Note on Transliteration, Conventions, and Abbreviations
Arabic transliterations follow a modified system based on the standard of the International Journal of Middle East Studies. When quoted in isolation, individual words and noun phrases are usually transliterated without full inflection. When longer phrases and entire Qurâanic passages are quoted, they are rendered with full inflection as corresponding to the Ḥafá¹£ Ê¿an Ê¿Äá¹£im text but with pausal forms for the end of verses. In such passages the hamzat al-waá¹£l is omitted when preceded by an inseparable preposition, e.g., wa-l-kitÄb. In all other cases, however, it is indicated with an apostrophe, e.g., fÄ« âl-kitÄb. Nouns that are commonly found in the English language are not transliterated, and the simplified anglicised spelling is adopted, e.g., Mecca, Muhammad, and Qurâan. All Qurâanic translations are based upon Arthur Arberryâs and were freely adapted. Quotations were sourced from the Qurâanic Arabic Corpus website (
All references follow the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition with the exception of the encyclopaedias listed below, which are referenced in the following format: Abbreviation of Encyclopaedia, s.v. âTitle of Articleâ (Name of Author), e.g., EI2, s.v. âal-ḲurʾÄnâ (Welch).
Abbreviations
| EALL |
Versteegh, C.H.M., and Mushira Eid, eds. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 4 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2005. |
| EI2 |
Bearman, P., et al., ed. Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2nd ed. 12 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1960â2009. |
| EQ |
McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. Encyclopaedia of the QurʾÄn. 5 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2001â2006. |