Cover illustration: The twenty-six martyrs from Nagasaki, Jesuit church, Innsbruck. Courtesy Peter Brühwasser.
The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download:
ISSN 2214-3289
ISBN 978-90-04-43618-3 (hardback)
ISBN 978-90-04-44890-2 (e-book)
Copyright 2022 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, except where stated otherwise.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Hotei, Brill Schöningh, Brill Fink, Brill mentis, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Böhlau Verlag and V&R Unipress.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Requests for re-use and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV via
This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.