Note on Transliteration and Transcription
The transliteration system recommended by the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES) has been adopted for both Arabic and Ottoman Turkish, with two exceptions: “sh” is retained for the Arabic letter shīn, although the modern Turkish transliteration “ş” is also used in a number of instances where it made more sense; “kh” is retained for transliterations of the Arabic letter khāʾ, usually rendered as “h” in modern Turkish. For Modern Turkish words, this book follows IJMES. Place names are generally rendered according to their common English version, where one exists. If no English version of a place name exists, modern Turkish is preferred over Ottoman Turkish transliteration. Thus Istanbul rather than İstanbul, but Balıkesir instead of Bālīkesir. For the name of the main protagonist of this monograph, see chapter one, footnote 1.