Abbreviations
Journals and Other Secondary Material
| AEMA | Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi |
| AOH | Acta Orientalia Hungarica |
| CAJ | Central Asiatic Journal |
| CHI | Cambridge History of Iran |
| EI1 | Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition |
| EI2 | Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd edition |
| EIr | Encyclopedia Iranica |
| HJAS | Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |
| IJMES | International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |
| JAOS | Journal of the American Oriental Society |
| JESHO | Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |
| JNES | Journal of Near Eastern Studies |
| JRAS | Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |
| JSAI | Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam |
| JSYS | Journal of Song-Yuan Studies |
| OM | Oriente Moderno |
| RCEA | Répertoire chronologique d’épigraphie arabe |
Primary Sources
| ACCK | Authentic Chronicle of Chinggis Khan |
| BH/Budge | Bar Hebraeus. The Chronography of Gregory Abûʾl-Faraj. Trans. E. A. Wallis Budge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1932. Rpt. Amsterdam: APA Philo Press, 1976. |
| BH/Manṣūr | Bar Hebraeus (Ibn al-ʿIbrī). Tārikh mukhtaṣar al-duwal. Ed. Ḥ. Al-Manṣūr. Beirut: Dār al-kitāb al-ʿalamiyya, 1997. |
| al-Ḥadīd | al-Ḥadīd, Ibn Abī. Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāghat. Vol. 3. Beirut: Dār Maktabat al-Hayāt, 1963 |
| HCGK | Pelliot, Paul and Louis Hambis. Historie de campagnes de Genghizkhan. Leiden: Brill, 1951. |
| Hülegü/BB | “Hulegu, Mongol Il-Khan of Persia, to Louis IX, King of France (1262). Maragha”. In Barber, Malcolm and Keith Bate. Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries. Pp. 156–60. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010. |
| Hülegü/Mayvaert | Meyvaert, Paul. “An Unknown Letter of Hulagu, Il-Khan of Persia, to King Louis IX of France,” Viator 11 (1980), pp. 245–259. |
| Hülegü/Richard | Richard, Jean. “La lettre de Hülegü á Saint Louis et l’entente avec les Mongols”, in Au-dela de la Perse et de l’Armenie. Pp. 175–82. Turnhout: Brepols, 2005. |
| Ibn al-Athīr/Richards | Ibn al-Athīr. The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from al-Kāmil fī’l-taʾrīkh, Part 3. Trans. D. S. Richards. Crusade Texts in Translation 17. Aldershot and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008. |
| IB/Gibb | Ibn Battuta. The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354. Trans. H. A. R. Gibb. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2004. |
| Juwaynī/Boyle | Juvaini, Ata Malik. Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conqueror. Trans. J. A. Boyle. Manchester and Seattle: Manchester University Press, 1997 and University of Washington Press, 1997. |
| Juwaynī/Qazwīnī | Juwaynī, Aṭā Malik. Tārīkh-i Jahāngushāy. Ed. Muḥammad Qazwīnī. London: Gibb Memorial Series, 1912–37. 3 Vols. |
| Jūzjānī/Ḥabībī | Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj. Ṭabaqāt-i-Naṣirī. 2 Vols. Ed. ʿAbd al-Ḥayy Ḥabībī. Kabul: Anjuman-i Tārīkh-i Afghānistān, 1964–65. |
| Jūzjānī/Lees | Jūzjānī, Minhāj al-Dīn. The Ṭabaqāt-i Nāṣirī. Eds. W. N. Lees and K. Hosain. Calcutta: Calcutta College Press, 1864. |
| Jūzjānī/Raverty | Raverty, H. G., trans. Tabaḳāt-i-Nāsirī, a General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia, including Hindustan, from 810 to 1260 AD, and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals into Islam. Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1995. First published London, 1881. |
| Maqrīzī | al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn. Kitāb al-Sulūk li-maʾrifat duwal al-mulūk. Ed. M. M. Ziyāda. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat dār al-kutub, 1970. |
| Maqrīzī/Quatremère | ʿAlī Maqrīzī, Aḥmad ibn. Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks de l’Égypte. Trans. E. M. Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund, 1837. |
| MP/Cliff | Polo, Marco. The Travels. Trans. Nigel Cliff. New York: Penguin, 2015. |
| MP/Kinoshita | Polo, Marco. The Description of the World. Trans. Sharon Kinoshita. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2016. |
| MP/Latham | Polo, Marco. The Travels of Marco Polo. Trans. R. E. Latham. New York: Penguin, 1958. |
| MP/Marsden | Polo, Marco. The Travels of Marco Polo. Trans. William Marsden. New York: The Modern Library, 2001. |
| MP/Moule-Pelliot | Polo, Marco. Marco Polo, The Description of the World. 2 vols. Trans. A. C. Moule and Paul Pelliot. London: Routledge, 1938. |
| MP/Yule | Polo, Marco Polo. The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition. 2 vols. Trans. Henry Yule and Henri Cordier. London: John Murray, 1871; rpt. New York: Dover, 1996. |
| Mustawfī/Navāʾī | Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī Qazvīnī. Tārīkh-i guzīda. Ed. ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Navāʾī. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1983. |
| Mustawfī/Ward | Mustawfī Qazvīnī, Ḥamdālla b. Abu-Bakir. Zafarnameh of Mustawfi. Ed. and trans. L. J. Ward (Ph.D. diss., University of Manchester, 1983). |
| Qāshānī/ | Qāshānī, Abūʾl-Qāsim ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad. Zubdat |
| Dānishpazūh | al-tavārīkh: baksh-i Fātimiyān va Nizāriyān. Ed. Muḥammad Taqī Dānishpazhūh. Tehran: Muʾassasa-yi Muṭālaʿāt va Taḥqīqāt-i Farhangī, 1987. |
| Qāshānī/Hambly | Qāshānī, Abūʾl-Qāsim ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad. Taʾrīkh-i Uljāytū. Ed. Mahīn Hambly. Tehran: Bangāh-i Tarjumah va Nashr-i Kitāb, 1969. |
| RD/ Ali-Zade | Rashīd ad-Dīn, Faẕlallāk̲h̲. Dzhāmiʿ at-Tavārīkh. Vol. 2, part 1, Kriticheskii text. Ed. A. A. Ali-Zade. Moscow: Nauka, 1980. |
| RD/Arends | Rashid-ad-Din. Sbornik letopisei. Trans. A. K. Arends. Vol. 3. Moscow: Academy of Sciences Press, 1946. |
| RD/Boyle | Rashīd al-Dīn. Successors of Genghis Khan. Trans. John Andrew Boyle. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. |
| RD/Jahn | Rashid al-Din. Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh. Published as Karl Jahn, ed. Geschichte Ġāzān-Ḫān’s aus dem Taʾrīḫ-i-mubārak-i-Ġāzānī des Rašīd al-Dīn Faḍlallāh b. ʿImād al-Daula Abūl-Ḫair. London: E. J. W. Gibb Trust, 1940. |
| RD/Karīmī | Rashīd al-Dīn. Jāmīʾ al-tavārīkh. Ed. D. Karīmī. Tehran: Intishārāt-i iqbāl, 1338/1959 and 1983. |
| RD/Khetagurov | Rashid-ad-Din. Sbornik letopisei. Trans. L. A. Khetagurov, ed. A. A. Semenov. Vol. I, part 1. Moscow: Academy of Sciences Press, 1952. |
| RD/RM | Rashīd al-Dīn Faẓlāllāh Hamadānī. Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh. 4 vols. Ed. Muḥammad Rawshan and Muṣṭafī Mūsawī. Tehran: Nashr-i Alburz, 1383/1994. |
| RD/Romaskevich | Rashīd ad-Dīn, Faẕlallāk̲h̲. Dzhāmiʿ at-Tavārīkh. Vol. 1, part 1, Kriticheskii text. Ed. A. A. Romaskevich, A. A. Khetagurov, A. A. Ali-Zade. Moscow: Nauka, 1968. |
| RD/Shukiurova | Rashid ad-Din Faẕlallak̲h̲. Oguz Name. Trans. R. M. Shukiurova. Baku: Ėlm, 1987. |
| RD/Smirnova | Rashid-ad-Din. Sbornik letopisei. Trans. O. I. Smirnova, notes by B. I. Pankratov and O. I. Smirnova, ed. A. A. Semenov. Vol. 1, part 2. Moscow: Academy of Sciences Press, 1952. |
| RD/Thackston | Rashiduddin Fazlullah. Jamiʿuʾt-Tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles: A History of the Mongols. Trans. and ed. W. M. Thackston. Cambridge, Ma: Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University Press, 1998–1999. Three volumes with continuous pagination. |
| RD/Thackston 2012 | Rashiduddin Fazlullah. Classical Writings of the Medieval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Mongol Dynasties, III, Jamiʿuʾt-Tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles. Trans. W. M. Thackston. London: I. B. Tauris, 2012. |
| RD/Verkhovskii | Rashid-ad-Din. Sbornik letopisei. Trans. Yu. P. Verkhovskii. Vol. 2. Moscow: Academy of Sciences Press, 1960. |
| RDMC | Reconstructed depiction of the Mongol Court |
| SHM | Secret History of the Mongols (see bibliographies for specific editions) |
| SWQZL | Shengwu qinzheng lu |
| SWQZL/Asaraltu | Qiutao He, ed. “Shengwu qinzheng lu (Bogda baghatur bey-e-ber dayilaghsan temdeglel).” In ed. Asaraltu, Bogda baghatur bey-e-ber dayilaghsan temdeglel Qailar: Öbör Mongghol-un Soyul-un Keblel-un Qoriy-a, 1985. |
| TSM | Topkapı Saray Müzesi |
| Ṭūsī/Boyle | Boyle, J. A. “The Death of the Last ʿAbbasid Caliph: A Contemporary Muslim Account.” Journal of Semitic Studies 6, no. 2 (1961), pp. 145–61. |
| Ṭūsī/Qazvīnī | al-Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn. “Kaifīyat Wāqiʾat Baghdad”. Appendix in Aṭā Malik Juwaynī, Tārīkh-i Jahāngushāy. Vol. 3. Ed. Muḥammad Qazwīnī, pp. 280–92. London: Gibb Memorial Series, 1937. |
| ʿUmarī/Lech | al-ʿUmarī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā. Das Mongolische Weltreich: Al-umari’s Darstellung der Mongolischen Reiche in seinem Werk masalik al-absar fi Mamalik al-amsar. Ed. Klaus Lech. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1968. |
| Waṣṣāf/Bombay | Shīrāzī, ʿAbdallah ibn Faḍlallāh Sharaf al-Dīn. Tārīkh-i Vaṣṣāf (Tajzīya al-amṣār va tazjīya al-aʿsār). Ed. Muḥammad Mahdī Iṣfahānī. Bombay: n.p., 1853. Rpt. Teheran: Ibn Sīnā, 1959–60. |
| Waṣṣāf/Elliot | Wassaf, ʿAbdu-llah. “Tazjiyatu-l Amsár wa Tajriyatu-l Ásár.” Trans. H. M. Elliot. In The History of India as Told By Its Own Historians. Vol. 3. Ed. John Dowson, pp. 24–54. London: Trübner & Co., 1971. Rpt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. |
| Waṣṣāf/Nejād | Shīrazī, Shihāb al-Din ʿAbd Allāh Sharaf. Tārīkh-i Wassāf al-Hadrat. Jeld-e Chahārom. Ed. by Dr. Ali Rezā Hajyān Nejād. Tehran: Ṭalāyah, 2009. |
| Waṣṣāf/Nuruosmaniye | Yazdi/Shirazi, Sharaf al-Din ʿAbdollāh b. ʿEzz al-Din Fadlollāh. Tajzīyat al-ʿamsār va tazjīya al-aʿsār (tārīkh-i vaṣṣāf). Tehran: Tehran University Press, 2009. Script 711/1312, Facsimile edition of the Fourth Volume from an Autograph Manuscript. Istanbul: Nuruosmaniye Library, MS. No. 3207. |
| Waṣṣāf/Wentker | Waṣṣāf, Sharaf al-Dīn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Faẓl Allāh. Geschichte Wassaf’s: deutsch Übersetzt von Hammer-Purgstall, Band 2. edited by Sibylle Wentker. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2010. |
| YCRD | Yuan Court Ritual Diagram |
| YS | Yuan Shi |