General Index of Names and Subjects
Acciaiuoli, Donato
80
,
120n34
,
121 –123
Achilles
408
Adam
63
Adams, John
205 –207 211 –216 505 –506
Adams, John Quincy
206
Aelius Aristides
82 –83 119
,
144
Aeschines,
28
,
30 –31 31n13
,
32 –37 41 –43 141
,
233
,
347n61
Agamemnon
62
Agesilaus ii, King of Sparta
216
Agis iv, King of Sparta
125n40
,
191
Ahrens, Heinrich
274n13
Alberti, Leon Battista
9
,
82
,
90
,
93
,
93n67
,
94n71
,
95
,
108
,
112
,
133
Albertus Magnus
65
,
65n17
,
65n18
Alcibiades
4
,
9
,
61
,
66
,
70
,
72
,
74
,
79
,
79n37
,
90
,
94
,
94n73
,
95
,
115
,
125
,
136
,
182
,
208
,
210
,
252n101
,
286
,
393
,
433
Alcmaeon
144
Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia
58
,
68
,
81
,
144
,
194
,
207
,
216
,
228n28
,
286
,
442
Alfonso, Duke of Calabria
109
,
114
Alfonso, King of Aragon
109
,
109n11
Althusser, Louis
17
,
358
American Revolutionary War
ix, 45
,
58
,
86
,
203 –206 211
,
214
,
217
,
306
,
405n26
,
417
,
505 –506
Ammirato, Scipione
139
Amnesty, Athenian
61
,
118
,
118n29
,
125n39
,
165n31
,
315
,
315n71
,
481n47
Amos
374
,
374n15
Amyot, Jacques
179
,
182
Anacharsis
445
Anaxagoras
113
,
163
Anderson, Greg
248n89
Andocides
30
,
32 –33 40 –42
Androtion
40
Antidemocratic tradition
3 –13 3n4 –5 15
,
18
,
28
,
43
,
46
,
123
,
129
,
134
,
142
,
160
,
163
,
165
,
168
,
170
,
173
,
175
,
179
,
188n38
,
196
,
209
,
224n19
,
225
,
233
,
236 –239 252
,
258
,
271
,
278 –280 282 –284 287 –288 298
,
309
,
318
,
394
,
394n99
;
see also
Historiography
;
Mob rule
;
Reception of Athenian democracy
Antipatros, Macedonian general
286
Antiphon
28
,
30
,
163
Antiquarianism
9
,
14
,
67n19
,
88
,
138 –140 140n66
,
141 –142 145n74
,
180
,
282
Anytos
315
Apollo
39
,
227
,
468
Archidamus ii, King of Sparta
160n23
,
162
Arendt, Hannah
ix, 18
,
369 –370 399 –402 402n18
,
403 –404 404n22
,
405
,
405n26
,
405n27
,
405n28
,
406
,
406n29
,
407
,
407n32
,
408 –413 413n52
,
414n55
,
415
,
415n56
,
416 –417 417n60
,
417n62
,
418
Areopagus, the Council of the
32 –33 38
,
40 –41 85 –86 86n51
,
87 –89 94
,
118
,
123
,
139n63
,
142
,
144
,
156n10
,
209
,
247n82
,
492 –493
Ares
38
Aristides
70
,
72
,
74 –76 79 –80 90 –91 94
,
110 –111 115
,
134 –136 143 –144 155
,
180
,
182
,
189 –191 208 –209 349
Aristophanes
30 –32 43
,
141
,
159
,
159n21
,
192
,
283
,
285
,
381n49
,
494
Aristophanes Byzantinus
30
Aristotle
3 –6 6n13
,
6n14
,
8 –10 15
,
18
,
28 –34 34n40
,
35
,
38 –40 40n79
,
41 –46 48
,
60
,
61n12
,
62
,
62n14
,
63
,
63n15
,
64 –65 65n17
,
66 –68 70
,
78
,
84 –88 91
,
94
,
110 –112 114
,
116 –118 120n32
,
123 –124 126
,
129
,
133 –134 137
,
140 –141 143 –144 144n72
,
154
,
156
,
162n26
,
163n26
,
164n29
,
169
,
170n44
,
181
,
205
,
208
,
211 –212 215
,
221
,
221n7
,
228n28
,
243
,
247n82
,
248n89
,
260
,
260n122
,
265n145
,
271
,
286
,
319
,
337
,
337n14
,
337n16
,
346
,
346n57
,
348
,
348n61
,
348n62
,
350
,
354n74
,
359
,
401
,
403n20
,
407
,
407n34
,
412 –413 446 –447 456n6
,
458
,
458n11
,
458n12
,
468
,
480
,
480n44
,
493 –496
Arndt, Ernst Moritz
273
Arnold, Matthew
384
Artaxerxes i, King of Persia
136
Athena
112n17
,
119
,
247n82
Athenian democracy
criticism of
see
Antidemocratic tradition
;
Mob rule
;
Reception of Athenian democracy
debate on
14
,
291
,
317
,
319
,
353
,
359
history of
2
,
27
,
38 –41 58 –59 79
,
87
,
105
,
124
,
144
,
182 –183 187
,
203
,
226
,
314
,
339
,
342
,
347
;
see also
Constitution, Solonian
;
Constitution, Cleisthenic
;
Cleisthenes
;
Solon
ideology of
3n5
,
20
,
27 –29 317
,
357 –359 456n6
,
457
,
457n10
;
see also
Equality
;
Freedom
;
Isonomia
;
Parrhesia
in fifth century bce
2
,
40
in fourth century bce
2
,
41 –45
institutions of
see
Areopagus, the Council of the
;
Athenian law-courts
;
Athenian popular assembly
;
Council of Five Hundred
leaders of
4 –5 7
,
9 –10 14
,
17
,
32
,
34
,
36 –38 40
,
43 –45 62
,
66
,
71
,
71n24
,
74 –77 81
,
83
,
85
,
89
,
94
,
107 –108 111 –113 119
,
133 –134 136
,
140
,
142 –143 162
,
189
,
192
,
208
,
210
,
272
,
277
,
280
,
290
,
354
,
360
,
433
,
457
,
475
,
493
,
497 –498 Alcibiades
;
Aristides
;
Cimon
;
Cleon
;
Demagogues
;
Demosthenes
;
Nicias
;
Pericles
;
Themistocles
;
Thrasybulus
tradition of
27
,
45 –48 183
,
225
,
333
,
339
;
see also
Antidemocratic tradition
;
Historiography
;
Liberal interpretations of Athenian democracy
;
Marxist historiography
;
Reception of Athenian democracy
values of
1 –2 5
,
28
,
264
,
285
,
314
,
360
,
382
,
393
;
see also
Equality
;
Freedom
;
Isonomia
;
Parrhesia
with aristocratic or oligarchic elements
84
,
360
,
493
see also
Constitution, Athenian
Athenian law-courts
27
,
31
,
32 –35 40 –41 43 –44 85
,
199
,
230n32
,
275 –276 278 –280 284
,
287
,
354
,
358
,
458n13
,
492 –496
Athenian popular assembly
27 –28 31 –34 36 –37 40
,
43 –44 46
,
86
,
111 –112 132
,
137
,
141 –142 156
,
162
,
175
,
195
,
199
,
213
,
234
,
236
,
238
,
239n53
,
248
,
252 –254 260
,
274
,
276 –277 279
,
281
,
284
,
314
,
344
,
354
,
358
,
433
,
436 –439 455
,
458
,
462
,
470
,
493 –496
Augustinus
63
,
93
,
308
,
384
Augustus (Octavian)
58
,
158
Aulus Gellius
141
Averroes
384n60
Avlami, Chryssanthi
259n121
Bacon, Francis
158
Barbaro, Francesco
80
Baron, Hans
77n28
,
82 –83
Barthélemy, Jean-Jacques
10
,
181
,
186
,
189 –190 193
,
333
Bartolus of Sassoferrato
64
Basili, Cristina
400
Bataille, Georges
430n17
Baudelaire, Charles
444
Bauer, Adolf
286n93
Beccadelli, Antonio (known as Panormita)
109
Beccaria, Antonio
80
Begriffsgeschichte
see
Conceptual history
Beloch, Karl Julius
221
,
257 –258 258n118
,
279n49
,
280n55
,
281n65
,
304n19
,
310
,
313n67
Benjamin, Walter
404n22
Bentham, Jeremy
196
,
231
Benvenuto da Imola
62
Bergk, Theodor
283
Berlin, Isaiah
263
,
302n12
,
319
,
319n83
Beroaldo, Filippo (the Elder)
76 –77 120n34
,
121 –124 129
,
138
Berve, Helmut
288n102
,
289 –290
Biondo, Flavio
84
,
139 –141
Birago, Lampugnino
126n44
,
127 –128
Bismarck, Otto von
286 –288
Bleicken, Jochen
291n118
Bobbio, Norberto
13
,
303
,
310
,
321
,
321n95
,
321n97
,
359n102
Boccaccio, Giovanni
78
,
94n73
Boccalini, Traiano
139
Böckh, August
46
,
273
,
278
,
279n45
,
280n59
Bodin, Jean
156
,
156n11
,
179 –180
Boethius
63
Bosanquet, Bernard
352
,
352n70
Boule
see
Council of Five Hundred
Botero, Giovanni
139
Bougainville, Jean-Pierre de
186
Bovero, Michelangelo
321n97
Bracciolini, Poggio
9
,
78
,
82
,
89 –93 94n71
,
112
,
129
,
133
Brague, Rémy
387n75
Brandolini, Aurelio Lippo
90
,
120n33
,
121 –123 126n43
,
129
Brasidas, Spartan general
244
Brennus, Gaulish chieftain
244
British Parliament
10
,
46
,
154
,
158
,
171
,
171n24
,
172 –173 175
,
194
,
196
,
204
,
206
,
226
,
229
,
246
,
284 –285
Brival, Jacques
192
Bronowski, Ada
333n1
Brunetto Latini
62
,
72
Bruni, Leonardo
9
,
58n4
,
59n6
,
78 –89 89n60
,
92
,
94
,
119 –120 120n33
,
121 –124 126
,
129
Brunkhorst, Hauke
406
,
406n30
Brutus, Lucius Junius
190
Brutus, Marcus Junius
82
,
190
,
307
Burckhardt, Jacob
8
,
14
,
272 –275 277
,
288
,
292
,
319
,
319n85
,
360
,
404n22
Burke, Edmund
226
,
226n24
,
227n28
,
228n28
,
245
Burke Leacock, Eleanor
338n21
Burt, Ron
473 –474
Busolt, Georg
281n66
Byron, George Gordon Noel
226
,
226n22
,
235
Caesar
58
,
277
Calder, William Musgrave iii
232 –233
Calogero, Guido
13
,
302
,
317
,
319
,
319n87
,
320 –321
Calvin, John
211
Camassa, Giorgio
333n1
,
360 –361
Cambiano, Giuseppe
181
Camiller, Patrick
490n1
Campano, Antonio
80
Canfora, Luciano
317
,
359 –360
Capitini, Aldo
313
,
320
Cardano, Girolamo
113n20
,
139
Care of Self
424 –434 436 –437 442
,
443n42
,
445 –446 448
Carlyle, Thomas
231
,
241
,
255
,
255n12
Carneades of Cyrene
125n41
Carr, Edward Hallett
221
,
221n11
Carson, Lyn
490
,
508
Cartledge, Paul
59 –60
Cassarino, Antonio
79
Cassin, Barbara
399 –400
Cassirer, Ernst
16
Castiglione, Baldassar
127 –128
Cato, Marcus Porcius (Censor)
82
,
125n41
Cato, Marcus Porcius (Uticensis)
307
Cauer, Friedrich
287n97
Cavalcanti, Giovanni
81n42
,
108
Cavendish, William, Baron of Hardwick, first Earl of Devonshire
157
Cavendish, William, second Earl of Devonshire
157 –158 171n47
,
172
Cecill, Thomas
160
Cecrops, King of Athens
119
Champagny, François-Joseph de
257n117
Charles i, King of England
46
,
153
,
170 –172
Charles v, Holy Roman Emperor
194
Charles viii, King of France
124
Chrysoloras, Manuel
78 –81 89
Churchill, Winston
313
Cicero, Marcus Tullius
7
,
7n16
,
46n119
,
62
,
65 –66 68
,
69n22
,
70
,
73
,
76
,
82 –83 86n51
,
91
,
94n72
,
110 –112 115 –116 118
,
120n32
,
135 –136 204
,
206
,
211 –212 215
Cimon
74 –76 79
,
90
,
111
,
115
,
125
,
165
,
182
,
208
Cinnella, Ettore
333n1
Citizen Assembly
490
,
502 –504 509 –510
Citizen Juries
502 –504
Clark, George Rogers
204
Cleanthes of Assos
91
Cleisthenes
1
,
16 –17 38 –39 72
,
143
,
143n70
,
144
,
189 –190 198 –199 221n7
,
243
,
246 –247 247n84
,
248
,
248n88
,
248n89
,
314
,
342
,
342n37
,
343 –345 345n51
,
346 –347 347n58
,
347n60
,
348
,
348n61
,
349 –351 355 –356 359
,
361
,
414n55
,
417n62
,
463
,
466 –468 468n30
,
470 –471 471n34
,
472 –473 475
,
478
,
481
,
492
Cleomenes i, King of Sparta
244
Cleomenes iii, King of Sparta
125n40
,
191
Cleon
165
,
167 –168 208
,
210
,
241
,
252 –254 254n109
,
258
,
277
,
279
,
283 –285 497
,
508
Clinton, Henry Fynes
226
,
235
Codrus, King of Athens
61
,
119
Coercive (Intolerable) Acts
206 –207
Cohen, Hermann
373n11
,
373n11
,
385
,
385n63
,
390n88
Cold War
302n12
,
319
,
321
,
368
,
368n2
,
372 –373 387
,
392
Collective wisdom
20
,
453 –455 458
Collingwood, Robin George
376
,
393
Collini, Stefan
239
,
241
Communist revolution
335n8
,
339
,
341
,
341n31
,
416 –417
Conceptual history
12
,
291
Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de
189
,
458n11
Consensus conference
502
,
504
Constant, Benjamin
8
,
12
,
47
,
193
,
195 –196 225n20
,
273
,
273n12
,
275
,
277
,
300 –303 306 –308 318 –319
Constitution
ancestral
33
,
190
,
248
,
346
,
347n61
aristocratic
64
,
89
,
117
,
128
,
130
,
132
,
139
,
280
,
360
,
493
Aristotle on
6
,
85
,
137
,
162n26
,
286
,
495 –496
Athenian
3
,
6 –7 9
,
15
,
18
,
20
,
27
,
42
,
66
,
85 –86 116
,
118 –119 130
,
140 –143 180
,
185
,
220
,
221n7
,
240
,
243
,
284
,
281
,
286
,
464
,
493 –494 Law, Athenian
Cleisthenic
189
,
246 –248 248n88 –89 342
,
348n61
,
471n34
debate or discussion on
6n12
,
18
,
28
,
175
,
402 –403 492
democratic
4
,
15
,
18
,
20
,
92
,
94
,
130
,
142 –143 180
,
188n38
,
190
,
215
,
223n18
,
226
,
242
,
248
,
314
,
382
,
346
,
405n28
,
456n6
,
481
,
492
English
46
,
227
Italian
298
,
320
,
320n90
Machiavelli on
126
,
131
Massachusetts
212
mixed
4
,
7
,
9
,
11
,
46
,
126
,
126n43
,
129 –132 137 –138 139n63
,
142
,
145
,
185
,
224n18
oligarchic
9
,
84
,
86
,
94
,
119
,
133
,
140n63
,
153
,
164
,
466
republican
57
,
94
,
123
,
185
,
225
Roman
115
,
126
,
126n43
,
130 –132 Law, Roman
Solonian
9
,
33
,
38
,
42
,
45 –46 65
,
145
,
156
,
182
,
190
,
197 –198 247n82
,
248
,
248n88
,
348n61
,
350
,
351n67
Spartan
126n43
,
130 –131 162n26
,
186
,
191
;
see also
Lycurgus, Spartan lawgiver
U.S.
205
,
212
,
214 –215 217
,
224n18
Venetian
87 –88 92
,
117
,
129
,
129n49
,
131 –132 138 –139 142
Convention, French
60
,
189
,
191
,
272
Conventionals
193
,
200
Coriolanus
75
Cornelius Nepos
79n37
,
118
,
206
Council of Five Hundred
28
,
31
,
31n20
,
33 –36 34n40
,
35n43
,
38 –40 43
,
85
,
142
,
156
,
248
,
248n88
,
314
,
346
,
346n56
,
349
,
459
,
463
,
470 –480 470n33
,
471n34
,
472n36
,
479n41
,
480n43 –44 481
,
492 –493 495 –497
Cosimo de Medici (the Elder)
87
,
90
,
109n10
Cosimo de Pazzi
127n46
Crisis of the West
369 –373 375
Critias
393
Croce, Benedetto
12 –14 298 –299 299n4
,
300 –305 305n24
,
306
,
306n31
,
307 –309 309n45
,
309n47
,
311 –312 312n63
,
314
,
317
,
317n77
,
318n81
,
319 –321
Croesus, King of Lydia
137 –138
Cromwell, Oliver
153 –154
Curtius, Ernst
279n43
,
280n57
,
280n62
Cynicism
93
,
439 –444
Cyriac of Ancona
86
,
88
,
88n60
,
89
,
120
,
120n33
,
121 –122 123n35
,
124
,
127
Cyrus the Great, King of Persia
243
,
265n145
Cyrus the Younger
138
Dacier, André
182
Dahl, Robert Alan
504
Dalberg-Acton, John Emerich Edward
307
Daniel’son, Nikolaj Francević
340n26
Dante Alighieri
62
,
64
,
70 –71 71n25
,
72 –73
Danton, Georges Jacques
191
Darius i, King of Persia
61
De’ Ferrariis, Antonio (known as Galateo)
109
Deliberative Poll
21
,
490
,
502
,
507
De Longueil, Cristoph
121 –123
Demagogues
154 –155 162 –165 164n29
,
166 –168 173
,
175
,
208
,
210
,
223
,
227
,
251
,
254 –255 272
,
276 –277 279
,
283 –285 352
Demagogy
175n61
,
272
,
277
,
281
,
287
De Maistre, Joseph
240n56
De Ruggiero, Guido
307n36
De Sanctis, Gaetano
12
,
299
,
304n19
,
305
,
305n28
,
308
,
308n44
,
311
,
313
,
313n66
,
313n67
,
314 –316 316n75
,
319n86
De Ste. Croix, Geoffrey Ernest Maurice
17
,
335n8
,
357
Decembrio, Pietro Paolo
79
Decembrio, Uberto
78 –79
Demetriou, Kyriakos
235
,
253
,
253n104
Demetrius, Cynic philosopher
91
Demetrius of Phaleron
111
Democracy
ancient
10
,
12 –13 45
,
125
,
145
,
275
,
318 –320 333n1
,
334 –335 339
,
343
,
344
,
353
,
356
,
359 –360 362
,
502
,
508
Athenian
see
Athenian democracy
criticism of
see
Antidemocratic tradition
deliberative
21
,
453
,
491
,
502
,
509
,
511 –512 514 –516
direct
27
,
46 –47 192 –193 215
,
224n18
,
240n56
,
259n121
,
275
,
277
,
284
,
318 –319 320n90
,
321 –322 358n98
;
see also
Self-government
epistemic
20
,
453 –455 453n3
,
483
,
508
liberal
12
,
15
,
18
,
20
,
183
,
224
,
242
,
257
,
261 –262 264
,
318
,
373
,
391
;
see also
Liberalism
modern or contemporary
5
,
14 –15 37
,
47
,
264n44
,
309
,
317 –318 321
,
333
,
354
,
454
,
490 –491 506
,
508
popular
319
radical
21
,
42
,
491 –492 495
,
497
,
505
,
508 –509 513
,
515
representative
34
,
46 –47 58
,
183
,
185
,
214
,
259n121
,
291
,
321 –322 Representative government
theory or ideology or principles of
21
,
223
,
256
,
259
,
264
,
275
,
298
,
319n83
,
356
,
405n27
,
453
,
483
tradition of
see
Tradition, democratic
Western
291
,
322n98
,
368n2
,
372
,
514
Demosthenes
3
,
11
,
27 –29 29n8
,
30 –39 41
,
41n90
,
42 –46 48
,
65
,
79 –81 141
,
182
,
183n22
,
191
,
203
,
205 –206 216
,
229
,
232 –234 243
,
247
,
251n100
,
253n107
,
287
,
304
,
304n19
,
311
,
311n55
,
312n63
,
313
,
347n61
Desmoulins, Lucie-Simplice-Camille-Benoist
188
,
191
,
193
,
333
,
413n52
Detienne, Marcelle
435
Dicasteria:
see
Athenian Law-Courts
Dickens, Charles John Huffam
241
,
241n57
Dickinson, John
206
,
210
,
215
Diderot, Denis
187
,
187n33
,
189
Dinarchus
37 –38 41 –42 45
Diodorus Siculus
45
,
80
,
105
Diogenes the Cynic
442
Diogenes Laertius
79 –80 93
,
106
,
116
,
119
Diogenes of Babylon
125n41
Dion of Syracuse
437
Dion of Prusa
433
Dionisotti, Carlo
307n38
Dionysius of Halicarnassus
9
,
117
,
126
,
126n44
,
127
,
131 –132 134
,
140 –142
Dionysius of Syracuse
437
Dionysus
193
Diphilos
44
Dow, Sterling
221n8
Dracon
116
,
143 –144 191
Drerup, Engelbert
287
Droysen, Johann Gustav
197
,
280n54
,
283n76
,
285
,
304
,
304n19
,
312n63
Duplessis-Mornay, Philippe de
170n44
Duruy, Victor
11
,
181
,
183
,
196 –199 247n81
Ecclesia
see
Athenian popular assembly
Ehrenberg, Victor
287
,
402n18
,
405n28
Elitism
116
,
263
,
318n81
,
359 –360 511
Elyot, Thomas
155n8
Encyclopédie
188n38
Engels, Friedrich
334
,
338
,
338n22
,
353
,
353n72
English Civil Wars
58
,
155
,
170
,
175
,
306
Ephialtes
40
,
85 –86 123
,
143 –144 247n82
,
247n83
,
349
,
492
Epictetus
431
,
433
,
440
Epimeleia heautou
see
Care of Self
Equality
5
,
16 –19 28 –29 47
,
181
,
183
,
191 –192 195
,
199
,
214
,
273
,
282
,
288
,
303
,
319
,
321
,
337
,
341 –342 343n41
,
354
,
360
,
369 –370 402
,
402n18
,
404 –406 409 –412 416
,
438
,
453
,
481
,
491
,
497 –498 507 –509 513
;
see also
Isonomia
Erasmus, Siegfried
288n104
Esau
71n24
Esotericism
390
,
390n89
Estaço, Achille
140
Euboulos
35
Eugenius iv, Pope
93
Eurymedon
166
Euripides
3
,
29
,
42n94
,
48
,
159
,
159n21
,
162
Eusebius
141
Fabius Pictor
105
Facio, Bartolomeo
109
Fairfax, Thomas
153
Farenga, Vincent
403n20
Fascism
12 –13 298
,
298n2
,
299
,
299n4
,
299n5
,
302
,
305n29
,
306
,
307n36
,
309
,
309n47
,
310
,
310n54
,
311 –313 317
,
319n86
,
320
Ferrabino, Aldo
12
,
299 –300 308
,
308n44
,
309 –310 310n54
,
313
Ficino, Marsilio
79 –80 106
,
108
Filelfo, Francesco
69
,
91n65
,
107
,
129
,
140
Filelfo, Gian Mario
90
,
94n71
,
107 –108 129
Filmer, Robert
10
,
155
Finley, Moses
17
,
17n28
,
17n29
,
230n32
,
333 –334 334n6
,
335
,
335n7
,
335n9
,
335n10
,
338
,
354 –355 355n80
,
356 –357 357n91
,
358
,
498
Fishkin, James
490
,
507
Floyd, Thomas
155n8
Foscari, Francesco
66
Foucault, Michel
ix, 17
,
19
,
406
,
406n30
,
421
,
421n1
,
422
,
422n3
,
423 –425 425n10
,
426 –430 430n17
,
431 –434 434n23
,
435 –443 443n42
,
444 –446
Franklin, Benjamin
205
,
209 –210
Fränkel, Max
279n50
Frederick ii, King of Prussia
186
Freedom
18
,
27 –29 59 –60 65
,
76
,
86
,
108
,
117
,
119
,
130
,
133 –134 135n58
,
142
,
145
,
154 –155 183
,
185
,
187
,
193
,
195 –196 199
,
217
,
228
,
245
,
248
,
273
,
276
,
283
,
298
,
302 –303 305
,
307
,
312 –313 312n63
,
316
,
319 –320 343n41
,
345n51
,
348
,
350
,
360
,
400
,
403n20
,
404
,
406
,
408 –411 413
,
416 –417 417n62
,
421
,
425 –426 429
,
433
,
442
,
443n42
,
445 –446
ancient
12 –14 47
,
278
,
283
,
300
,
302
,
304
,
306 –308 316n75
,
333
,
333n3
Athenian
47
,
134
,
145
,
307
,
311 –312
collective
134
,
301
,
446
concept of
282
,
302
,
304
,
306 –307 317
democratic
28
,
47 –48 314
,
356
Florentine
109n10
Greek
273
,
298
,
303 –304 308 –310 316
,
423
individual
47 –48 77
,
195 –196 277
,
300 –301 307
,
318
,
406n30
,
423
,
435
,
439
,
445 –446
liberal conception of
288
,
446
modern
12 –14 47
,
195
,
278
,
283
,
300 –304 307
,
312
,
316n75
,
333n3
of Attic comedy
275
of movement
185
,
195 –196
of opinion
283
of speech
28
,
283
,
308
,
387n77
,
413
,
436
;
see also
Parrhesia
of thought
193
,
299
political
28
,
47
,
129
,
190
,
195
,
299
,
303
,
356
,
406
religious
283
,
307
republican
117
,
134
Roman
191
,
304
,
308 –309
Freeman, Edward
258 –259
French Revolution
ix, 45
,
58
,
86
,
179
,
181
,
188 –191 194 –195 198 –200 215
,
221n11
,
226
,
228n28
,
245
,
272 –273 275 –276 281 –282 301n8
,
302
,
306
,
345n51
,
360
,
373
,
404
,
405n26
,
417
,
505 –506
Frontinus
125
Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis
48
,
199
,
273
,
273n12
,
275
,
277
,
319
,
319n84
,
404
,
404n22
,
498
Gabba, Emilio
316
Gadamer, Hans Georg
394n99
Garin, Eugenio
77n28
Garve, Christian
272
Gentile, Giovanni
309
,
309n47
,
319
George of Trebizond
80
,
106
Giannotti, Donato
138 –139
Gibbon, Edward
145
,
250n98
Gibson, Gordon
509
Gilbert, Felix
77n28
Giles of Rome
66
Gillies, John
225
,
250
,
250n96
Giorgini, Giovanni
ix, 17 –18 298n1
,
333n1
,
415n56
Giustinian, Leonardo
80
Glotz, Gustave
11
,
199 –200
Godelier, Maurice
335n9
Goetz, Wilhelm
281n63
Goguet, Antoine Yves
186
Goldsmith, Oliver
225
,
250
Gore, Christopher
209
Government
see
Constitution
Governmentality
426
,
445 –446
Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius
132
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius
132
Graecophilia
see
Neo-humanism
Gramsci, Antonio
17
Granovetter, Mark
465
,
467
,
473
Greek tyrants
38
,
40
,
60 –62 92
,
111
,
118 –119 144
,
154
,
168
,
169
,
222
,
225 –226 235
,
263
,
395
Grenville, George
210
Grosseteste, Robert
63 –64 67
Grote, George
11 –12 12n20
,
14
,
15n23
,
16
,
46 –47 145
,
179 –180 183
,
196 –199 220
,
220n6
,
221
,
221n7
,
221n8
,
221n9
,
221n11
,
222 –223 223n15
,
223n16
,
223n17
,
223n18
,
224
,
224n18
,
224n19
,
225
,
225n20
,
226
,
226n24
,
227
,
227n28
,
228n28
,
229
,
229n31
,
230
,
230n32
,
231
,
231n33
,
231n36
,
231n37
,
232 –239 239n53
,
240 –241 241n57
,
241n58
,
242 –246 246n77
,
247
,
247n81
,
247n82
,
248
,
248n88
,
249 –250 250n93
,
250n98
,
251
,
251n98
,
251n100
,
252
,
252n101
,
253 –254 254n107
,
255 –256 256n114
,
257
,
257n116
,
257n117
,
258n117
,
258n118
,
259
,
259n121
,
260 –265 265n145
,
284
,
284n81
,
285 –286 310
,
310n50
,
314
,
333
,
342 –343 343n41
,
344
,
344n45
,
345
,
345n51
,
346 –347 347n60
,
347n61
,
350 –354 354n73
,
355 –356 359 –360 381n48
,
414n55
Guaraldo, Olivia
18 –19 369
Guarini, Giovan Battista
139
Guarini, Guarino of Verona
78
,
80
Guicciardini, Francesco
58n4
,
125n39
,
138 –139 139n63
Guttmann, Julius
386n68
Hades
498
Hadot, Pierre
425
,
425n10
Halevy, Elie
368
Hamilton, Alexander
11
,
205 –206 209 –210 215 –217
Hankins, James
88
,
120
Hannibal
138
Hansen, Mogens Herman
2
,
2n
,
17n28
,
59
,
84
,
354
,
354n73
Hanson, Victor David
360
Harder, Richard
288n105
Harpocration
30
,
346
Harrington, James
10
,
156
,
156n10
,
175n61
,
211 –212
Harris, Edward
17n28
,
354
Havelock, Eric
16
,
393
Hayek, Friedrich von
16
Hedrick, Charles
362
Heeren, Arnold
272
,
278n36
,
279n44
Heffter, August Wilhelm
279n48
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
15
,
273
,
282
,
282n72
,
302
,
305
,
305n24
,
309
,
312n63
,
374
Heidegger, Martin
374
,
377n33
,
392
,
400
Henry, Patrick
206
Heraclitus
378
Herbst, Ludwig Ferdinand
281n69
Herder, Johann Gottfried
273
Hermann, Karl Friedrich
280n53
Hermeneutics of reticence
18
,
370
,
389
Hermogenes
127
Herodotus
3
,
3n5
,
6n12
,
9
,
11
,
18
,
21
,
28
,
29
,
38 –39 80
,
105
,
105n2
,
106
,
115
,
120n34
,
122
,
142
,
144
,
181
,
193 –194 203 –204 207
,
221n7
,
346
,
347n60
,
348
,
348n63
,
355
,
355n83
,
356n84
,
359
,
369
,
402
,
402n17
,
403n19
,
403n20
,
406
,
410
,
415
,
492
,
498
Heyne, Christian Gottlob
272
Hickes, Francis
159n17
Hilarion of Verona
127 –128
Hipparchus, Son of Peisistratus
244
Hippias, Tyrant of Athens
198
,
244
,
248
,
393
Historicism
13
,
302 –308 308n40
,
314
,
320
,
371 –375 375n21
,
389
,
393
Historiography
anti-Athenian
233
antidemocratic or aristocratic or conservative
237
,
249
,
264
,
360
,
362
Marxist
see
Marxist historiography
on ancient Rome
197
Hitler, Adolf
288
,
290
,
377n33
Hobbes, Thomas
ix, 3
,
10
,
17
,
153
,
156
,
156n12
,
157
,
157n13
,
158
,
158n14
,
159
,
159n17
,
159n20
,
159n21
,
160 –162 162n24
,
162n25
,
163
,
163n26
,
163n27
,
164
,
164n29
,
164n30
,
165n31
,
166
,
166n34
,
167
,
167n37
,
168 –170 170n45
,
172 –173 173n55
,
174 –175 175n61
Hobsbawm, Eric
338
Holm, Adolf
280n52
,
282n74
Homer
68
,
78
,
110
,
141
,
159
,
159n21
,
194
,
206
,
343
,
370
,
380
,
407 –408 408n37
,
417
,
498
Hong, Lu
455
Horace
110
,
159
,
159n20
Hornblower, Simon
252n101
Humboldt, Wilhelm von
12
,
271
Hume, David
235
Hyperides
29
,
36 –37 41 –42 44 –45 141
Iacopo of Santo Cassiano
80
,
105
Iori, Luca
10
Iphicrates
125
Isagoras
16
,
38
,
346
,
348
,
350 –351 355
Isidorus of Seville
181
Isocrates
29 –30 38
,
38n63
,
43
,
141
,
144
,
190
,
206
,
239
,
239n53
,
304
,
439
Isonomia
18
,
29
,
47
,
121
,
127
,
370
,
402 –405 402n18
,
405 –406 405n28
,
408 –409 411 –412 414 –418 Equality
Isonomy
see
Isonomia
Jackson, Andrew
48
Jacob
71n24
Jaeger, Werner
404n22
James i, King of England
171
Jaspers, Karl
400
,
415
Jefferson, Thomas
209
Jellinek, Georg
302
,
302n10
Jerusalem
18
,
371
,
383 –385 387n74
,
387n75
Jesus
209
John of Salisbury
61
,
69
Jowett, Benjamin
352
Judaism
304 –306 311
,
373n11
,
386
Julian, Roman Emperor
440
Justin
61
,
67 –68 106 –107 115
,
123
,
181
Kagan, Donald
368n2
Kant, Immanuel
422
,
435
Kelsen, Hans
16
Kenyon, Frederic George
15
,
221
Kierstead, James
11 –12 14
Klossowski, Pierre
430n17
Köchly, Hermann
281n64
,
281n70
Koselleck, Reinhart
291
Kovalevskij, Maksim Maksimović
341n33
Krader, Lawrence
348
Kristeller, Paul Oskar
77
Kronos
257
Krug, Wilhelm Traugott
280n61
Landino, Cristoforo
69
Landwehr, Hugo
285n85
Lanza, Diego
317
,
357
Lapo of Castiglionchio
80
Larcher, Pierre-Henri
193
Larkin, Erin
333n1
Lascaris, Janus
126n43
,
127
,
127n46
,
128
Latimer, Robert
157
Law
Athenian
2
,
4
,
17
,
28 –29 30
,
33
,
35 –36 40
,
45
,
83
,
116
,
116n26
,
133
,
164n29
,
199
,
274
,
276
,
279
,
284
,
286
,
345
,
345n52
,
354
,
354n78
,
361
,
402n18
,
405n28
,
406
,
456
,
464
,
481n47
,
480
,
494
,
497
Roman
36
,
73
,
137
rule of
2
,
17
,
28
,
280
,
284
,
286
,
354
,
354n78
,
406
Law, John
183
Lee, Charles
205
Leghissa, Giovanni
19
Lenin, Vladimir Il’ić Ul’ianov (known as)
291
Leonard, Miriam
399
,
401n15
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim
388
Levellers
154
,
154n5
,
155
Levêque, Pierre
355
Lévesque, Pierre-Charles
181
,
193 –196
Lewin, Frances
231
,
237
Libanius
141
Liberal-democratic theory
see
Democracy, liberal
Liberal interpretations of Athenian democracy
11
,
16
,
17n28
,
191
,
195n68
,
196
,
198 –199 225n20
,
235
,
241n58
,
356
,
393
;
see also
Liberalism
Liberalism
14
,
58
,
179
,
181
,
183
,
191
,
195n68
,
196 –199 222 –224 223n16n18
,
225n20
,
227n28
,
231n37
,
235
,
240
,
241n58
,
242
,
245
,
257 –259 260n122
,
261 –264 273
,
285
,
288
,
298 –300 302n10n12
,
303 –304 309 –310 316
,
318 –321 352 –353 355 –356 360
,
362
,
369
,
372 –373 377
,
381
,
384
,
391 –395 445 –446 Tradition, liberal
Liberal theory or ideology
223
,
227n28
,
231n37
,
369
,
446
;
see also
Liberalism
Liberty
see
Freedom
Lincoln, Abraham
508
Lipsius, Justus Hermann
281n67
,
347n60
,
351n68
Livy
82
,
126
,
140
London, William
174
Lopez Obrador, Andrés Manuel
513
Loraux, Nicole
57n1
,
145
,
357
Lorenzo de Medici (the Elder)
91
,
109n10
Loewith, Karl
394n99
Louis xiv, King of France
58
,
60
Lot (method of selection)
16
,
21
,
32
,
34 –36 40
,
47
,
59
,
85
,
142
,
228n28
,
280
,
284
,
314
,
346 –347 351
,
351n67 –68 352
,
354
,
402 –403 472
,
482
,
490 –498 500
,
502 –503 506
,
511 –514 Sortition
Lovati, Lovato
67
Lubbock, John
338
Lucian of Samosata
138
,
206
Lugebil, Karl
280n58
,
284n78
Luke (St.), Evangelist
166
Luhmann, Niklas
17
Lycurgus, Spartan lawgiver
10n19
,
66
,
137
,
180
,
189 –192 240n56
,
246
Lycurgus of Athens
38
,
41
,
42
,
44
Lysander, Spartan general
208
Lysias
30
,
33 –34 38
,
41
,
44 –45 141
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de
186
,
188
Macaulay, Thomas Babington
227
,
227n28
,
228
,
241n58
,
245
,
260
Machiavelli, Niccolò
9
,
11
,
14
,
17
,
58n4
,
59n6
,
112 –113 123 –125 125n40
,
125n41
,
126
,
126n43
,
127
,
127n46
,
128 –130 130n51
,
131 –132 132n53
,
132n54
,
133
,
133n56
,
134
,
134n57
,
135
,
135n58
,
135n59
,
136 –137 137n61
,
138 –139 139n63140
,
142
,
145 158
,
211 –212 371
Macron, Emmanuel
503
Madison, James
11
,
204 –205 214 –217 224n18
,
240n56
Maimonides
386
,
390n88
,
391
Maio, Giuniano
108
Malvezzi, Scipione
139
Manetti, Giannozzo
108
Manin, Bernard
506
Marcaccini, Carlo
16 –17 317
,
414n55
Marcellinus
163
,
163n27
,
165
,
165n31
Marcus Aurelius
430 –431
Mariana, Juan
170n44
Markell, Patchen
407n32
Marsilio of Padua
66
Martin, Brian
490
,
508
Martin, Thomas
204
Marx, Karl
ix, 16
,
333
,
333n1
,
336 –337 337n14
,
337n15
,
338
,
338n22
,
339 –340 340n26
,
341
,
341n31
,
341n33
,
342 –343 347
,
349 –353 355
,
355n80
,
361
Marxist historiography
16 –17 17n28
,
291
,
291n116
,
317
,
320
,
333
,
333n1
,
334 –335 335n7
,
335n8
,
335n9
,
335n10
,
336
,
339
,
353 –354 356
,
356n87
,
357
,
357n93
,
358
,
361
,
361n108
,
362
Mason, George
210
Matteucci, Nicola
320 –321
Maximus of Tyrus
127n46
Mazzini, Giuseppe
305
,
305n27
,
312
McCarthy, Joseph
387n76
Meier, Christian
12
,
17
,
291 –292 355n80
,
414n55
Meier, Moritz Hermann Eduard
345n52
Meiksins Wood, Ellen
356
Melon, Jean-François
183
,
183n22
Menander
220
,
220n5
,
221n7
Ménard, Louis
223n18
,
259n121
Mérimée, Prosper
197n71
,
199
,
221n11
Meyer, Eduard
220
,
281n65
,
282n71
,
286
,
287n95
,
335n8
Micanzio, Fulgenzio
158
Michelet, Jules
197
Michels, Robert
318n81
,
457n9
Mill, James
196
,
226
,
230
,
231n33
,
265n145
Mill, John Stuart
12
,
14
,
220
,
224
,
227n28
,
231
,
231n33
,
231n37
,
232
,
234
,
241n58
,
242 –243 245
,
246n77
,
257
,
259
,
259n121
,
260
,
260n121
,
260n122
,
261 –262 264
,
344
,
354
Miltiades
69 –70 72
,
74 –76 79n37
,
83 –84 90
,
115
,
134n57
,
191
Minerva
see
Athena
Minipublics
21
,
492
,
508 –511 514 –516
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de
505
,
505n50
,
505n53
Mitford, William
11
,
14
,
222
,
225 –226 226n22
,
226n24
,
227 –228 234 –236 236n49
,
237 –239 241
,
241n58
,
242
,
244 –245 249
,
264
,
333
,
356n87
Mob rule
10
,
60
,
142
,
155
,
163
,
208
,
211
,
271
,
277 –279
Momigliano, Arnaldo
12
,
14
,
105
,
126
,
131
,
141
,
257
,
299 –300 303 –305 305n24
,
305n25
,
305n28
,
306 –307 307n38
,
308n39
,
308n40
,
308n41
,
311 –312 312n63
,
313 –314
Momigliano, Felice
305
,
305n26
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de
10
,
14
,
183n22
,
186 –187 187n34
,
187n35
Morgan, Lewis Henry
16
,
338
,
338n21
,
338n22
,
339 –341 341n33
,
342
,
342n35
,
343
,
346
,
347n59
,
348 –349 349n65
,
350 –351 353
,
361
,
417n62
Morosini, Domenico
135
Mosca, Gaetano
318
,
318n81
Mossé, Claude
181
Müller, Emil
285n83
Murray, Gilbert
3n6
Murray, Oswyn
77
,
223n16
,
306
Musonius
433
Mussato, Albertino
67
Mussolini, Benito
311
Musti, Domenico
318n80
Naitana, Filippo
333n1
Nazism
16 –17 288n100
,
289
,
306
,
320
,
369
,
374
,
392
,
392n94
Nedham, Marchamont
154 –155 156n10
Neo-humanism
12
,
271
Niccoli, Niccolò
91
Nicholas v, Pope
105 –106 126n43
,
126n44
Nicias
79
,
111
,
136 –137 182
,
208
,
241
,
249 –250 250n93
,
251 –252 252n101
Nicolls, Thomas
159n17
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg
280n60
Nietzsche, Friedrich
430n17
Nifo, Agostino
127
,
127n46
,
128
Nihilism
372 –374 392
,
394n99
Nippel, Wilfried
12
,
14
No-rule
18
,
404 –406 408 –409 412
,
416 –417
Numa Pompilius
137
Nussbaum, Martha
446 –448
Oakeshott, Michael
16
Ober, Josiah
17
,
17n28
,
20 –21 358 –359 359n101
,
360
,
362
,
414n55
,
495
Oedipus
418
Oinobius
165
Old Oligarch
see
Pseudo-Xenophon
Oncken, Wilhelm
284 –285
Ontology of Actuality
422
Oracle of Delphi
210
,
468
Oresme, Nicole
65
Orientalism
310
,
310n52
Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele
302n10
Orosius
60
,
67 –68 107
,
181
Orsini, Fulvio
140
Ostwald, Martin
17n28
Otanes
3
,
3n5
,
18
,
402
,
402n18
,
403
,
403n20
,
404
,
409
,
415
,
492
Ovid
110
Pacini, Antonio
80
Page, Scott
455
Palmieri, Matteo
80
,
81n42
,
90
,
117n27
,
129
Parentucelli, Tommaso
105
Pareto, Vilfredo
318n81
Parmenides
401
Parrhesia
19
,
28
,
422
,
430n17
,
435 –440 442
,
443n42
,
444
,
448
;
see also Freedom of speech
Paruta, Paolo
139
Pastore Stocchi, Manlio
77n28
Patrios politeia
see
Constitution, ancestral
Patrizi, Francesco
9
,
69
,
76 –77 86
,
90
,
91n65
,
107 –109 112n17
,
114 –115 115n24
,
116 –120 120n32
,
120n33
,
120n34
,
121 –123 123n36
,
124
,
124n37
,
126
,
129
,
133
,
140n68
,
144
Pausanias
141
,
163
Pauw, Cornelius de
10
,
189
Payen, Pascal
10
,
404
Pedullà, Gabriele
8 –9
Peisistratids
see
Greek tyrants
Peisistratus, Tyrant of Athens
60 –61 75 –76 109n10
,
119 –120 129
,
134
,
143
,
163 –164 188n38
,
190
,
193
Peloponnesian War
10
,
10n19
,
40
,
44
,
123
,
135n58
,
165
,
174
,
187
,
196
,
198
,
203
,
208
,
210
,
212
,
214
,
247
,
275
,
281
,
287
,
290
,
368
,
368n2
,
369
,
378
,
495
Pendleton, Edmund
214
Pericles
4 –5 9 –10 19 –20 29n8
,
40
,
44
,
58
,
60
,
62
,
70
,
72
,
74 –76 79
,
83
,
85 –86 90 –91 94n70
,
107
,
107n8
,
108
,
111 –112 112n27
,
113
,
115
,
123
,
132
,
137 –138 143 –144 160n23
,
162
,
162n24
,
164
,
166
,
173
,
180
,
182
,
184 –185 187
,
190
,
193
,
196 –197 208
,
210
,
229
,
243
,
276 –277 282
,
288 –290 314
,
316n75
,
320 –321 343
,
350
,
361
,
377 –379 407 –408 437 –439 448
,
457
,
492
,
495
,
497
Persian Wars
60
,
74
,
83
,
85
,
190
,
203
,
207
,
217
,
478
Peter of Auvergne
65
Petrarca, Francesco
8 –9 14
,
67 –78 78n33
,
81
,
83
,
89 –91 93 –94 94n71
,
94n72
,
95
,
107
,
108
,
112
,
118
,
123
,
129
,
133
,
138
,
181
Petrarch, Francesco
see
Petrarca, Francesco
Phaedrus
206
Phear, John Budd
338
Phidias
112n17
,
183n22
Philip ii, King of Macedonia
41
,
62
,
143
,
206
,
216 –217 226 –227 238
,
304
,
308n41
,
310 –311
Philochorus
38
,
40
Philodemus
433
Phocion
37
,
72 –74 79
,
79n37
,
90
,
111
,
134n57
,
155
,
189
,
191
,
209
Photius
346
Piccolomini, Enea Silvio (Pope Pius ii)
71n25
,
114
Piovan, Dino
ix, 12
,
220n1
,
333n1
Planche, Joseph
229
Platina, Bartolomeo
69
,
77
,
108
,
109n10
,
118
,
133
,
135 –136
Platner, Eduard
279n47
Plato
3 –5 5n11
,
7
,
10 –11 15 –16 18
,
28
,
42
,
45
,
48
,
61n12
,
79 –80 105 –106 116
,
141
,
156
,
203 –205 208
,
210 –212 243
,
255
,
259n121
,
261 –263 265n145
,
271
,
319
,
369 –371 376
,
378
,
380
,
380n44
,
380n46
,
381 –383 385n63
,
385 –387 390 –393 393n95
,
394
,
400 –401 402n18
,
408
,
412 –413 433 –434 437
,
443
,
456n6
,
458
,
495
Plautus
159
,
159n21
Plutarch
3
,
7
,
7n17
,
9 –11 37
,
40
,
44 –46 62n12
,
79 –81 88
,
88n60
,
106
,
110
,
110n16
,
111 –112 112n17
,
115
,
120n34
,
127
,
137 –143 143n70
,
163
,
163n27
,
165n31
,
179
,
181 –184 184n22
,
185
,
191
,
193
,
203
,
205
,
208 –210 216
,
225 –226 226n22
,
430
Pocock, John
77n28
,
250n98
Pöhlmann, Robert von
278n37
,
280n56
,
282
,
282n73
,
285
,
285n87
Polanyi, Karl
335
,
335n9
Poliziano, Angelo
107
Pollux
346
Polybius
4
,
6 –7 7n15
,
9
,
11
,
45
,
61n12
,
88n60
,
126
,
126n43
,
127
,
127n46
,
129
,
131
,
134
,
140 –142 203
,
211 –213 215 –216
Pompeus Trogus
61
Pontano, Giovanni
9
,
76
,
94n71
,
105
,
108 –110 110n14
,
111 –114 118
,
124
,
129
,
138
Pope, Alexander
205
Popper, Karl
12
,
15
,
15n23
,
220n1
,
224
,
257
,
261 –264 380n46
,
381n46
Portus, Aemilius
159n18
,
167
,
168n40
,
169
Poseidon
498
Positivism
371
,
373 –374 380n46
Postel, Guillaume
140n66
Pseudo-Xenophon
3
,
3n7
,
28
Ptolemy of Lucca
65
,
71
Pugliese Carratelli, Giovanni
317n77
Putney debates
153
,
154n2
,
154n3
Pythodorus
166
Quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns (also Querelle des Ancients et des Modernes)
17
,
180
,
368
Quintilian
436
Quirini, Lauro
66 –67 69
,
86 –88 94
,
120
,
120n34
,
121
,
123 –124 126
,
129
Quondam, Amedeo
74n26
Raillard, Sarah-Louise
490n1
Rainborough, Thomas
154n3
Ramsay, David
208
Rancière, Jacques
504
Random selection
21
,
491 –493 496
,
498 –501 504 –509 512 –515 Sortition
Ranke, Leopold von
274
Rawls, John Bordley
447
Reception of Athenian democracy
ix, 1 –3 1n1
,
2n3
,
7 –9 10n19
,
11 –14 16
,
18
,
21
,
68
,
82
,
115
,
123
,
129
,
141
,
156n10
,
157
,
174
,
225n20
,
240
,
284
,
298
,
359
,
400 –401 418
Regime
see
Constitution
Renaissance (historical period)
ix, 2
,
9
,
57 –60 74n26
,
77
,
79n37
,
82
,
84
,
107
,
110n16
,
116
,
118n28
,
125n39
,
134
,
140n66
,
145
,
145n74
,
155n8
,
170
,
170n44
,
173n55
,
181
,
280
,
301
,
423
Representative government
21
,
46
,
224n18
,
242
,
261
,
491
,
507 –508 512
,
516
Representative sample
459
,
483
,
492
,
502
,
504 –506 514 –515
Republicanism or republican ideology
62
,
82
,
82n46
,
86n52
,
108
,
109n10
,
132
,
153
,
156
,
199
,
259
,
273
,
279
,
305n27
,
379
,
445
;
see also
Constitution, republican
;
Tradition, republican
Revolution
see
American Revolutionary War
;
Communist revolution
;
French Revolution
Reynolds, Noel
158n14
Ricard, Dominique
193
Ricardo, David
196
Richard, Carl
11
Ricoeur, Paul
416
Rinuccini, Alamanno
80
,
108
,
133
Rjazanov, David
338n22
,
340n29
Roberts, Jennifer
225
,
242
Robertson, Donald
204
Robespierre, Maximilien-François-Marie-Isidore de
60
,
192 –193 272
,
279
,
301n8
,
302
Rollin, Charles
181 –185 185n27
,
193
,
195
,
223n17
Rome (ancient history)
ix, 7
,
9
,
11
,
13
,
57 –58 75
,
81
,
83 –84 87
,
90
,
92
,
105
,
107
,
115
,
117 –118 117n27
,
125
,
126
,
129
,
132 –134 138 –142 140n68
,
158
,
179
,
181 –183 187 –188 195
,
203 –204 206 –207 216 –217 273
,
288
,
298
,
298n2
,
302
,
304
,
307 –310 313
,
355n80
;
see also
Constitution, Roman
;
Freedom, Roman
;
Law, Roman
;
Roman Empire
;
Roman Republic
Roman Empire
305 –307 309
,
428
,
433
,
501
Roman Republic
7
,
9
,
211
,
215 –216 277
,
304
Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich
279
,
280n57
,
284
Rosén, Haiim
348n63
Rosen, Stanley
372
Rous, Francis
174n59
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
10
,
145
,
186 –188 190
,
240n56
,
259n121
,
264
,
298
,
301n8
,
377
Roussel, Denis
356
Royal, Ségolène
503
Rubinstein, Nicolai
77n28
Rucellai, Bernardo
126n43
,
139
Rule
see
Constitution
Rule of Law
see
Law, rule of
Rush, Benjamin
208
Sabellico, Marco Antonio
126n43
,
144n71
Said, Edward
310n52
Salamonio, Mario
125n39
Sallust
66
Salutati, Coluccio
78
,
78n33
,
81n43
,
89
,
92
Sannazaro, Jacopo
109
Sarpi, Paolo
139
,
158
Sartori, Giovanni
13
,
317
,
317n78
,
318 –319 321
Savonarola, Girolamo
125n39
,
137
Scala, Bartolomeo
108
,
120n34
,
121 –123 137n61
Schadewaldt, Wolfgang
288
Schlegel, Friedrich
12
,
271
Schmidt, Adolf Wilhelm
290n113
Schmitt, Carl
386n67
Scholem, Gershom
384n60
Schömann, Georg Friedrich
16
,
220
,
242
,
343 –347 347n59
,
347n60
,
348
,
348n63
,
349 –353 361
Scipio, Publius Cornelius (Africanus)
75 –76 82
,
138
Seile, Henry
173
Self-government
9
,
21
,
60
,
62
,
114
,
117
,
348
,
349n65
,
356
,
425
,
432
,
456n6
,
463
,
504
,
506
,
513
,
515
;
see also
Democracy, direct
Seneca
91
,
110n15
,
431
,
440
Seyssel, Claude de
179
,
194
Shelley, Percy Bysshe
59
Sidney, Algernon
156n10
,
175n61
,
211
Sigonio, Carlo
9
,
14
,
138 –140 140n68
,
141 –145 145n74
Sikes, Bill
249
Simonides of Ceos
94
Sintomer, Yves
21
Sitalces, King of Thrace
244
Sixtus iv, Pope
114
Skinner, Quentin
62
,
62n14
,
77n28
,
162n25
Smith, Adam
242
,
242n60
Smith, Steven
389n84
Smith, Thomas
155n8
Socrates
4 –5 39
,
75
,
90
,
94 –95 189
,
203
,
205
,
208 –210 230
,
243
,
249
,
254 –256 262
,
262n136
,
263
,
282
,
289
,
315 –316 316n75
,
374
,
375n21
,
378
,
380 –381 381n49
,
382 –384 388
,
391 –393 395
,
401
,
421
,
433 –434 443
,
458
Solomon
512
Solon
9
,
29
,
33
,
38
,
41 –42 45 –46 60 –62 65 –66 70 –71 71n24
,
73 –75 79
,
83
,
85 –86 90
,
94n70
,
116 –119 123
,
123n36
,
124
,
129
,
132
,
137 –138 141 –145 156n10
,
180
,
182 –183 185
,
187
,
189 –192 197 –199 247
,
247n82
,
247n83
,
248
,
248n88
,
280
,
342
,
342n37
,
344
,
346 –348 348n61
,
350
,
351n67
,
351n68
,
354
,
463
,
492
Sophocles, Athenian general
166
Sophocles, tragic poet
159
,
159n21
,
183n22
,
418
Sortition
21
,
31 –33 47
,
247n82
,
490 –492 498
,
503 –505 507 –508 512 –516 Lot
;
Random selection
distributive
498 –501 511
,
515
divinatory
498 –501 515
Sparta
4
,
11
,
57
,
58n4
,
60 –62 64
,
66
,
71
,
84
,
92
,
95
,
117 –119 123
,
125 –126 125n40
,
129 –132 136 –138 140
,
140n67
,
142
,
156n10
,
160
,
162
,
162n25–26
,
179
,
182 –190 183n22
,
195 –196 198
,
223
,
223n17
,
240n56
,
273
,
288 –289 314
,
316n75
,
368
,
377 –378 377n33
,
380
,
478
;
see also
Constitution, Spartan
;
Tradition, Spartan
Spinoza, Baruch
386
,
390 –392
Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovič Džugašvili (known as)
377n33
Stamp Act
210
Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn
254 –255 255n112
Stanyan, Temple
189
,
225
,
253
,
253n104
Sternberg, Dolf
401 –402
Stierle, Karlheinz
70
Strabo
141
Strauss, Leo
ix, 17 –18 368 –371 371n7
,
372
,
372n9
,
372n11
,
373
,
373n14
,
374
,
374n17
,
375
,
375n21
,
376 –380 380n44
,
380n46
,
381
,
381n48
,
381n49
,
382 –384 384n60
,
385
,
385n63
,
386
,
386n67
,
386n68
,
387
,
387n74
,
387n75
,
388 –389 389n83
,
389n84
,
390
,
390n88
,
390n89
,
390n90
,
391 –393 393n95
,
394
,
394n99
,
395
,
415n56
Strozzi, Nanni
82 –83
Strozzi, Palla
78
Sulla
45
,
81
Summerson, Esther
241n57
,
249
Sumner Maine, Henry James
16
,
338
Tacitus
3
,
132n53
,
158
,
194
Taddeo di Bartolo
Taeger, Fritz
288n103
Tarquinius, Lucius Superbus
129
Tassoni, Alessandro
139
Taylor, Clare
482
,
482n50
Taylor, John
204
Terror (period of the French Revolution)
191
,
193
,
199
,
274
,
279
,
281
Tertullian
384
,
384n62
Thales
113
Themistocles
5
,
9
,
62
,
66
,
69 –70 72
,
74 –76 79
,
79n37
,
83 –84 90 –91 94
,
94n70
,
113
,
115
,
129
,
134n57
,
135 –136 155
,
182
,
191
,
207 –208
Theology
63
,
386
,
386n67
,
387
,
499
Theophrastus
36
Theopompus
304
Theramenes
70
,
74
,
144
Thermidorian Reaction
12
,
171
,
181
,
191
,
193 –194 197
,
273
Theseus
72 –75 79
,
119
,
143 –144 182
,
342
,
342n37
,
348n61
,
418
Thirty Tyrants
40
,
60 –62 118 –119 144
,
263
,
395
Thirty Years’ War
171
,
173
Thirwall, Connop
253
,
253n104
,
255
Thomas Aquinas
46n119
,
65 –66 71
,
211
,
492
,
499
,
511
Totalitarianism
15
,
18 –19 262
,
298 –299 303
,
310
,
312
,
316
,
316n75
,
318
,
318n80
,
368 –369 373
,
377
,
380
,
387
,
389n83
,
391
,
394
,
399 –400 411 –412
Thrasybulus
61
,
79n37
,
115
,
118
,
118n29
,
123
,
191
,
315
Thrasymachus
33
,
394
Thucydides
2 –4 4n8
,
4n9
,
6n13
,
9 –11 19 –20 28 –29 37
,
40
,
42n94
,
43
,
43n97
,
46 –48 80
,
83
,
105
,
105n2
,
106
,
115
,
123
,
135
,
135n58
,
136 –137 143
,
145
,
153
,
156 –159 159n17
,
159n18
,
159n20
,
159n21
,
160
,
160n23
,
162
,
162n24
,
162n25
,
163
,
163n26
,
164
,
164n29
,
165
,
165n30
,
165n31
,
165n32
,
166 –167 167n37
,
168
,
170
,
173
,
173n54
,
173n55
,
174 –175 175n61
,
179 –181 183 –184 184n22
,
184n23
,
184n24
,
185
,
185n30
,
185n31
,
187
,
193 –197 203 –205 208
,
210
,
212
,
214
,
239
,
239n53
,
244
,
249
,
249n91
,
249n92
,
250
,
250n96
,
251n99
,
252
,
252n101
,
252n102
,
253
,
253n103
,
253n107
,
271
,
276
,
288
,
320
,
369
,
377 –379 379n40
,
380
,
380n44
,
407
,
408n37
,
415
,
417
,
437 –438 456n6
,
462
,
462n19
,
495
,
497
Tittman, Friedrich Wilhelm
283
Tocqueville, Alexis de
47
Tradition
antidemocratic
see
Antidemocratic tradition
antirepublican
129
democratic
3
,
12
,
78n33
,
257
liberal
12
,
224
,
259
,
260n122
,
263 –264 445
;
see also
Liberalism
of Athenian democracy
see
Athenian democracy, tradition of
republican
10
,
82
,
156n10
,
165n32
,
170
;
see also
Republicanism
Roman
134
Spartan
10n19
Traversari, Ambrogio
78 –79 79n37
,
80
,
93
Treves, Claudio
311
Treves, Piero
13
,
299
,
311
,
311n55
,
311n56
,
311n57
,
312
,
312n63
,
313
Trissino, Gian Giorgio
127 –128 128n48
Tritle, Lawrence
221
,
221n11
,
222
Trzaskoma, Stephen
232 –233
Tulkinghorn (Mr.)
241n57
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques
189
Turner, Frank Miller
241n58
Turpin, Pierre-Jean-François
188n38
Tyler, John
204
Tyrants
see
Greek Tyrants
;
Thirty Tyrants
Urbinati, Nadia
231
,
259
Valerius Maximus
8
,
66 –68 68n20
,
69
,
69n21
,
69n22
,
70 –71 75
,
81
,
106 –107 110
,
112
,
115
,
118
,
135 –136
Valla, Lorenzo
80
,
105
,
109
,
120 –121 123
Vasoli, Cesare
77n28
Vegetti, Mario
317
,
357
Ventura, Angelo
298n2
Vergerio, Pietro Paolo
78
Vernant, Jean-Pierre
17
,
181
,
334
,
357
,
361
Vico, Giambattista
129n50
Vidal-Nacquet, Pierre
17
,
187
,
333 –334 355
,
357
Vieux Cordelier
191
,
413n52
Villa, Dana
412
Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham
171 –173
Vincent of Beauvais
61
,
69
Virgil
110
,
159
,
159n21
,
206
Viroli, Maurizio
77n28
Vischer, Wilhelm
281n66
Vittorino of Feltre
91
Vlastos, Gregory
261
,
402n18
Voegelin, Eric
369
,
380n46
,
392n95
,
394n99
Volney, Constantin François de Chassebœuf de
193
,
333
Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet (known as)
58
,
183n22
,
186
Wachsmuth, Curt
286
Wachsmuth, Wilhelm
242
,
279n41
,
279n42
,
281n68
Washington, George
205
,
208
Weber, Max
12
,
14
,
17
,
273
,
275 –277 335
,
372 –373 386
Webster, Noah
204
Welskopf, Elisabeth Charlotte
291n116
Wieland, Christoph Martin
283
Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, Ulrich von
280n51
,
285 –286
Wilcken, Ulrich
287
Wild, John
394
William of Moerbecke
63 –64 67
,
86
Wilson, James
205
,
216
Wilson, Thomas Woodrow
48
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim
12
,
271
Witt, Ronald
67
Wittfogel, Karl
373n12
Wolf, Friedrich August
271
Xenophon
2
,
4
,
4n10
,
10
,
28
,
30 –31 40
,
43 –44 79
,
115 –116 140 –141 156
,
180
,
205
,
210
,
243
,
265n145
,
271
,
281
,
376 –377 383
,
393
Xerxes, King of Persia
61
,
71n24
,
207
,
244
,
246
Zasulić, Vera
340
,
340n29
Zeller, Eduard
278n38
Zeus
39
,
498
Zuccolo, Ludovico
139
Zuckert, Catherine
390n89
Zuckert, Michael
390n89