11.1 Histogram showing the clustering of orientations for 64 towns built or rebuilt in the time of Augustus 211
14.1 Industria. Plan of the sanctuary after the first excavations in 1811 [after Morra di Lauriano 1843, pl. I] 281
14.2 Dion. a) Plan of the temple of Isis Lochia; b) Axonometry of the temple [after Christodoulou 2011, 12, Fig. 2, and 17, Fig. 7] 283
14.3A-B Dion. The vestigia Cat. 21 and 22 with their bases as exhibited at the Archaeological Museum of Dion [after Christodoulou 2011, 19, Figs. 10 and 12] 284–285
14.4A-B Baelo Claudia. a) Plan of the sanctuary of Isis; b) Axonometry of the pronaos [after Dardaine et al. 2008, 6, Figs. 6 and 103, Fig. 50a] 288–289
14.5A-C Baelo Claudia. a) Frontal view of the temple; b) The area between the staircase and the altar; c) The two vestigia [after Dardaine et al. 2008, 59, Fig. 25a] 290–291
14.6 Italica. Aerial photography of the sanctuary of Isis [after Jiménez Sancho, Rodríguez and Izquierdo 2013, 290, Fig. 9] 292
14.7A-C Italica. a) Location of the vestigia in front of the cella, later identified as the pronaos of the temple; b) The pronaos of the temple after the first excavations in 1989; c) The vestigia and their marble frame [after Corzo Sánchez 1991, 126, Fig. 1; 128, Fig. 2; 134, Fig. 7] 294–295
16.1 Isiac ritual in an egyptianising atmosphere. Source: What Life Was Like When Rome Ruled the World, Time-Life Books, 1997. Unknown author / Public domain {{PD-anon-70-EU}} 401
16.2 Nilotic landscape (c. 70 CE), fresco, 45.7 × 38 cm, Getty Villa, Los Angeles. Getty Villa / Public domain {{PD-anon-70-EU}} 402
16.3 Mosaic of the House of Neptune, Italica, with nilotic scene in the border. The image shows various hunting activities and the escape of a pygmy who climbs a palm tree while defecating in fear. 2nd century CE. Archaeological site of Italica. © 2018 Junta de Andalucía
16.4 Nilotic mosaic with men and women on river boats fighting animals, making music, and having sex. Museo Nazionale Romano – Palazzo Massimo alle Terme. Amphipolis / CC BY-SA (
16.5 Detail of the Nile mosaic at the National Archaeological Museum of Palestrina. Photo: Camelia.boban / CC BY-SA (
16.6 “Campana” relief with Roman Nilotic landscape. 1st Century CE. H. 48.3 cm; W. 51.3 cm; Th. 4.1 cm. Gift of Edward Sampson, Class of 1914, for the Alden Sampson Collection (y1962-143) Princeton University Art Museum.
16.7 “Campana” relief with Roman Nilotic landscape. Altes Museum Berlin. Photo: Angoria. Altes Museum / CC BY (