1 Southwest Canaan: location map 2
2 Scarabs and related artifacts from south Levantine Late Bronze Age I contexts classified according to place of manufacture 18
3 Scarabs from Late Bronze Age I Burials at Tell el-Ajjul classified according to place of manufacture 18
4 Scarabs and related artifacts from south Levantine Late Bronze Age I–IIA contexts classified according to place of manufacture 19
5 Motifs on Middle Bronze Age II local scarabs (nos. 1, 5, 9, 12) compared to motifs on early-mid-18th Dynasty scarabs (nos. 2–4, 6–8, 10, 11): No. 1 Tell el-Ajjul, Tomb 1541 (after Keel 1997: 411 no. 900); 2. Tell el-Ajjul, Tomb 281 (after Keel 1997: 147 no. 123); 3. Tel Beth-Shemesh, surface (after Keel 2010a: 285 no. 160); 4. Tel Gezer, Cave I.A.10 (after Keel 2013a: 439 no. 633); 5. Tell el-Farʿah (S) Tomb 1021C (after Keel 2010b: 205 no. 415); 6. Tell el-Ajjul Tomb 1128 (after Keel 1997: 195 no. 272); 7–8. Tel Gezer Cave 10A (after Keel 2013a: 441 nos. 634 and 635); 9. Tell el-Ajjul Tomb 101 (after Keel 1997: 131 no. 78); 10. Tell el-Ajjul Tomb 1071 (after Keel 1997: 185 no. 240); 11. Tel Lachish Tomb 216 (after Tufnell 1958: Pl. 38 no. 301); 12. Tell el-Ajjul Stratum III–II (after Keel 1997: 473 no. 1076); 13. Tell el-Ajjul Tomb 1026 (after Keel 1997: 175 no. 209); 14. Tel Lachish Tomb 216 (after Tufnell 1958: Pl. 38 no. 307); 15. Tel Batash Stratum VIII (after Brandl 2006: 219 fig. 23) 21
6 Besor region: location map 29
7 Coastal Plain and Shephelah: location map 34
8 Yarkon Basin: location map 41
9 Plan of the three phases of the Fosse Temple (after Koch 2017a: Figure 2) 47
10 Drawing of a decoration of a jug from the Fosse Temple (after Koch 2017a: Figure 3) 48
11 Large-size scarab of Amenhotep III from Jaffa (courtesy of Corpus of Stamp-Seals from the Southern Levant) 51
12 Lamp-and-Bowl deposit from Late Bronze Age Tel Azekah (courtesy of Oded Lipschits) 56
13 Ivory plaques from Tell el-Farʿah (S) (after Koch 2014: Figure 3) 60
14 Ivory plaque from Tel Megiddo Stratum VIIA (after Koch 2014: Figure 4) 60
15 Plan of the “Acropolis Temple”, Tel Lachish Level VI (after Ussishkin 2004: 220 fig. 6.4) 62
16 Golden foil, the “Acropolis Temple”, Tel Lachish Level VI (after Schroer 2011: 313 no. 869) 63
17 Depictions of naked goddesses grasping flowers—no. 1: Clay plaque, Tel Ḥarasim Stratum V (after Schroer 2011: 307 no. 863); no. 2: Bronze plaque, Akko, “The Persian Garden” (after Ben-Arieh and Edelstein 1977: pl. 6.2); no. 3: Clay plaque, Tel Batash Stratum VIIB (after Panitz-Cohen and Mazar 2006: 252 and photo 104) 64
18 Stele of Qeh (British Museum EA 191) © Trustees of the British Museum 65
19 Depictions of Astarte from Egypt—no. 1: Stone stela, Tell el-Burg (after Hoffmeier and Kitchen 2007: 129 fig. 1b); no. 2: Stone stela, Buhen (after Bibel+Orient Datenbank Online,
20 Scarab, Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 936 (after Keel 2010b: 317 no. 675); 2—Tel Lachish, Tomb 4004 (after Tufnell 1958: pl. 36:316); 3—Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 934 (after Keel 2010b: 265 no. 551); 4—Tel Azekah, Local Level T2–3a (after Koch et al. 2017: Fig. 7.1) 80
21 Settlement patterns of the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age I (GIS by Omer Ze’evi-Berger) 82
22 Iron Age Limestone conoids depicting horned animals: 1. Tel Miqne Stratum V (after Keel 2010a: 551 no. 72); 2. Tel Beth-Shemesh Stratum III (after Keel 2010a: 279 no. 144); 3. Tell eṣ-Ṣafi Area T (after Keel 2013a: 121 no. 56); 4. Tel Gezer, ‘Fourth Semitic Period’ (after Keel 2013a: 185 no. 44) 101
23 Multi-faceted decorated seal-amulet from Tel Gerisa Stratum 6 (after Keel 2013a: 143 no. 7) 107
24 Multi-faceted decorated seal-amulet from Tel Qasile Stratum X(?) (after Mazar 1967: pl. 4–5; Shuval 1990: 73 fig. 2, 123 no. 1) 107
25 Multi-faceted decorated seal-amulet from Tell el-Farʿah (S), Cemetery 800 (after Keel 2010b: 117 no. 210) 107
26 Multi-faceted decorated seal-amulet from Ashkelon, unknown context (after Keel 1997: 721 no. 83) 107
27 Name of Amun-Re on multi-faceted seal-amulets 107
28 Late Iron Age I–Early Iron Age IIA Depictions of Marching Lion: No. 1. Tel Gerisa (Figure 23:1, above); 2. Tel Qasile Stratum X (Figure 24:2, above); 3. Tell el-Farʿah (S) Cemetery 800 (Figure 25:2, above); 4. Ashkelon (Figure 26:2, above); 5. Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 135 (after Keel 2010b: 123 no. 223); 6. Tel Haror, Stratum B1/2 (after Brandl in Keel 2013a: 573 no. 1); 7. Tel Lachish, Tomb 191 (after Tufnell 1953: pl. 45:130); 8. Tel Beth-Shemesh, Tomb 1 (after Keel 2010a: 221 no. 6) 108
29 Late Bronze Age IIB–III Depictions of Marching Lion: No. 1. Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 984 (after Keel 2010b: 367 no. 800); 2. Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 935 (after Keel 2010b: 311 no. 660); 3. Tell Jemmeh, unknown (after Keel 2013a: 59 no. 135); 4. Tel Azekah, Area S2–Late Bronze Age IIB level (courtesy of Oded Lipschits); 5. Tel Beth-Shemesh, Stratum IV–III (after Keel 2010a: 283 no. 153); 6. Tel Gezer, “2nd Semitic Period” (after Keel 2013a: 297 no. 293); 7. Tel Gezer, Area VI Stratum 6C/B (after Keel 2013b: 447 no. 650); 8. Tel Gerisa, unknown (after Keel 2013a: 153 no. 33) 110
30 Late Bronze Age IIB–III and Iron Age I–Early Iron Age IIA Depictions of Amun-Re’s Name Accompanied by Attributes: No. 1. Tel Gerisa, Level 6 (fig. 1, above); 2. Deir el-Balaḥ, unknown (after Keel 2010a: 455 no. 131); 3. Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 981 (after Keel 2010b: 351 no. 758); 4. Deir el-Balaḥ, unknown (after Keel 2010a: 455 no. 132); 5. Tel Beth-Shemesh, Stratum III (after Keel 2010a: 265 no. 111); 6. Tel Akko, unknown (after Keel 1997: 609 no. 225); 7. Tell el-Farʿah (S), unknown (after Keel 2010b: 409 no. 909); 8. Lisht, 20th–21st Dynasty (after:
31 Late Iron Age I–Early Iron Age IIA Depictions of a Winged Deity: No. 1. Tel Qasile (Figure 24:5, above); 2. Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 542 (after Keel 2010b: 93 no. 153); 3. Jerusalem, City of David Strata 9–8 (after Keel 2015: 432 no. 2); 4. Tell el-Farʿah (S), Stratum V/W (after Keel 2010b: 477 no. 919). Late Bronze Age IIB–III Associated Figures: 5. Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 960c (after Keel 2010b: 335 no. 718); 6. Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 902c (after Keel 2010b: 87 no. 138); 7. Tell eṣ-Ṣafi, unknown (after Keel 1990a: 311 fig. 82); 8. Deir el-Balaḥ, Tomb 118 (after Keel 2010a: 406 no. 17) 112
32 Iron Age I–Early Iron Age IIA Depictions of Falcon-Head Deity and a Uraeus: No. 1: Tel Gerisa, Level 6 (Figure 23:4, above); 2: Tel Miqne, Stratum VIA (after Keel 2010a: 549 no. 69); 3: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 222 (after Keel 2010b: 145 no. 271); 4: Tell el-Farʿah (S), unknown (after Keel 2010a: 421 no. 944); 5: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 643 (after Keel 2010b: 155 no. 293); 6: Tel Megiddo, Stratum VIA (after Münger 2003: 68 fig. 1:3); 7: Tel Kinrot, Local Stratum S2a (after Münger 2007a: 94 fig. 8); 8: Tel Dothan, unspecified (after Keel 2010a: 497 no. 20); Late Bronze Age IIB–III: 9: el-Ahwat, surface (after Brandl 2012: 249 fig. 14:8); 10: Tel Miqne, unstratified (after Keel 2010a: 547 no. 68) 113
33 Late Bronze Age IIB–III and Iron Age I–Early Iron Age IIA Depictions of Winged Uraeus as Main Motif: No. 1. Tel Gerisa, Level 6 (Figure 23, above); 2: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 562 (after Keel 2010b: 103 no. 171); 3: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 960 (after Keel 2010b: 345 no. 743); 4: Tel Beth-Shemesh, Stratum IVB (after Keel 2010a: 279 no. 145); 5: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Area South, Room EF, Stratum E (after Keel 2010b: 387 no. 852); 6: Tel Gezer, unknown (after Keel 2013a: 429 no. 609) 114
34 Late Iron Age I–Early Iron Age IIA Depictions of Anthropomorphic Figures as Main Motifs: No. 1: Tell el-Farʿah (S) (Figure 25:3, above); 2: Ashkelon (Figure 26:3, above); 3: Tel Miqne, Stratum VB (after Keel 2010a: 543 no. 59); 4: Tel Miqne, Stratum VA (after Keel 2010a: 545 no. 65); (after idem, 545 no. 65); 5: Tel Gerisa, Stratum 10(?) (after Keel 2013a: 158 no. 46); 6: Tell el-Farʿah (S), surface (after Keel 2010b: 77 no. 119); 7: Tell el-Ajjul, unknown (after Keel 1997: 443 no. 995) 115
35 Late Bronze Age IIB–III Depictions of Anthropomorphic Figures as Main Motifs: No. 1: Tel Lachish, Tomb 4004 (after Tufnell 1958: pl. 36:316); 2: Tel Lachish, Tomb 4002 (after Tufnell 1958: pl. 39:365); 3: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 934 (after Keel 2010b: 271 no. 567); 4: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 935 (after Keel 2010b: 305 no. 647); 5: Deir el-Balaḥ, Tomb 116 (after Keel 2010a: 405 no. 11); 6: Tel Miqne, LBA Tomb (after Keel 2010a: 519 no. 9); 7: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 934 (after Keel 2010b: 265 no. 551); 8: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Area South, Room EF, Stratum E (after Keel 2010b: 389 no. 855); 9: Ḥ. Eleq (after Keel 2010a: 555 no. 2) 116
36 Depictions of a Bull and Accompanying Elements: Iron Age I–Early Iron Age IIA: 1: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Cemetery 800 (Figure 25:5, above); 2: Tel Qasile (fig. 2, above); 3: Tel Megiddo, Stratum VB (after Loud 1948: pl. 153:225); 4: Tell eṣ-Ṣafi/Gath, Stratum A3 (after Keel 2013a: 117 no. 47). Late Bronze Age IIB–III: No. 5. Tel Gezer, “2nd Semitic Period” (after Keel 2013a: 323 no. 356); 6: Tel Gerisa, unknown context (after Brandl 2008: 147* fig. 8b); 7: Tel Beth-Shemesh, Stratum IV (after Keel 2010a: 285 no. 156); 8: Tel Lachish, Tomb 4004 (after Eggler 2008: fig. 62) 117
37 Late Iron Age I–Early Iron Age IIA Depictions of a Chariot Scene: 1: Ashkelon (Figure 26:5, above); 2: Tel Qasile, Stratum XII (after Mazar 1985a: 19 fig. 6:1); 3: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 533 609 (after Keel 2010b: 125 no. 224); 4: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 609 (after Keel 2010b: 131 no. 236); 5: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 503 (after Keel 2010b: 125 no. 226); 6: Tel Jemmeh, Room KB (after Keel 2013a: 37 no. 83); 7: Tel Gezer, “4th Semitic Period” (after Keel 2013a: 361 no. 448) 118
38 Late Bronze Age IIB–III Depictions of a Chariot Scene: 1: Tell el-Ajjul, Tomb 1116E (after Keel 1997: 205 no. 302); 2: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 960 (after Keel 2010b: 333 no. 712); 3: Jaffa, unknown (after Lalkin 2008: pl. 30:523); Deir el-Balaḥ, Tomb 116 (after Keel 2010a: 405 no. 11); 5: Tel Gezer, “3rd Semitic Period” (after Keel 2013a: 289 no. 275); 6: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 606 (after Keel 2010b: 133 no. 240); 7: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 934 (after Keel 2010b: 269 no. 563); 8: Beth-Zur, Locus 90 (after Keel 2010a: 321 no. 8); 9: Tel Dothan, Tomb 2 (after Keel 2010a: 489 no. 3) 118
39 Iron Age I–Early Iron Age IIA Depictions of Anthropomorphic Figure Standing on an Animal with Long Ears or Horns: 1: Tel Qasile (Figure 24:4, above); 2: Badari, Tomb 5545 (after Brunton 1930: pl. 34:20); 3: Tell Keisan, Stratum 9a (after Shuval 1990: 142 no. 43); 4: Tell en-Naṣbeh, Tomb 32 (after Shuval 1990: 142 no. 44); 5: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 241 (after Keel 2010b: 183 no. 358); 6: Tel Akko, Surface (after Keel 1997: 561 no. 84); 7: Tel Akko, Surface (after Keel 1997: 571 no. 111); 8: Tell Abu Salima, unknown (after Petrie 1937: pl. 6:58); 9: Tel Miqne, Stratum V (after Keel 2010a: 549 no. 70); 10: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 225 934 (after Keel 2010b: 189 no. 374); 11: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Area North, Room VL, Niveau 376’, Stratum V/W (after Keel 2010b: 411 no. 919); 12: Tel Lachish, Surface (after Shuval 1990: 144 no. 47); 13: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 229 (after Keel 2010b: 165 no. 314) 121
40 Late Bronze Age Depictions of Resheph: 1: Tel Gezer, Cave 10A (after Keel 2013a: 439 no. 630); 2: Tel Gezer, Fourth Semitic Period (after Keel 2013a: 352 no. 425); 3: Tel Lachish, Fosse Temple unknown (after Keel and Uehlinger 1998: 77 fig. 85a) 122
41 Iron Age I–Early Iron Age IIA Depictions of an Anthropomorphic Figure Standing on the Back of a Horse: 1: Tel Eton, Tomb 1 (after Keel 2010a: 607 no. 5); 2: Tell el-Ajjul, Tomb 1074 (after Keel 1997: 185 no. 245); 3: Tell el-Farʿah (S), Tomb 509 (after Keel 2010b: 139 no. 356); 4: Ta’anach, unknown (after Keel and Uehlinger 1998: 142 fig. 164b); 5: Tel Beth-Shemesh, Tomb 1 (after Keel 2010a: 233 no. 35); 6: Giveon, Tomb 3 (after Keel 2013a: 469 no. 8); 7: Kadesh Barnea, Substratum 3c (after Münger 2007b: 240 fig. 14.4); 8: Tel Reḥov, Stratum IV (after Keel and Mazar 2009: 58* fig. 2:15) 123