Index
affirmative action
106
,
112
Africa sub-Saharan
6 –8 25 –26 107
,
109
,
115
,
128 –131 134
,
137
,
143
,
145 –147 149
,
158
,
162
,
172 –173 185
,
207
,
220
,
251n
,
254 –255 262 –263 274 –294
Equatorial Guinea
251n
Ethiopia
254 –255
Ghana
109
,
115
,
149
Guinea-Bissau
6 –7 25
,
130 –131 149
,
172 –173
Kenya
115
,
263
Lesotho
109
,
115
Mali
130 –131 134
,
137
Mauritania
149
Mauritius
262
Mozambique
147
Nigeria
115
,
128
Sahel
128 –130
Sierra Leone
149
Somalia
130
South Africa
8
,
107
,
109
,
115
,
162
,
251n
,
263
,
274 –294
Cape Town
274
City of Tshwane
280
,
283n
,
290
,
292 –293
Durban
263
,
282n
,
288
Pretoria
282
South Sudan
251n
Swaziland
115
Tanzania
162
,
263
Zambia
109
Zimbabwe
109
alternative development (ad)
5 –6 13 –15 21
,
23
,
29 –35 43 –45 64 –74 79 –103 114 –116 130
,
136
,
261
,
268 –269
alternative livelihoods (al) and development-oriented drug control (dodc)
5
,
30 –35 64 –74 79
,
82
,
89 –91 93n
,
98
,
101
America
7
,
13 –14 16 –17 19 –26 28
,
30 –31 33
,
54 –55 68
,
70 –74 80 –82 89
,
93 –94 107 –116 119
,
128 –130 134 –136 143
,
145 –146 148 –149 160 –161 164
,
178
,
183 –187 195 –197 199 –201 206 –208 210 –211 213
,
217 –218 220 –226 228 –229 232 –236 251
,
263 –264 266 –267 269
,
275
,
278
,
287
,
290
Latin America
14
,
16 –17 20 –26 28
,
30 –31 33
,
68
,
70 –71 73 –74 80 –81 107
,
109 –116 119
,
128
,
130
,
134 –136 143
,
145 –146 148 –149 160
,
200
,
206 –208 210 –211 213
,
217 –218 220 –226 228 –229 232 –236 266
,
269
,
287
Caribbean
24
,
70
,
107
,
109 –116 119
,
146
,
149
,
207
,
217 –218 221 –222 266
Antigua
110
Barbados
109 –110
Dominican Republic
221 –222
Jamaica
110
,
112 –116 119
,
149
,
266
St Vincent and the Grenadines
107
,
109 –110 112
,
114 –115 119
Trinidad and Tobago
109
,
218
US Virgin Islands
109
Central America
20
,
23 –26 68
,
107
,
109
,
115
,
128
,
134
,
145 –146 148 –149 206 –208 210 –211 213
,
218
,
221 –226 228 –229 232 –236 266
El Salvador
25 –26 134
,
218
,
222
Guatemala
25 –26 68
,
149
,
221 –222 224 –225
Honduras
25
,
218
Mexico
20
,
23
,
68
,
107
,
109
,
115
,
145
,
148 –149 206 –208 210 –211 213
,
218
,
222 –224 226
,
228 –229 232 –234 266
Baja California
235 –236
Oaxaca
207
,
213
South America
14
,
16 –17 20 –23 25 –26 28
,
31
,
33
,
68
,
70 –71 73 –74 80 –81 107
,
109
,
114 –116 119
,
128
,
130
,
135 –136 146
,
148
,
160
,
218
,
221 –222 269
,
287
Argentina
109
,
221 –222
Bolivia
20 –21 23
,
26
,
33
,
70
,
73
,
81
,
146
,
222
,
269
Brazil
26
,
115
,
221 –222 287
Chile
109
,
222
Colombia
14
,
20
,
23
,
25
,
28
,
31
,
33
,
68
,
70 –71 73
,
80
,
107
,
109
,
114 –116 119
,
128
,
130
,
135 –136 146
,
148
,
160
,
221 –222
Ecuador
218
,
222
Paraguay
109
,
115
,
222
Peru
14
,
16 –17 20 –21 23
,
26
,
70 –71 73 –74 109
,
146
,
222
Uruguay
109
,
218
,
222
North America
7
,
13
,
16
,
19 –26 54 –55 72 –73 80
,
82
,
89
,
93 –94 108 –109 111 –112 143
,
146
,
148
,
160 –161 164
,
178
,
183 –187 195 –197 199 –201 251
,
263 –264 267
,
269
,
275
,
278
,
290
,
Canada
82
,
109
,
111 –112 148
,
195
,
263 –264 267
United States of America (US)
7
,
13
,
16
,
19 –26 54 –55 72 –73 80
,
89
,
93 –94 108 –109 112
,
143
,
160 –161 164
,
178
,
183 –187 195 –197 199 –201 251
,
263
,
275
,
278
,
290
California
7
,
109
,
183 –187 195 –197 199 –201
Emerald Triangle
195
,
199
Colorado
184
,
197
New York
161
,
164
Washington
184
armed conflicts (see also violence)
6
,
14
,
16 –18 27
,
31
,
35 –36 46 –47 57
,
83 –84 89
,
127 –138 147
,
149
,
157
conflict-affected states
6
,
14
,
27
,
31
,
83 –84 89
,
127 –138 147
,
149
,
157
conflict resolution and peace processes
6
,
14
,
35 –36 83
,
127
,
129
,
130 –132 135 –137
Asia
5 –6 14
,
16
,
18
,
21 –24 26
,
29 –30 32
,
43 –60 66
,
70 –74 79 –103 107
,
109
,
115
,
119
,
128 –130 135 –136 143
,
145
,
147
,
149
,
162
,
165
,
172
,
174 –175 179
,
184 –185 220
,
253
,
262
,
266 –267 269
,
275 –276 281
,
287
Central Asia
115
,
185
,
262
Kazakhstan
115
Kyrgyzstan
115
,
262
East Asia
16
,
18
,
24
,
29
,
32
,
45 –59 74
,
88
,
115
,
253
,
275 –276 287
China
16
,
18
,
24
,
29
,
32
,
45 –59 253
,
275 –276 287
Hong Kong
16
,
52
,
56
Japan
18
,
56 –57 74
,
88
Mongolia
115
South Asia
5
,
14
,
16
,
18
,
22 –24 26
,
44
,
47 –58 60
,
70 –71 73
,
79 –103 107
,
109
,
115
,
119
,
128
,
130
,
135 –136 145
,
175
,
184
,
262
,
266
,
287
Afghanistan
5
,
14
,
22 –23 70 –71 73
,
79 –103 115
,
128
,
130
,
135 –136 184
,
262
Helmand
23
,
82
,
84
,
93 –94 99
,
101 –102
Kandahar
82n
,
84 –86 93
Nangarhar
82n
,
84 –85 99 –100
Bangladesh
145
Ceylon
56
India
16
,
18
,
24
,
44
,
47 –58 60
,
107
,
109
,
115
,
119
,
175
,
262
,
266
,
287
Nepal
107
,
115
,
119
Pakistan
70
,
80
,
115
Southeast Asia
6
,
14
,
16
,
21
,
23
,
26
,
29 –30 32
,
44 –46 48 –51 53 –54 56 –60 66
,
70
,
72 –74 107
,
109
,
115
,
119
,
130
,
136
,
143
,
145
,
149
,
162
,
165
,
172
,
174 –175 179
,
220
,
262
,
266 –267 269
,
276
Brunei
56
Burma (see also Myanmar)
44
,
46
,
50
,
53
,
56 –59
Cambodia (see also Indochina)
16
Cochin-China (see also Vietnam)
46
,
49
Golden Crescent
143
Golden Triangle
59 –60 143
Indochina (see also Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam)
16
,
56
,
58
Indonesia
16
,
26
,
149
,
165
Laos (see also Indochina)
21
,
30
,
32
,
59
Malaya (see also Malaysia)
45
,
56
Malaysia (see also Malaya and North Borneo)
262
Myanmar (see also Burma)
14
,
23
,
70
,
73
,
130
,
136
North Borneo (see also Malaysia)
56
Philippines
26
,
54
,
109
,
115
,
145
,
149
,
165
,
220
,
276
Siam (see also Thailand)
45 –46 49
,
56
,
58
Singapore
16
Thailand (see also Siam)
23
,
26
,
29
,
46
,
59
,
72
,
74
,
107
,
109
,
115
,
119
,
162
,
220
,
269
Timor-Leste
6
,
172
,
174
,
179
Tonkin (see also Vietnam)
45
Vietnam (see also Cochin-China, Indochina and Tonkin)
16
,
70
,
262
,
266
cannabis (see also marijuana)
3 –4 6 –8 17
,
22 –23 36
,
67
,
70
,
80
,
106 –121 143
,
148
,
154
,
160
,
172
,
175
,
178 –179 183 –202 247 –248 254
,
274
,
281
,
284
,
286
,
291
cultivation
3 –4 7
,
67
,
70
,
80
,
107 –116 118 –120 143
,
160
,
183 –202 248
,
281
,
286
,
291
environmental consequences
7
,
183 –189 191 –198 200 –202
fair(er) trade cannabis
6 –7 107 –109 117 –118 121
legal regulation
6
,
8
,
17
,
22 –23 36
,
106 –114 116 –120 148
,
154
,
160
,
172
,
175
,
178 –179 183n2 –184 188
,
195 –197 199 –202 274
,
291
legalisation and decriminalisation
6
,
8
,
36
,
106 –114 116 –120 148
,
154
,
160
,
172
,
175
,
178 –179 183n2 –184 195 –197 199 –200 274
,
291
medical use
6
,
106 –107 109 –111 116 –117 154
,
160
,
183n2 –184 199
recreational use
107
,
109 –111 154
,
183n2
,
184
,
199
children
3
,
7 –8 155
,
157
,
173 –174 185
,
193
,
206 –212 214
,
216n –218 221 –225 227 –229 231 –233 235 –239 246 –257 279
child abuse (see also violence)
206 –212 216n –218 222 –223 225
,
227
,
229
,
231 –233 236 –239 279
child labour
7
,
185
,
207 –208 223 –224 233
,
237
,
246 –247 251
,
254 –256
rights of children (see also Conventions, conferences and other international documents)
3
,
7 –8 223
,
246 –257
civil society groups
6
,
68
,
71
,
127 –128 130
,
137
,
153 –157 160 –167 210
,
220
,
239
,
280
Civil Society Task Force on Drugs (cstf)
68
,
161 –163 166
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (gi-toc)
127 –128 130
International Network of People who Use Drugs (inpud)
157
,
162
New York Committee on Drugs (nyngoc)
161
Vienna ngo Committee on Drugs (vngoc)
161
colonialism
4
,
18
,
43 –61 279
,
287
decolonisation
4
,
18
,
43 –44 59 –60
Conventions, conferences and other international documents (by date)
3 –5 7 –8 13 –15 17
,
19
,
20 –21 24 –25 30
,
33 –36 44 –45 56
,
60
,
64 –72 72 –74 107
,
114 –115 117
,
142 –144 153
,
155 –157 161
,
164 –166 174 –175 177 –178 185
,
209n4 and n5 –210 216 –217 221
,
223
,
227
,
237 –238 246 –257 274
,
283
,
292
Shanghai Conference, 1909
15
,
17
The Hague International Opium Convention, 1912
15
,
56
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961
3
,
4
,
13
,
19
,
65
,
114 –115 117
,
142 –144 174
,
178
,
185
,
209n4
,
221
,
247 –251 256
,
274
,
283
,
292
1972 Protocol
142 –143 209n4
,
247
Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971
142 –143 174
,
209n4
,
221
,
247 –250 253 –254
United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988
20
,
24 –25 60
,
64 –65 142 –143 174
,
209n4
,
221
,
247 –249 255
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (crc), 1989 (see also children)
223
,
246
,
250 –256
ungass Action Plan on International Cooperation on the Eradication of Illicit Drug Crops and on Alternative Development, 1998
13 –14 20 –21 30
,
33
,
36
,
66 –67 72
UN General Assembly Political Declaration, 1998
64
,
66 –67 69
ilo Convention No 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999 (see also children)
251 –252 255 –257
un cnd Political Declaration and Action Plan, 2009
67 –69 72
UN Guiding Principles on Alternative Development, 2013
67
Sustainable Development Goals (sdgs), 2015
4
,
7 –8 34 –36 44 –45 68
,
70
,
72 –73 107
,
117
,
155
,
164 –165 177
,
210
,
216 –217 227
,
246 –247
ungass Outcome Document of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on the World Drug Problem, 2016
5
,
14
,
30
,
34
,
36
,
64
,
66
,
68 –72 74
,
107
,
153
,
156
,
161
,
164 –166 175
,
209n5 –210
un cnd resolution Mainstreaming a Gender Perspective in Drug-related Policies and Programmes, 2016 (see also gender)
210
,
237 –238
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas, 2018 (see also farmers and agricultural workers)
117
,
156
International Guidelines on Human Rights and Drug Policy, 2019
69 –70 157
crime
6 –7 26
,
28 –29 31
,
49 –50 102
,
127
,
129 –134 143
,
145
,
147 –150 158
,
172
,
174
,
178
,
206
,
210 –211 213
,
219 –221 226
,
237
,
261
,
267
,
269
,
276
,
287
drug crimes and offences
7
,
26
,
145
,
158
,
172
,
174
,
206
,
210 –211 213
,
219 –221 226
,
237
,
261
,
267
,
269
,
276
minor, non-violent offences
172
,
210
,
220 –221 237
,
261
,
269
organised crime (see also drug trafficking)
6
,
28 –29 31
,
49 –50 102
,
127
,
129 –134 143
,
145
,
147 –150 172
,
174
,
178
,
287
arms trafficking
127
,
131
corruption
6
,
28 –29 31
,
49 –50 102
,
130
,
133
,
143
,
145
,
147 –150 172
,
178
money laundering
28
,
134
,
143
,
147
,
150
,
172
,
174
,
287
detention
7
,
18 –19 26
,
107
,
157 –158 160
,
173 –174 177
,
191
,
206
,
208 –213 218 –229 231 –238 261 –263 266 –267 269
,
274
,
277 –278 281 –282 290
,
292
drug treatment centres
208
,
211
,
213
,
218
,
220
,
227 –229 233 –237 267
,
274
incarceration
7
,
18 –19 26
,
107
,
157 –158 160
,
173 –174 177
,
191
,
206
,
208
,
210 –213 219 –229 231 –235 237 –238 261 –263 266 –267 269
,
277 –278 281 –282 290
,
292
discrimination (see also gender and marginalisation)
107
,
117
,
158
,
159 –160 162
,
166
,
210
,
213
,
216n
,
218
,
220
,
225 –227 235 –236 262
,
274
,
278
,
284
,
289
,
292 –293
drug control regime
3 –8 13 –15 18 –27 29 –36 44
,
47 –48 50
,
54 –58 60
,
64 –68 71 –74 80 –82 84 –93 95 –97 101 –102 106
,
109 –110 112
,
114
,
116 –118 131 –132 134 –135 142 –144 146 –150 154
,
157 –161 163
,
166
,
172 –178 183 –186 188
,
195
,
197
,
199
,
201 –202 208
,
214
,
220
,
225 –228 237
,
246
,
248
,
252
,
261
,
264
,
266 –269 274 –277 282 –287 291 –293
drug free society
3 –4 20
,
26
,
161
,
166
,
173
,
177
,
208
,
287
prohibition paradigm
3 –8 13 –15 19 –27 29 –33 35 –36 44
,
47 –48 50
,
54 –58 60
,
64
,
72
,
74
,
95
,
97
,
106
,
109 –110 112
,
116 –118 131 –132 134 –135 142 –144 146 –150 154
,
157 –160 163
,
166
,
172 –178 183 –186 188
,
195
,
197
,
199
,
201 –202 214
,
220
,
225 –228 237
,
246
,
248
,
261
,
264
,
266 –269 274 –277 282 –286 291 –293
criminalisation
3 –8 13
,
19 –27 30
,
35 –36 106
,
112
,
131 –132 157
,
159 –160 166
,
174 –177 184
,
220
,
226 –227 237
,
274 –277 283
,
291 –292
law enforcement and repressive punishment (see also detention)
3 –4 8
,
19 –20 25
,
29
,
36
,
64
,
72
,
95
,
97
,
112
,
116
,
131 –132 134 –135 143
,
146 –149 154
,
157 –158 172
,
175
,
177 –178 185
,
237
,
261
,
264
,
266 –269 274
,
277
,
282
,
284 –286 292
supply control strategies
5
,
7
,
13 –14 18
,
20 –21 23
,
27 –31 33 –34 55 –56 64 –68 71
,
73 –74 80 –82 84 –93 95 –96 101 –102 114
,
131
,
134
,
246
,
248
,
252
,
268
,
274
,
283
,
293
drug crop eradication
5
,
7
,
13 –14 18
,
23
,
27 –31 33 –34 55 –56 64 –68 71
,
73
,
80 –82 84 –93 95 –96 101 –102 114
,
131
,
246
,
248
,
252
,
268
,
274
conditionality
80
,
86
,
88 –89 91 –93 95 –96 101 –102 274
crop reduction
5
,
23
,
30 –31 55 –56 80 –82 84 –85 88 –90 93
,
95 –96 101 –102
crop substitution
30
,
55
,
64 –66 68
,
73
,
84
,
89
,
101
,
114
unintended consequences
4
,
14
,
146 –147 172 –173 226 –228
drug crop cultivation
3 –5 7 –8 13 –19 21
,
23
,
27 –31 33
,
35
,
45
,
50
,
54 –57 59
,
65 –68 70 –71 73
,
79 –103 107 –116 118 –120 130
,
143
,
146
,
157
,
159 –160 183 –202 208
,
247 –248 261
,
268 –269 281
,
286
,
291
cannabis (
see
cannabis above
)
coca
3 –4 13 –14 16 –19 21
,
23
,
27
,
33
,
65 –67 70 –71 73
,
80
,
90
,
115
,
118
,
130
,
143
,
146
,
247 –248 261
,
268
,
286
opium poppy
3 –4 13 –14 16 –19 21
,
27
,
29 –30 50
,
54
,
65 –67 70 –71 73
,
79 –103 115
,
130
,
247 –248 261
,
268 –269
drug policy reform movement
8
,
14
,
31
,
36
,
70
,
108
,
118
,
148
,
167
,
172 –173 256
,
289
,
292
rights-based approach
14
,
31
,
36
,
70
,
108
,
167
,
256
,
289
,
292
drug trafficking
3 –4 6
,
21 –28 33 –34 46 –47 50 –51 65 –66 68
,
70 –71 80 –81 83
,
89
,
93
,
111 –112 117
,
119
,
127 –131 134 –138 142
,
144 –150 157
,
172 –175 177
,
206 –208 210
,
219 –226 238
,
255
,
281
consuming countries
21
,
26
,
66
,
111
,
144
,
175
producing countries (see also drug crop cultivation)
6
,
65 –66 70 –71 80 –81 89
,
93
,
112
,
119
,
144
,
175
transit countries
6
,
21
,
25
,
68
,
128 –129 136 –137 144
,
146
,
175
,
208
drug types and narcotics
3
,
5
,
8
,
13 –19 21 –25 27
,
29 –30 44 –60 65 –67 70 –71 73
,
79 –103 110
,
113
,
115 –116 118
,
120
,
129 –130 136
,
143
,
146 –147 157
,
159 –161 174 –175 177
,
179
,
185
,
199
,
206 –208 213
,
223 –224 229 –231 234
,
246 –250 252 –256 261 –269 274 –275 277
,
280 –281 285 –286 290
amphetamine-type stimulants (ats)
23 –24 136
,
175
,
229 –231 234
,
247
,
280 –281
amphetamine
24
,
136
,
247
mdma (Ecstasy)
24
,
231
,
247
methamphetamine/crystal meth
23 –24 175
,
230 –231 234
,
280 –281
cannabis (
see
cannabis
above)
cocaine
3
,
14
,
16 –18 22 –25 71
,
129
,
146 –147 179
,
208
,
213
,
224
,
230 –231 268 –269 286
ketamine
246 –250 252 –253 256
khat
177
,
246 –250 254 –256
lsd
231
,
247
marijuana (see also cannabis)
110
,
113
,
116
,
160
,
206 –208 223 –224 230 –231
opiates
3
,
5
,
13 –19 21 –22 27
,
29 –30 44 –60 65 –67 70 –71 73
,
79 –103 115
,
118
,
130
,
143
,
147
,
159
,
174 –175 208
,
230 –231 247 –248 254
,
261
,
264 –266 268 –269 274 –275 277
,
281
,
285 –286
heroin
14
,
46
,
71
,
130
,
147
,
208
,
230 –231 264 –265 274 –275 281
morphine
3
,
14
,
159
,
247
,
265 –266 277
,
285
opium (see also drug crop cultivation)
3
,
5
,
13 –19 21 –22 27
,
29 –30 44 –60 65 –67 70 –71 73
,
79 –103 115
,
118
,
130
,
143
,
174 –175 208
,
247 –248 254
,
261
,
268 –269 286
opioids
136
,
262 –265 267
,
269
,
290
fentanyl
136
,
263 –265 269
methadone
262 –263 267
,
290
pharmaceuticals and prescription drugs
8
,
16
,
22
,
24
,
120
,
136
,
157
,
161
,
185
,
199
,
231
,
248
,
252 –253 264 –266 285
Europe
16 –19 21
,
24 –25 29
,
32 –33 44
,
47 –49 51
,
53
,
55 –56 66 –67 70
,
72 –74 80
,
82
,
85
,
88
,
92 –93 96 –97 102n
,
109 –111 146 –148 161 –162 164
,
166
,
178
,
184 –185 188
,
195
,
198
,
200
,
217
,
220
,
226
,
251 –252 254
,
262
,
264 –266 269
,
275 –277 287
Austria
74
,
161
,
164
,
166
,
251 –252
Czech Republic
109
Denmark
74
,
264
France
74
,
148
,
188
Georgia
162
Germany
29
,
66 –67 72 –74 88
,
109
,
220
,
264
Greece
109
Italy
74
,
88
Lichtenstein
74
Luxembourg
109
Moldova
262
Poland
109
Russia
74
,
178
,
220
,
275 –276 287
Slovenia
109
Spain
74
,
188
Sweden
74
Switzerland
109 –110 262
,
264
The Netherlands
49
,
82
,
109
,
161
,
264
,
287
United Kingdom (UK)
16
,
18
,
24
,
53
,
74
,
82
,
85
,
88
,
93
,
96 –97 102n
,
162
,
220
,
277
Fair Trade (
see
cannabis
)
farmers and agricultural workers (see also Conventions, conferences and other international documents)
6
,
7
,
18
,
23
,
33
,
49
,
54
,
68
,
71
,
79
,
81
,
87
,
92 –95 106 –108 112 –119 155 –156 159 –161 166
,
183
,
185 –186 188 –194 197 –199 201
gender (see also inequality)
7
,
14
,
31
,
69
,
91
,
158 –159 173
,
177
,
186 –187 193 –194 199 –201 206 –239 278
discrimination
158 –159 193
,
199
,
207
,
209 –210 213
,
215 –218 220
,
225 –226 235 –237 239
,
278
exploitation of women
186 –187 194
,
201
,
206
,
216n –217 223
,
225
,
233
,
237
gender mainstreaming (see also Conventions, conferences and other international documents)
14
,
31
,
69
,
91
,
210
,
213
,
237
,
238 –239
violence against women (see also violence)
7
,
206 –211 213
,
216 –229 231 –237 239
women in detention (see also detention)
7
,
158
,
173
,
206
,
208 –213 218
,
220 –226 228 –229 231 –239
Global Commission on Drug Policy (gcdp)
6 –7 135 –136 172 –179
Human Rights (see also children and gender)
6
,
8
,
66
,
68 –70 107
,
117
,
142
,
153
,
155 –157 163 –165 167
,
174
,
178
,
216
,
223
,
227
,
237
,
246
,
250
,
253
,
256 –257 274
,
278
,
282 –284 293
illicit drug economies
14
,
35 –36 43 –46 60 –61 65 –66 70
,
74
,
117 –118 129 –130 133
,
135 –136 145
,
158
inequality (see also poverty)
6
,
24
,
31
,
33 –34 107
,
158
,
166
,
192
,
215 –216 225
,
239
,
279
international donors and programmes (see also United Nations)
5
,
23
,
33 –34 66 –67 69n
,
72 –74 80 –82 85 –86 88 –89 91 –99 101 –103 115
,
267
,
280
,
287 –288 292
European Union (EU)
33
,
72
,
74
,
80
German Corporation for International Cooperation (giz)
5
,
80
,
82
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (bmz)
67
,
69n
Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs
69n
The Global Fund to fight aids, tb and Malaria
267
,
280
,
288
,
292
UK’s Department for International Development (dfid)
82
,
85
,
92 –95 99
,
101
Comprehensive Agricultural and Rural Development-Facility (card-f, Afghanistan)
82
,
92
usaid
23
,
82
,
89
,
93 –99 102
Incentives Driving Economic Alternatives for the North, East, West (idea-new, Afghanistan)
82
,
99
,
102
Regional Area Development Programmes (radps, Afghanistan)
93
,
95
,
99
US Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (inl)
80
,
89
,
92 –93 96 –97 101
US President’s Emergency Plan for aids Relief (pepfar)
280
,
287 –288 292
World Bank
34
,
82
,
88
,
92
,
96
,
98
,
101
National Emergency Rural Access Project (nerap, Afghanistan)
82
,
92
National Priority Programs (npps, Afghanistan)
88
,
92
,
98
,
101
marginalisation (see also discrimination and stigmatisation)
7
,
26 –27 68
,
90
,
108n4 and n6
,
117
,
120
,
143
,
158 –159 226
,
275 –276 280
,
292
Middle East and North Africa (mena)
7
,
16 –19 70
,
107
,
109
,
115
,
119
,
128 –130 137
,
181 –195 198 –199 201
,
251
,
263
Egypt
70
Iran
17 –19 263
Iraq
130
Israel
109
Lebanon
115
,
119
,
184
Libya
129 –130 137
Morocco
7
,
107
,
115
,
119
,
181 –195 198 –199 201
the Rif
183
,
185
,
186 –195 198
,
201
Palestine
251
Syria
129 –130
Turkey
16
,
18 –19
Oceania
109
,
175
,
220
,
251n
,
267
Australia
109
,
175
,
267
Kiribati
251n
New Zealand
109
,
220
Palau
251n
Papua New Guinea
251n
Solomon Islands
251n
Tuvalu
251n
poverty (see also inequality)
5
,
13 –15 22
,
24 –27 30
,
33 –36 51
,
65
,
70
,
84
,
91
,
95 –96 99
,
107
,
142 –143 147
,
158 –159 173 –174 177 –178 189 –190 197
,
207 –208 214
,
217 –218 222
,
225
,
232
,
237
,
277 –279
reduction
13 –15 25
,
30
,
34 –36 65
,
70
,
107
,
142
,
177
public health
4
,
8
,
26
,
44
,
107
,
127
,
131
,
135 –138 142
,
146
,
153
,
157
,
163
,
166 –167 172 –173 176 –178 195
,
210
,
226 –228 234 –237 252 –254 261 –264 267 –269 274 –293
drug overdose
227
,
261
,
263 –264 267
,
269
,
276 –277 282
,
288
,
290
naloxone
264
,
267
,
288
health-focused approach to drug policies
8
,
44
,
107
,
127
,
131
,
135 –138 146
,
153
,
163
,
167
,
173
,
176 –178 195
,
210
,
226 –228 234 –237 261 –264 267 –268 274 –278 269
,
280 –281 283 –289 291 –293
harm reduction approach
44
,
127
,
131
,
135 –138 146
,
163
,
173
,
176 –177 210
,
227 –228 234 –236 262 –264 267 –268 274 –278 280 –281 283 –289 291 –293
treatment services
146
,
173
,
210
,
227 –228 234 –236 262 –264 267 –268 274
,
276 –277 280 –281 284 –289 291 –293
infectious disease
4
,
26
,
146
,
157
,
166
,
172 –173 227
,
261 –264 267
,
269
,
274
,
276 –284 287 –292
hepatitis
227
,
262 –263 276
,
281
,
284
,
288 –290
hiv/aids
146
,
157
,
166
,
227
,
262 –263 269
,
274
,
276
,
278 –282 287 –289 291 –292
tuberculosis (tb)
227
,
262
,
267
,
274
,
277
,
279 –282 290 –292
Sino-Indian opium trade
47 –53 60
stigmatisation (see also marginalisation and discrimination)
3
,
6
,
8
,
25 –26 35
,
142
,
158 –160 214 –215 218 –219 226 –227 235 –237 262
,
269
,
274
,
282
,
284
,
289 –290 292 –293
terrorism
25
,
31
,
79
,
81
,
84 –89 96
,
128
,
130 –131
terrorist groups
31
,
79
,
81
,
84 –89 128
,
130
farc (Fuerzas Armandas Revolucionarias de Colombia)
128
,
130
Taliban
79
,
81
,
84 –89 128
war on terror (see also war on drugs)
25
,
31
,
131
United Nations (UN) (see also Conventions, conferences and other international documents)
4 –7 13 –14 19
,
20 –21 24 –26 29 –30 33 –34 36
,
43
,
45
,
60
,
64 –74 80
,
82 –86 88 –89 94 –96 101
,
107
,
110
,
115
,
117
,
119
,
127 –128 130
,
142
,
146 –147 153 –158 160 –167 172 –177 208 –210 217 –218 220
,
223
,
226 –227 237
,
246 –257 262
,
265
,
278
,
282
,
284
,
288
,
291
International Labour Organization (ilo)
251 –252 255 –257
International Narcotics Control Board (incb)
21
,
33
,
164 –165 174
,
237
,
254
Joint United Nations Programme on hiv/Aids (unaids)
166
,
262
United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs (un cnd)
14
,
66
,
69 –72 74
,
160
,
163
,
166
,
210
,
237
,
246 –256 284
United Nations Drug Control Programme (undcp) (see also unodc)
82
,
85
United Nations General Assembly Session on the World Drug Problem (ungass)
5
,
13 –14 20 –21 26
,
30
,
33 –34 36
,
64
,
66 –72 74
,
107
,
153
,
156
,
161 –166 175
,
209n5 –210
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (unodc) (see also undcp)
14
,
19
,
21
,
25
,
70 –71 73 –74 80
,
82 –86 88 –89 95 –96 101
,
117
,
130
,
163 –165 208
,
220
,
226
,
237
,
256
,
282
Afghanistan Drug Control and Rural Rehabilitation Programme (adcrrp)
84 –86 89
Afghanistan Pilot Program Poppy Reduction Project (C28)
84 –86 89
World Drug Report
72
,
117
,
163
,
220
,
237
,
282
United Nations Security Council (unsc)
127 –128 173
World Health Organisation (who)
209
,
249
,
252 –254 256
,
265
,
278
,
288
,
291
Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ecdd)
249
,
252 –254
violence (see also armed conflict and children and gender)
4
,
6 –7 26 –28 31
,
33
,
35
,
68
,
127
,
129 –137 148 –149 157
,
172
,
183 –202 206 –239 262
,
277
,
279
,
282
environmental violence
183 –202
violent-governance paradigm
127
,
132 –135 137
war on drugs (see also drug control regime)
13
,
20 –22 25
,
31
,
36
,
67 –68 112
,
131
,
135
,
143
,
149
,
172
,
177
,
277
,
287
,
292