johanna 135, 138
Muslim 85, 132, 141 (see also Islam )
Müller, Tobias 137
multiculturalism 77
myth 7, 14–16, 27, 74, 89, 102, 133, 150
mythology 24, 103
narrative 3, 5, 14–17, 23, 24, 27, 34, 46, 90, 93, 98, 110, 114, 116, 120, 127, 128, 150
national
awakening 4, 22, 48
cause 35
character 28
church 29
culture 71, 76
discourse 23, 48
identity 1, 17, 23, 27, 47, 51, 73, 76, 89, 97, 136, 150
ideology 8, 13, 15, 24, 25, 27, 86
movement 6–8, 14, 15, 17, 78, 134, 140, 143, 145, 148, 150
myth 7, 14
mythology 24
narrative 14, 15, 17, 23, 24, 27, 90, 98, 110, 114, 150
religion 77, 78
self-image 107
sentiment 33
stance 33
unity 35
National Christian Party 30
nationalism 1, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19–23, 27, 28, 33, 73, 76, 77, 86, 89, 90, 95, 96, 110, 113, 145, 150
nationality 6, 33, 53, 84
nationally minded 6–9, 12, 83, 90
National Socialist regime 37
native faith 24, 89–91, 94, 95, 98, 108–111, 114, 116, 152
natural place 109
natural sciences 6, 8, 15, 19, 88
nature 5, 89, 90, 109, 110, 112, 116, 152
nature religion 90, 91, 114, 145
neoliberalism 62, 70
neopagan 13, 24 (see also new paganism )
Nešpor, Zdeněk R. 143, 144
New Age 22, 43, 53, 87–89, 92–94, 103–108, 110, 112–114, 116, 118, 120–124, 127, 129, 151, 152 (see also new spirituality )
new paganism 89 (see also neopagan )
new spirituality 2, 41, 43, 87–89, 91–95, 97–101, 103–108, 110–119, 121–124, 129, 136, 151, 152 (see also New Age )
non-believers 143 (see also nones and non-religious )
nonconformism 18, 20, 22
nones 122, 141, 144 (see also non-believers and non-religious )
non-religious 44, 47, 57, 72, 73, 82, 87, 96, 100–103, 105, 107, 113, 116, 118, 134n, 143 (see also non-believers and nones )
Norris, Pippa 135, 142
North Korea 143
Norway 141
Novgorod 47, 53n
occultism 87, 88, 148
‘one’s own religion’ 111, 113, 114
opposition 6–9, 15, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 42, 79, 82, 88–90, 95, 101, 104, 107, 108, 112, 114, 124, 139, 150
organised church 7
Orthodoxy 13, 45–48, 50–53, 75, 79, 151
Russian 4, 7, 8, 23, 94, 96
out-of-church movement 143
pagan 13, 18, 24, 110
association Hiis 60
Pähn, August 38, 39
Pajula, Kuno 40
pantheism 7
paranormal phenomena 41
parish 31, 35, 42, 50–56 (see also congregation )
parliament 9, 30, 31, 35, 40, 59, 60, 62, 63, 77–79, 82–84
Patriarch of Moscow 48, 53, 77
Päts, Konstantin 35
peasants 4–6, 29, 34, 89, 96
Pentecostalism 131
Peperkamp, Esther 146
personal experience 88
Peter the Great 48
petition 12, 24
Pickel, Gert 147, 148
pietism 5, 6
pisa (Program for International Student Assessment) 86, 135, 149
Ploompuu, Johan 11
pluralism 2, 9, 120, 125, 134–136, 140
Poland 48, 75, 146
Põld, Harald 33
political 1, 8–10, 15, 30, 40, 42, 45, 49, 53, 55, 56, 60, 62, 53, 70, 72–74, 76, 78–80, 84, 133, 134, 146, 147
correctness 77
history 4, 47
politicisation 79
politics 1, 3, 4, 15–17, 19, 22, 27, 53, 71–74, 77, 84, 92
of nativism 85
Pollack, Detlef 146
Pope 7, 134n
population 2, 3, 13, 20, 34, 44–47, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 70, 75, 77, 79, 84, 91, 94, 101, 103, 115, 122, 141–144, 147, 148, 151
positivist worldview 8, 15, 19
Possamai, Adam 124
post-Communist 62, 73, 75, 76
power 4, 6, 8–10, 14, 15, 16, 18, 36, 47, 59, 60, 62, 72, 80, 81, 92, 98, 99, 102, 110, 112, 114, 122, 123, 125, 129, 144
public function 30, 134
practice
praying 6, 29, 41, 43, 55, 97, 98, 101
predetermination 99
President 35, 60, 62, 53, 77, 78 (see also State Elder )
privilege 5, 8, 59, 70, 127, 147
propaganda 10, 18, 40, 52, 101
Pro Patria party (Isamaa) 83
psychology 88, 102, 103, 110
public discourse 3, 78
Pühtitsa convent in Kuremäe 56
Rahamägi, Hugo Bernhard 32, 35–37
Rajtar, Malgorzata 146
Ränk, Gustav 15
‘ratherism’ 95, 123
rational choice theory 133
Ratzinger, Joseph (Benedict xvi) 134n
rebellion 7
reconceptualisation 19
referendum 12, 13, 59, 61
reflection 6, 69
Reform party 83
refugee 23, 26, 43, 100
Register of Religious Associations 63, 65, 66
regulation 31, 58, 59, 63, 65–68, 124, 135, 136, 138, 140, 148
Reiki 104–106, 118
reincarnation 41, 99, 107, 112, 141, 142, 144
religion-as-culture 85, 151
religiosity 1, 2, 25, 27, 29, 32, 44, 47, 76, 87, 88, 91, 94, 95–97, 99, 110–112, 114, 115, 118–120, 122, 129, 132, 135, 136, 138–140, 142, 143, 145–148, 151, 152
religious
authority 71–73, 76, 79, 82, 133, 151
boom 22, 28, 61
change 62, 94 (see also religious turn )
commitment 47, 50n, 51, 118, 127
complexity 142
dynamics 2
education 20, 39, 67, 95, 107, 143, 144
headgear 68
ideas 1
identity 1, 23, 50, 51, 76, 79, 109
instruction 9–13, 15, 18, 20, 24–26
knowledge 6
language 6, 111, 118
leaders 1, 63, 78
lobbying 58
modernisation 75
participation 79, 118, 123
pluralism 2, 136
policy 71
preference 13, 91
slaughtering 63
socialisation 20, 143, 147, 148
society 75
symbol 24, 79, 80
traditions 9, 20, 58, 59, 62, 74, 78, 80, 82, 84, 119, 120, 132, 134
transformation 137, 138
transition 139
turn 91, 92, 103, 115–117, 151 (see also religious change )
Remmel, Atko 95
repentance 8, 11, 23
representation 3, 4, 8, 9, 15, 18, 21, 22
research programme 137, 138
resistance 17, 21, 22, 37, 40
resource 4, 12, 43, 89, 115, 125
responsibility (sense of) 8, 11, 12, 18, 31, 61, 62, 144
Res Publica party 83
revolution
Islamic 131
October 16
Russian 9
Singing 22, 23, 89
sixties discourse 142
spiritual 91, 121, 141
right-wing 30
Rinne, Jenny 108
ritual 5, 6, 13, 15–17, 26, 32, 35, 41, 66, 79, 106, 119, 123, 125n, 141, 146, 148, 150
Rivers, Julian 81
Roman Catholic church 41, 56, 65, 69, 132, 141, 145, 148
Romania 75
ruler 8, 10, 96, 99 (see also elite )
rural population 2
Russian Empire 4, 8, 31, 34, 48, 50, 59, 150
Russian Orthodox Church (roc) 46–49, 51–55
Russians 2, 23, 28, 47–57, 77–79, 83, 96, 97, 151
russification 7, 17, 48
Rüütel, Arnold 77
Saar, Andrus 113
Saard, Riho 23
sacralisation 72, 73, 80, 107, 121
Salum, Vello 40
salvation 7, 126
same-sex relationships 26, 63, 81–83, 151
Savisaar, Edgar 55n, 78
Scandinavia 29, 33, 84, 141, 142, 150
schism 53, 54
Schmalenbach, Herman 124
school 5, 6, 9–12, 15, 18, 20, 24–26, 31, 48, 55, 62, 67, 68. 95, 107, 110, 115, 147
scientific knowledge 8
scientific-materialist worldview 8, 86, 92, 119, 125
scientism 148
secularism 71, 74, 75, 133, 144, 145, 148
secularity 1, 62, 75, 137, 142
secularisation 1–3, 20, 28, 29, 32, 42, 51, 58, 71–73, 75, 76, 79, 80, 84, 86, 119, 121, 131–151
secular 19, 21, 27, 30, 31, 74, 76, 78, 79, 82, 85, 86, 92, 95, 101–104, 107, 109, 117–119, 121
competition 135, 136, 140, 143, 149
society 2, 30, 58, 70, 94, 119, 122
thinking 5–7
transition 135–140
seekers 21, 113, 126, 127
self-creation 88
self-spirituality 88, 103–105, 110, 116, 152
self-understanding 14, 142, 151
Semper, Johannes 10
separation of church and state 30, 64, 68, 69, 74
sermon 23, 32, 35, 40
sexual chastity 12
sexuality 19, 71, 80–83, 102
Singing Revolution 22, 23, 89
Sirk, Väino 14
situationality 118, 119, 122–124, 130
skepticism 24, 89, 116
sobriety 12
social 8, 12, 18, 21, 22, 26–28, 30, 32, 36, 42, 43, 45, 49, 50, 53, 60, 66, 70, 72, 73, 76, 80–84, 89, 93, 96, 100, 110, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 123, 126–128, 132, 134, 136, 139, 146, 150
changes 1, 2, 32, 62, 100, 126, 142
Darwinism 9
democracy 10, 12, 83, 143
interaction 3
media 116, 122, 126
structures 1
world 3
socialism 9, 15, 17, 21, 30, 86, 146, 148
Sõtšov, Andrei 52n
Soviet
bloc 136, 140, 146, 147
period 1, 15, 19, 22, 62, 141
state religion 16
Union 15, 37, 52, 53, 60, 82, 89, 132
Spencer, Herbert 9
spiritual
revolution 91, 121, 141
but not religious 44, 89, 91, 101, 103, 105, 106, 111
development 88, 104, 113, 114
humanism 95
milieu 1, 118, 121–128, 130, 134, 152
sports 92, 102, 117
Stalin, Joseph 19, 39
Stark, Rodney 132, 133
state church 10, 35, 46, 60, 62, 64, 68
State Elder 59, 60 (see also President )
statue of the Bronze Soldier 77
stereotypes 3, 18, 25, 101–103, 115
stigmatisation 18, 96, 120
Stolz, Jörg 135, 136, 138, 139
struggle 6, 9, 14, 15, 17–19, 27, 44, 76, 90, 96, 150
subculture 41, 105, 132
superstition 7, 107
Supreme Council 61
syncretism 88, 95, 97, 111, 112, 118–120
Swatos, William H. 132
Sweden 37, 48, 140–143, 146, 148, 150
Swedish era 5
Taara religion 13
talisman 107
Tallmeister, Theodor 33
Tammsaare, Anton Hansen 29
Tantra 118
Taoism 53, 88
Taylor, Charles 133, 137
teaching 7, 9, 13, 24, 87, 88, 98, 100, 102–105, 107, 110, 112, 118, 120, 122, 125, 127, 128, 152
theological
academy 54
conservatism 34, 43
education 38, 68
faculty 60, 62
institute 56
research 33
seminary 48
theology 14, 25, 33–35, 37, 56
thrift 12
Tikhon 49
towns 2, 34, 43, 52
Tõnisson, Jaan 11
transcendental 148
Transcendental Meditation 62 (see also meditation )
transformation 2, 128, 137, 138, 150, 151
translation of the Bible 29
transnational 90
tribal cultures 88
truth 3, 17, 97, 107
Ukraine 27, 54
Ukrainians 47
ultra-orthodox Jews 132
Uluots, Jüri 12
Undusk, Jaan 96
uniformity 21
University of Tartu 60, 62, 94, 118n
understanding 1, 3, 4, 8–10, 12, 14–16, 19, 22, 24, 26, 41, 45, 48, 51, 77, 84, 90, 93, 96, 98, 107, 116, 118, 121, 122, 125, 130, 131, 133, 134n, 137
urbanisation 1, 2, 20, 34, 52, 89, 145
urban population 1, 20
user-generated content 125, 126
Vällik, Martin 24
value 3, 4, 12–15, 18, 19, 21, 25–29, 32–34, 43, 72, 74, 80–83, 86–90, 103, 107, 110, 116, 120–123, 125, 126, 128, 129, 138, 142, 152
Veimer, Arnold 18
vernacular 50, 126, 127, 129
Viilma, Urmas 41
Villenthal, Laine 38
vicarious religion 26, 27, 94, 100, 116
Vladimir Mstislavich 47
Voas, David 135–138
Volkskirche (people’s church) 56
Weber, Max 121, 131, 133
welfare 66, 102, 136, 142
Wilkins-Laflamme, Sarah 138, 139
Wohlrab-Sahr, Monika 147, 148
women’s
emancipation 19, 22, 92
ordination 43
religiosity 142
Woodhead, Linda 91, 119, 141
World Values survey 1, 82
World War ii 14, 15, 51–53, 60, 77
Yaroslav the Wise 47
yoga 53, 89, 99, 104–106, 121
13th century 5, 7
19th century 2, 5, 6, 9, 14, 27, 33, 34, 45, 47, 48, 50n, 73, 76, 89, 96, 143, 146
20th century 2, 6, 8, 9, 13, 18, 19, 25, 29, 34, 41, 86, 137, 150
1960ies 18, 19, 26, 28, 38, 39, 80, 87, 88, 92, 131, 132, 142, 143, 150, 151

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Old Religion, New Spirituality: Implications of Secularisation and Individualisation in Estonia

Series:  International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology, Volume: 137
Cover Old Religion, New Spirituality: Implications of Secularisation and Individualisation in Estonia
E-Book ISBN:
9789004461178
Publisher:
Brill
Print Publication Date:
24 Aug 2021
  • Subjects
    • History
      • Church History
    • Religious Studies
      • Sociology of Religion
    • Social Sciences
      • Religion & Society
Front Matter
Preliminary Material
Copyright Page
Acknowledgements
Notes on Contributors
Map
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 The History of the Marginalisation of Christianity in Estonia (1857–2017)
Chapter 3 The Lutheran Church in Estonian Society
Chapter 4 The Orthodox Church in Estonia
Chapter 5 Secular Society, Secular State
Chapter 6 The Influence of the European Union’s Liberal Secularist Policy on Religion upon Religious Authority in Estonia Since 2004
Chapter 7 The Religious Turn in Estonia
Chapter 8 The Spiritual Milieu in Estonia
Chapter 9 Similarities and Differences between Estonia and the Other ‘Most Secular’ Countries
Conclusion
Back Matter
References
Index

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