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This chapter describes the history of doctoral degrees in the field of education to set the context for better understanding of contemporary education doctoral degrees. While many different degrees at the doctoral level are currently awarded by universities, the two most common are the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and the Doctor of Education (EdD). The primary characteristics setting doctoral-level degrees apart from other degrees, at most Western universities, are the original contribution to knowledge and the defence of the knowledge claims made in the dissertation to a panel of experts, already holding doctoral degrees themselves, in the field of expertise. In North America, the first PhD in education can be traced back to the Teachers College in New York in 1893. The first EdD was granted almost three decades later, in 1921, by Harvard University. Doctoral degree programmes in education are as diverse of the universities offering them and the students pursuing them. Attendance can range from part-time, while the doctoral candidate remains employed full-time, to full-time, in which the doctoral candidate suspends work activities to engage in doctoral scholarship. While traditionally doctoral degree holders typically sought academic positions, today approximately 20% of doctoral degree holders teach and research in higher education settings. The balance work in schools, government, professional organizations, and a variety of other private and public non-profit and for-profit organizations. The importance of the relationship between the doctoral candidate and the research supervisor is critical for success in the programme and, often, afterwards in securing employment requiring the doctoral degree.