Index
9/11
113–116, 162
accreditation
8, 17, 198, 224, 226, 227–228, 258
ʿadl
117, 124
ʿAbdillāh, Jābir bin
97
ʿAbduh, Muḥammad
63, 64
ʿīna
40
Abdel-Meguid, Ahmed Asmat
113
Abū Bakr
32
Afghanistan
115
Africa
118, 139
Africa, North
158, 174, 226, 242
Agamben, Giorgio
29, 30
agency
25–55, 259
ahilik
49
aḥkām al-shārʿīa
85
Ahl ul-Bayt
54
Ahmad, Abdullah
66, 71–72, 73–74
Ahmad, Ilyas
29, 41
Ahmadi
241
Ahmadiya
254
aḥyaṭ
101
Ajinomoto case
140–145, 146
al-Mālibārī, Zayn al-Dīn
69
al-Suyūtī, Jalāl al-Dīn
69
Albania
159
alcohol
67–68, 70, 99, 100, 138, 173, 175–176, 225, 228, 231, 235–236, 237, 281, 282, 285
Aleksandrowicz, Janusz
255–256
Algeria
159, 242, 245
ʿālim see ʿulamaʾ/ulama
American Animatograph
71
American Biograph
71
Amidhan
97
Amin, Ma’ruf
97
Amsterdam
197, 204
animal rights
166, 243, 251–252, 253, 259
animal rights movements (Poland)
251, 252, 259
All Polish Association for Animal Protection (OTOZ)
251, 252
Animal Guard
251
Animal Liberation Front
251
Empathy Association
251
Foundation Viva!
251, 252
Klub Gaja
251
animal welfare
16, 18, 128, 161, 198, 203, 251
ʿaql
33, 36
Arab League
113, 114, 245n24
Arab Spring
116
Arab-Israeli peace process
120
Argentina
128
ari-ari
59
Armanios, Febe
228, 236
Arslān, Amīr Shakib
65
Asad, Talal
273
Asia
139
Central
268–269, 274n21, 285, 287n47
East
108, 141, 242
Southeast
12, 56–79, 80, 85, 129, 131n7, 141, 156, 163, 166, 167, 168, 174, 228
al-Aṣl fī al-Ashyā’ al-Ibāḥa
103
Association of Muslim Students (SSM)
245
Association of Muslim Unity (Stowarzyszenie Jedności Muzułmańskiej: SJM)
248, 253, 254, 257
Asutay, Mehmet
45
Attar, Maryam
222
Austin, John
29
Australia
128, 139
autonomy
16, 109, 113, 200, 201–204, 214, 215, 286
al-Azhar
60, 62, 63, 72
Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Produk Halal see National Agency of Halal Product Assurance (BPJPH)
Bahsul Masa’il
86, 87
baḥth al-ʿilm
84
Bashkortostan
268
al-Baṣrī, Abū’l-Ḥusayn
33, 84
Batavia 66
71
Bāṭinīs group
36
Beijing
108, 113, 114n15, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123
Beijing Consensus
112
Belgian Muslims (l’ Exécutif des musulmans de Belgique: EMB)
162, 164, 179
Belgium
16–17, 153–195, 245n22
Belt Road Initiative (BRI)
108, 116, 119, 122, 123
Bentham, Jeremy
174
Bergeaud-Blackler, Florence
130, 131, 173, 225
Berger, Rafał
248
Bertrand, Jacques
145
Białostocczyzna
244
Białystok
244, 247, 255
bioethics
2, 18, 201
biotechnology
14, 98, 104
Bodin, Jean
28–29
Bogor Institute of Agriculture (IPB)
137
Borneo
64
Bosnia and Herzegovina
257, 271n14
Bourdieu, Pierre
278
Bowen, John
171, 238
Brazil
221, 229n32
Brunei
156, 163, 168
Bush, GeorgeW.
115
al-Būṭī, Ramaḍān
25
Cairo
12, 57–58, 60, 62–67, 70–74, 76
Cambodia
60, 61
capitalism
3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 21, 25, 26, 27, 31–32, 38, 41, 42, 43, 45–46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 112, 113, 155, 266, 270, 274, 278–279, 288
Centre for Islam and Culture of Belgium (Centre Islamique et culturel de belgique: CCIB)
159–162, 164
Centro Islamico Crema
208
Centro Islamico Culturale d’Italia (Islamic Cultural Centre of Italy)
205
Ceric, Mustafa
257
China
14–15, 108–127, 130, 131n7, 229, 230, 279n37
Chinese Communist Party
112, 123
Choiński, Witold
257
Chuvashia
268
civil society
11, 21, 26, 46, 47–51, 88, 90, 265–292
Codex Alimentarius
165, 167–168
Codex Alimentarius Commission
165n83, 199
Comitato per l’Islam italiano (Committee for Italian Islam)
206
Community-Supportive Agriculture (CSA)
117
Comunità Religiosa Islamica (Co.Re.Is.)
18, 205, 208, 209, 226
Consulta Islamica (Islamic Council)
206
consumer ethics see eating ethically
consumer protection
6, 18, 203, 214, 215
corruption
145, 231n36, 278, 282, 283
Council of Indonesian Ulama (MUI)
13–14, 15, 80n2, 81–82, 84, 87, 89, 90–92, 94–102, 103–104, 132, 134–135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142–145, 146–147, 154n8, 166, 167, 175, 198, 226, 227, 231
Fatwa Commission
82, 89, 94, 95, 98
Council of Russian Muftis
284
COVID-19
108, 111, 123
Daḥlān, Aḥmad ibn Zainī
58
Dahlan, Winai
257
dalils
95
Dār al-Iftā’ (House of Fatwa, Egypt)
89
ḍarūra
8, 13, 98, 100–101, 124
ḍarūriyyāt
33
Dassetto, Felice
153n4, 160
Dawud, Abū
97
Deng Xiaoping
112
Denmark
258
Department of Islamic Development (JAKIM)
13, 81, 82, 84, 89, 90, 93–103, 104, 153n1, 166, 167, 168, 175, 198, 227
dhabīḥa
242, 272
dīn
33, 36
Djalaluddin, Thaher
62–63
Dubai
208
East Indies
59, 61, 64, 68, 90
eating ethically
221–240
Egypt
1, 57, 65, 73, 74, 89, 92, 114, 245
Eid
117, 252
Embassy Islam
205
England
30
Epstein, Steven
155, 157
Ergene, Boğaç A.
228, 236
essentialism
5–22, 38, 41, 43, 47, 49, 274, 277
ethics
6, 7, 10, 19, 93, 174, 221–240, 265, 269, 271, 273, 274–277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 283, 285, 288
EuroHalal
164, 166–167, 169, 172, 176n142, 182
Europe
3, 113, 139, 156, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 241, 242, 250n47, 257
Central
257
Eastern
257
European Certification and Control of Halal (EICH)
170, 172n121, 176n142, 180
European Committee for Standardization
166
European Convention on Human Rights
200
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
1, 199, 200
European Islamic Halal Certification (EIHC)
164, 167, 169, 175n132, 182
European Parliament
203
European Single Market
5
European Union (EU)
6, 122, 161, 162n57, 196, 199, 201–202, 203, 210, 211, 215, 228, 229n32, 251
Court of Justice
6, 162n57, 196
exception
11, 26–32, 37, 38–43, 51
fair trade
27, 46, 50
falāḥ
50
farā’id
61
farm-to-table
222
see also farm-to-fork
al-Fāsī, Allāl
37
al-Fatani, Ahmad ibn Muhammad Zain
58–61
al-Fatani, Shaykh Da’ud
59–60
al-Fatāwā al-Faṭāniyah
58, 59, 61–62
fatwa (pl. fatāwā)
2, 3, 9, 11, 12, 13–14, 15, 25, 26, 32, 33, 43, 51, 52, 56–79, 80–107, 132, 135, 137, 142–145, 146, 175, 176
Fawzi, Ahmad
64
Federation of Jewish Communities of Spain
206, 214
Ferrari, Silvio
200, 204
Fiji
128
fiqh
1, 3, 9, 25, 46, 50, 60, 61, 85, 96, 99, 100, 175, 176, 225, 271
see also Islamic law
Fischer, Johan
83, 132, 156
Food Italy
19, 222, 225, 227, 228–230
Foucault, Michel
158, 174
Foundation of Consumers’ Institution (Yayasan Lembaga Konsumen)
137
France
30, 119n32, 158, 175n138, 184, 229n32, 241, 242, 245n22, 258
fraud
6, 18, 144, 202, 204, 207, 215
from-farm-to-fork
16, 198
see also farm-to-table
furūʿ
86, 102
fuzzy logic
11, 27, 45, 46–50, 51, 53
Gajah Mada University (UGM)
132, 144
Gdańsk
244, 247
Gembloux
158, 160
General Veterinary Inspectorate (GVI)
242n7, 244, 247, 254
Germany
30, 155n8, 241, 242, 245n22, 253n58
gharār
124
al-Ghazālī
30, 31, 33, 34, 35–36, 84, 102
Girindra, Aisjah
140, 144
Global Action in the Interest of Animals (GAIA)
166
globalisation
9, 45, 121, 249, 256
glocalisation
3–5, 9, 17, 163
Gorzów Wielkopolski
244
Gratian (Flavius Gratianus Augustus)
30
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
166
Gulf Cooperation Council Standardization Organization (GSO)
166, 167
Gulf countries
108, 117, 118, 120, 123, 160, 164, 167, 208
ḥadīth/hadith
2, 34, 35, 71, 97–98, 142, 143, 156, 176, 225
ḥājiyyāt
33
ḥajj
58, 59, 74, 281
hakim kafir
59
halal
halal authentication
15–16, 128–150
halal awareness
129, 130–132, 135, 269
halal certification
1–22, 80n2, 81, 82, 87, 94, 103, 104, 117, 120, 124, 129–134, 136, 137, 138–140, 141, 144, 146–147, 153–195, 196–240, 241–264, 264–293
halal market
1–22, 25–150, 153, 154, 156, 163, 165, 196, 197, 208, 222, 249, 250, 253, 258, 259, 281, 283
halal norms
10, 154, 155, 157, 168, 173, 281
pluriversality
17, 153, 156, 173–177
Halal Act 2011, Indonesia
146–147
Halal Advocates of America
117
Halal Certification Bodies (HCB s)
3, 8–9, 15, 16, 17, 19, 124, 153, 155, 156–158, 163–165, 166–168, 170–173, 174–176, 178–187
Halal Expertise
164, 166, 167, 169–170, 172n121, 175, 176n142, 184
Halal Federation of Belgium (HFB)
167, 168, 180
Halal Food Council of Europe (HFCE)
164, 166–170, 172n121, 176n142, 182
Halal Guide
285
Halal Institute (Italy)
211, 212
Halal Institute (Poland) (PIH)
20, 241–242, 253, 257–258, 259
Halal International Authority (HIA)
208, 226
Halal Italia
18, 19, 206–211, 214, 222, 225, 226, 228, 237
Halal Italia 2010 Inter-ministerial Convention
206–211, 213
Halal Poland System (HP)
255, 258
Halal Research Group (HRG)
132
Halal Standard Committee (Tatarstan)
283, 287
Halal Stock
166
Halal System
247, 254, 258
halalness
9, 47, 129, 134, 136, 146, 154n8, 198, 270, 282, 285
Halim, Sheikh Abdul
92
Hallaq, Wael
29, 84
Han Chinese
114
Ḥanīfa, Abū
32, 284
ḥarām/haram
8, 10, 12, 15, 27, 46, 47, 51, 56, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99, 102, 103, 133–134, 135, 138, 139, 143, 147, 173, 198, 209, 236, 265, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274–277, 279, 281, 283, 285
Hasanuddin, Maulana
98
Hassan, Ahmad Fahmi
42
Hassanali, Layla
236
hegemony
11, 25–55, 268
ḥisba
49, 94
Hobbes, Thomas
28
Hong Kong
15, 108, 116, 123
Hosen, Nadirsyah
83, 142
Hui
14, 108–127
Hui Autonomous Region
118
ḥujjiyya
33, 35
Hurayrah, Abū
97
Hurgronje, Snouck
59
Hussein, Y.A.B. Tun Abdul Razak bin Dato’
93
Ibn Qayyim
102
Ibn Taymiyyah
99
Ibrahim Husen, H.
135, 136
Idel-Ural
21, 267, 271, 275, 279, 288
see also Povolzhye
identity
1, 6, 7, 18, 20, 21, 26, 37, 52, 83, 108, 114, 201
Idris, Mahmud bin Shaikh Muhammad
74
iḥsān
50
iḥtiyāṭ
8, 13–14, 101–102
iḥtiyāṭ wājiba
101–102
ijmāʿ
29, 34, 95, 143
ijtihad
12–14, 29, 30, 80–107, 124
ʿilla
34
impurity (of materials)
98, 99, 100, 102, 282
see also najs
Imran, Basyuni
63–65, 70, 72
Imran, Muhammad
64
Indonesia
13–16, 57, 58, 59, 64, 65, 66, 69, 75, 80–107, 109, 123, 128–150, 153n1, 154n8, 156, 163, 166, 167, 168, 175, 176n142, 198, 226, 231
Indonesian Council of Religious Scholars, Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Section (Lembaga Pengkajian-Pangan, Obat-Obatan, dan Kosmetika, Majelis Ulama Indonesia: LPPOM-MUI)
92, 94, 95, 132, 137, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 153n1
Indonesian Halal Standard (HAS-MUI 2008)
167
Industrial Property Code
206, 207
instrumentalization
5–22, 250n47
International Criminal Court
1
International Standards Organization (ISO)
224, 228
intifāʿ
97
Iqbal, Muhammad
89
Iran
119n32, 128, 155n10
Iranian Revolution (1979)
128
Iraq
245
Islamic Association for the Student and Youth of BENELUX
160
Islamic banks
38, 39–42, 51
Islamic Commission of Spain (ICS)
19, 211–214
Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIS)
2, 11–12, 25, 26–27, 37, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46–51
Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America (IFANCA)
167, 182
Islamic legal theory see uṣūl al-fiqh
Islamic Moral Economy (IME)
8, 12, 41, 47, 48–50
Islamic reformism
62–66, 72, 76
Islamophobia
162, 250n47
Ismail, Nik Mahmud bin Nik
60
Israel
114, 119, 145
istiftā’
63, 65, 94
istiḥāla
13, 83, 96–100, 101, 102, 142
istihlāk
13, 96–100, 102, 228, 236
istiḥsān
32, 95
istinbāṭ
13, 86, 88
Italy
16, 18, 19, 30, 196–220, 221–240, 257
Jaafar, Syed Mohd Jeffri Bin Syed
83
Jabar, Khatib
60
Jabatan Agama Islam Negeri (State Department of Islamic Affairs, JAIN)
93, 95
Jakarta
82, 132, 134, 144
Jam‘iyya al-Khayriyya al-Talaba al-Azhariyya al-Jawiyya
67
Jamiah Setia Pelajar
67
Jamiyat Khayr
65
Java
61, 68, 70, 89, 133, 140, 141, 142, 144
Jawa
58, 59, 62, 63, 65–66, 67
Jawatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia see Department of Islamic Development (JAKIM)
Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia
93
Jaw
60, 62, 64, 65, 67
al-Jawi, Abd al-Hafiz
5
Jiang Zemi
114
Jordan
245, 257
al-Juwaynī, Abu Muḥammad
84
Juwaynī (Dhia’ ul-Dīn ’Abd al-Malik ibn Yūsuf al-Juwaynī al-Shafi’ī)
32–33
al-Juwaynī, Imam Ḥaramyn
84
juzʾiyyāt
35
al-Kabūlī, Shaykh ‘Abdu al-Rahīm
60
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim
84
Kāmil, Muṣṭafā
73
Kaptein, Nico
59, 90
Kasali, Rhenald
138
kaum kafir Olanda
59
Kazan
265, 269, 270, 287
Kelantan
60, 61, 92
Kementerian Wilayah Persekutuan
93
Kenali, Tok
60
see also Yusuf, Muhammad
Kes, M.
141
khalīfa
50
Khallāf, ‘Abd al-Wahhāb
37
Khatib, Ahmad
62, 64
khilāfa
124
Khnifer, Mohammed
40
King Mohamed VI (Morocco)
119
kitab
59, 60, 69, 75
Kraków
244
kulliyyāt
35
Kupang
67, 68, 69
Kuwait
97, 142, 160
labelling
6, 14, 16, 18, 20, 27, 46, 123, 136, 140, 147, 209, 215, 230, 233
‘fake’
14, 109, 123
Lard Scandal (1988)
132, 135, 137, 138–139
law
consumer
5
European Union
7, 201
international
1
Islamic
1, 11, 13–14, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 37, 41, 43, 73, 82, 83–88, 90, 92, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102–104, 129, 131, 211–212, 225
see also law, shariʿa/sharia; fiqh
positive
1, 5, 29, 94
Shariʿa/sharia
see also law, Islamic; fiqh
88, 96, 247
trademark
5, 19
Lebanon
245
Lembaga Bahsul Masa’il (LBM)
91
Lembaga Tarjih Muhammadiyah (LTM)
91
Lever, John
242
Locke, John
28
London
83, 236
Lorenzini, Sharif
226
Luxembourg
160
Made in Italy
19, 209–210, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228–229, 230, 231–232, 236
maḏhab
85, 96, 101, 227
madhāhib
13, 83, 95, 96–97, 101–102
mafsada
36
Majelis Hisbah
91
Majelis Ulama Indonesia see Council of Indonesian Ulama (MUI)
Majlis Agama Islam
93, 95
Majlis Agama Islam Neger (State Council of Islamic Affairs, MAIN)
95
Majlis Kebangsaan bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia (National Council for Islamic Affairs (MKI))
93
Majlis Ugama dan Adat Istiadat Melayu
61
Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS)
153n1, 166n89, 167, 168, 198
Majmaʿ al-Buhūth al-Islāmiyyah (Islamic Research Academy, Azhar University)
89
Majmaʿ al-Fiqh al-Islāmiyy (Fiqh Research Academy)
89
Malay
56, 59, 60, 61, 64, 73, 75, 83, 92, 132
Malaysia
13–14, 15, 40, 42, 60, 61, 80–107, 109, 120, 123, 129, 131n7, 153n1, 156, 163, 165, 166, 167–168, 175, 176n142, 198, 228
Malaysian Halal Standard (MAS 1500–2009)
167
Malik, Imam (Malik ibn Anas)
32, 95
Man, Saadan
83
maqāṣid
36, 49–50
see also shariʿa, objectives of
Maqsood, Ammara
279
Marca de Garantía Halal de Junta Islámica
18–19, 211–213
Mari El
268
Marmosoedjono, Soekarton (Attorney General)
136–137
maṣāliḥ mursala
95
maṣlaḥa
11, 13, 27, 30–37, 40, 41–43, 50, 88
delusional
8, 11, 25–26, 38, 41, 42, 43, 45, 50–51
Mecca
39, 58–61, 62–66, 97, 112, 116
media
144, 147, 162
journals and magazines
Canopy Bulletin
133, 138
al-Imam
63, 73, 75
al-Manār
12, 31, 56–79
al-Munir
66, 73, 74, 75
Pengasoh
61
Tempo
132, 144
newspapers
Guardian, The
229
Islam Bergerak
75
Kompas
132, 135, 136
Republika
147
printed and electronic
73, 74, 75
social
52, 53, 269
Megawati
145
Messikh, Saleh
256–257
Middle East
13, 65, 71, 92, 98, 100, 108–127, 128, 131n7, 139, 208, 228
Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
14, 108–127
Mignolo, Walter D.
157
Milan
208, 225, 226, 232, 233
Misbach, Hadji
75
Miśkiewicz, Tomasz
246, 247, 252–256, 258
mīzān
117, 124
Mochammad, Agus Krisno Budiyanto
141
modernity
12, 25, 43, 56–79, 155, 171, 277–279
Mordovia
268
Morocco
119, 159
mu‘āmala
61
mufti
58, 61, 74, 84, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, 246, 254, 255
see also shariʿa experts/scholars
Muftiate
266, 285
see also Spiritual Directorate
Muhammadiyah
86–87, 90, 91
Muhimmat al-Nafā’is
58, 59, 61–62
mulkiyya
33, 36
Munji, Salim
68–69
mushtabihāt
15, 135
Muslim Association Ahmadiyya (Muslim Association Ahmadiyya)
248
Muslim Association of Education and Culture (MSKK)
245
Muslim League (Liga Muzułmańska w Rzeczpospoliteg Polskiej: LM)
20–21, 241, 243, 246, 247, 248, 250, 253–255, 256, 257
Muslim Religious Union (Muzułmański Związek Religijny w Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej: MZR)
241, 243, 247, 253, 254–255, 256, 258
Muslim Youth Union
287
mustaftī
59, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 94
mustawriq
39, 40
mutawarriq
38
nafs
33, 36
Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)
86–87, 90, 91, 146
najs/najis
98, 99, 102
see also impurity
Nalborczyk, Agata
251
Nana, Shaykh Abdulla
117
nasl
33, 36
Nasser, Gamal Abdel
112
National Agency of Halal Product Assurance (BPJPH)
14, 81, 92, 94
National Bioethics Committee (Italy)
18, 201
National Fatwa Council of Malaysia (NFC)
89, 93, 98, 100
Nederlandsche Bioscoop Maatschaapij
71
neoliberalism
112, 113, 267, 278, 279
Netherlands, The
160, 242, 258
New Order regime
134, 136, 137, 145
New Zealand
128, 155n10
nikāḥ
61
Ningxia
108, 118
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
110, 112
Occupied Palestinian Territories
245
Office for Patents and Trademarks (Italy)
207, 209
Oleśnica
244
Oman
40
One Belt, One Road (OBOR) see Belt Road Initiative (BRI)
Opwis, Felicitas
35, 36
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
39, 165–167
International Council of Fiqh Academy (ICFA)
39–40, 51
Standards and Meteorology Institute for Islamic Countries (SMIIC)
165, 166, 167
Ottoman
49, 231
OXFAM
229
Pancasila state
90
Paris Court of Appeal
7
Patani
59, 60, 61
Pauzi, Norhidayah
83
Pejabat Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan (Department of Mufti of Federation)
87
Pelkmans, Mathijs
273
Pengesahan Halal Malaysia (Malaysia Halal Legalisation Panel)
95
Perintah Perihal Dagangan
93, 101
Persatuan Islam (Persis)
91
Philippines, The
156, 163, 166
pluralism
104, 196–200, 266n2
Poland
16, 20–21, 241–264
politics
15, 27, 45, 128–150
ethno-religious
15, 16, 128–150
national
145–148
positivisation
1–2, 11
Povolzhye
265–271, 273n17, 275, 278, 280, 282, 285, 288, 289
see also Idel-Ural
Poznań
244, 257
public interest/utility see maṣlaḥa
purity (of materials)
70, 89, 99, 265
al-Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf
84, 99, 100
al-Qarāfī
31, 34
al-Qāsimī, Jamāladdīn
31, 50
qaṭʿiyya
85
qawāʿid
34
qawāʿid fiqhiyya
96
qawl muʿtamad
88
qiyās muʿtabar
95
Qur’an
2, 11, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 41, 50, 51, 56, 64, 70, 76, 85, 86–87, 94, 95, 96, 142, 225–226, 269, 271, 274
Radłowska, Karolina
256
al-Rāzī
30, 31, 33, 34, 35
regulatory mechanisms
11–12, 26–27, 46, 47, 50
ribā
68, 69, 270, 282
Rida, Rashid
12, 31, 37, 50, 57, 58, 63, 64, 65, 71, 72, 73–74, 76, 89
ritual slaughter
6, 16, 17, 20, 93, 117, 129, 154, 160–162, 166, 196, 199, 201n22, 204, 223, 231, 242, 243, 249–253, 254, 255, 259, 272
Riyadh
119
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
28
Russia
16, 21, 243, 265–293
Russia Volga region
21, 265–291
see also Povolzhye
Sa‘id, Shaykh Mahmud
60
al-Sarawaki, Umar al-Sumbawi, Uthman
64
Saʿud, Ahmad
64
sadd al-dharīʿah
95, 100–101
ṣahāba
156
Salafi
4, 267, 281, 285, 286
salam
41
Salih, Haji Muhammad
60
Sarekat Islam
75
Saudi Arabia
112, 119, 226, 242, 247
Schielke, Samuli
278
Schmitt, Carl
26, 29, 30, 37, 41, 51
schools of law
Ḥanafī
13, 32, 83, 88, 95, 96, 99, 102
Ḥanbali
32, 88, 95, 96, 102
Mālikī
13, 32, 83, 88, 95, 96, 102
Shafiʿi
13, 32, 58, 82, 85, 86, 87–88, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 142
science
3, 15, 16, 17, 22, 89, 104, 128–150, 170, 171, 174
Science and Technology Studies (STS)
133
Shabbar, Said
85
shak
124
Shariʿa Advisory Board of Bank Negara Malaysia
42
shariʿa/sharia/Shariah
1, 2, 11, 29, 30, 33, 35, 37, 40, 42, 44–46, 48, 49, 51, 81, 82, 84, 89, 92, 93, 95, 104, 142, 153, 277, 282, 284
boards (SBS)/committees
2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 26, 41, 46
compliance
11, 25, 26, 27, 38, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47, 48, 51–53, 113, 117, 118, 120, 124, 202, 207, 210, 270
experts/scholars
11, 13, 25, 26, 27, 30, 37–38, 40, 41, 42–43, 43–45, 47–48, 51, 52, 94
see also muftī
morality of
12, 27, 29, 37, 46–47, 48, 50, 51
objectives of
30, 33, 36, 41, 45–46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52
see also maqāṣid
principles of
25
al-Shāṭibī
30, 31, 35–36, 37, 85
al-Shawkānī
102
Shia
241, 248, 257
Shihab, Hasan bin Alwi bin
70
shubha
102, 143n32
Siberia
269
Silk Road
110, 116, 124
Singapore
15, 61, 63, 70, 73, 109, 121, 123, 124, 138, 153n1, 156, 163, 166n89, 167–168, 176n142, 198, 202, 215
Single European Act
5
Sino-Arab Cooperation Forum (SACF)
122
Sino-Muslim relation
109, 112
al-Sisi, Abdel Fattah
119
sovereignty
11, 22, 26–32, 37, 38, 41, 45, 51, 110, 114
Spain
16, 18–19, 196–220
Spanish Federation of Islamic Religious Entities
211
Special Economic Zones (SEZ s)
112
Spiritual Directorate
283, 287
see also Mufitate
Sri Lanka
120, 124
standardisation
2, 9, 10, 19, 21, 134, 140, 155–156, 157, 164, 165, 167–168, 173, 196–200, 225, 227–232
standards
1, 2, 3, 4–5, 8–9, 16–17, 19, 113, 117, 120, 129, 153–195, 197, 198–199, 202, 204, 211, 224, 227–228, 230–232, 237, 242, 249, 279, 287n47
Stowarzyszenie Jedności Muzułmańskiej (SJM)
257
stunning
16, 17, 20, 128, 129, 161–162, 196, 197, 199, 201n22, 203, 204, 250, 251
Sudomo
139
Sufi
73, 102, 274
Suharto
16, 89, 91, 134, 136, 137, 145
Sulayman, Abdul Hamid Abu
85
Sultan Muhammad I of Kelantan
92
al-Sumbawi, Umar
64
sunat
59
sunna
2, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 41, 51, 64, 85, 86, 87, 94–96, 98, 156, 266
Sunnism
17, 95, 119, 157, 158, 175, 176, 205, 265, 267, 273, 280, 286
Surabaya
66, 68, 69, 134
Soesanto, Tri
89, 132, 133–134, 136–138, 140, 147
Sweden
258
Switzerland
30
Syria
245
Szczecin
244
Tabaq, Nidal Abu
136
tābi’ al-tābi’īn
156
tābi’īn
156
taḥqīq
13, 86
taḥsīniyyāt/taḥsīniyya
8, 12, 33, 47
ṭalāq
61
taqnīn
84
taqrīr
13, 86
tarjīḥ
13, 86
Tatar
20–21, 243, 244–245, 246–248, 255–256, 259, 265, 268, 269, 271–273, 276, 278, 284, 285
Tatarstan
21, 266n2, 268–270, 272, 277, 279, 281, 283, 285, 287, 289
taṭhīr
98
tawarruq
11, 25, 38–43, 51
ṭayyib
8, 10, 15, 117, 236, 237
technology
14, 17, 68, 70, 71, 104, 118, 119, 128, 131, 138, 148, 170, 171, 237
technoscience
16, 132, 148
Teheran
119
Thahir, Muhammad bin Hashim bin
66, 70, 71
Thailand
60, 156, 163, 257
Tiananmen
114
Timmermans, Stefan
155, 157
Toselli, Elen
210
trademarks
19, 202, 206–211, 212, 213, 214, 215
Trump, Donald
119
trust
15, 20, 57, 109, 111, 121, 123, 124, 128, 207, 221, 234, 237, 282–285
al-Ṭūfī
31, 34–35, 36, 37, 41–42, 50
Tunisia
159, 245
al-Turābī, Ḥasan
37
Turkey
159, 167, 229, 257, 272
Udmurtia
268
Uighur
14, 108–127
Ukraine
243
ʿulama’/ulama (sing. alim)
3, 9, 12, 13, 17, 56–62, 63, 64, 71–76, 84, 85, 87, 91, 95, 97, 98, 128, 143, 145, 147, 156, 157, 158, 173–174, 176
umma
40, 85, 91, 124, 174, 246
Union of Islamic Communities of Spain
211
Union of Italian Jewish Communities
206, 214
Unione delle Comunità Islamiche d’Italia (Union of Islamic Communities of Italy)
205
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
160, 167, 208, 221, 242, 257, 258
United Kingdom (UK)
241, 258
United Nations
199
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
116
United States of America (USA)
18, 30, 108, 112, 113, 115, 117, 119, 122, 124, 128, 129, 163, 167, 169n99, 202, 223, 285
uṣūl
86
uṣūl al-dīn
60, 61
uṣūl al-fiqh
11, 69, 96
Van Klinken, Gerry
145
Wahid, Abdurrahman
144, 145–146
War on Terror
115–122, 163
Warsaw
244, 254
Washington Consensus
112
West Sumatra
62, 66, 71, 72, 73, 74
West Timor
67, 68
World Halal Authority (WHA)
226, 228, 231, 237
World Halal Conference
97
World Halal Convention East Europe
257
World Halal Council
129
World Halal Food Council
129
World Health Organization (WHO)
142, 165n83, 199
Wrocław
244
Xi Jinping
108, 118, 119, 124
Xinjiang
109, 114, 118, 122
Yahya, Sayyid Aqil bin Uthman bin
67–68, 69
Yaquby, Nizam
40
Yemen
245
Yogyakarta
132
Yusuf, Muhammad
60
see also Kenali, Tok
Zāhirī group
36
Zain, Muhammad
60
zakat
61
Zaman, Muhammad Qasim
88
Zhou Enlai
112
al-Zuḥaylī, Wahbah
98
Żuk, Mahmoud Taha
248, 257