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This volume is published within the framework of the ERC Project AlchemEast — Alchemy in the Making: From ancient Babylonia via Graeco-Roman Egypt into the Byzantine, Syriac and Arabic traditions (1500 BCE–1000 AD), which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (G.A. 724914).
The views and opinions expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.
This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder.
Cover illustration: Composition of writing implements. © Photo by Lucia Raggetti 2020, from objects in the Ter Lugt Collection, Leiden. In the foreground: a Byzantine bronze stylus, a modern reed pen (qalam), bookbinder’s scissors showing the text Yā Fattāḥ (Ottoman Egypt), ceramic figurine of a Muslim scholar (Samarkand, late 20th-century), wooden penholder from Northern India. In the background: a carved stone inkwell (Central Asia), a glazed ceramic inkwells (Central Asia), and a bone paper burnisher (Ottoman Egypt).
The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2020054333
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.
ISSN 2405-5077
ISBN 978-90-04-42111-0 (hardback)
ISBN 978-90-04-44480-5 (e-book)
Copyright 2021 by Lucia Raggetti. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag.
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This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.