1 Basic types of crosses. Credit Merhan Manjili 73
2 Gemmed processional cross, Kellia. © Bibliotheca Alexandrina Antiquities Museum, Alexandria. #BAAM 0931 73
3 Ivory cross from cemetery at al-Naqlūn. Possibly 12 CE. Image by kind permission of Dr. Włodzimierz Godlewski 73
4 Codex Glazier endpiece. 6 CE. © The Morgan Library & Museum. MS G.67, ff. 214v–215r. Gift of the Trustees of the William S. Glazier Collection in 1984 74
5 Dayr Anbā Antuniyūs, two layers of plaster with two different types of crosses. © G. Spalding-Stracey, 2015 74
6 Braided cross from Isnā. © Institut français d’archéologie orientale (IFAO). Sauneron, Serge and Jean Jacquet. 1972. Les ermitages chrétiens du désert d’Esna: Vol I Archéologie et inscriptions & Vol II Descriptions et plans. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale. Hermitage 7, cross 47 74
7 Embellished ansate cross from the necropolis of al-Bagawāt. 4–5 CE. © V. Ghica, 2012 75
8 Baptismal font, ʿAyn Jallāl. 4–5 CE. © V. Ghica, 2012 75
9 Frontispiece from al-Ḥāmūlī. 10 CE. Eleventh Encomium on St. Theodore Stratelates. © The Morgan Library & Museum. MS M.608. Purchased by J. P. Morgan (1867–1943) in 1916 76
10 Stele of Pleinos, Armant type. 5–7 CE. With permission of the British Museum, London. © The Trustees of the British Museum. EA679 77
11 Textile fragment with border. 4–6 CE. Akhmīm. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. #258-1890 77
12 Textile fragment with face, Akhmīm. 3–6 CE. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. #259-1890 78
13 Jewellery mould. © Coptic. Mould, 5–7 CE. Steatite, 3.9 × 1.1 × 7.3 cm. Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Evangeline Wilbour Blashfield, Theodora Wilbour, and Victor Wilbour honoring the wishes of their mother, Charlotte Beebe Wilbour, as a memorial to their father, Charles Edwin Wilbour, 16.233 78
14 Terracotta lamp. © Coptic. Mould for a Lamp, 5 CE. Terracotta, 2.3 × 8.5 × 12.8 cm. Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Evangeline Wilbour Blashfield, Theodora Wilbour, and Victor Wilbour honoring the wishes of their mother, Charlotte Beebe Wilbour, as a memorial to their father, Charles Edwin Wilbour, 16.284 79
15 Tunic. © Coptic. Tunic Front with Marine Motifs, 6 CE. Wool, 33 × 113 cm. Brooklyn Museum, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, 38.753 79
16 Stele, Armant-type. © Coptic. Stela with Glorified Ankhs and Crosses, 7–8 CE. Limestone, plaster, 90 × 48 × 6.5 cm. Brooklyn Museum, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, 71.39.1 80
17 Mummy portrait. 2–3 CE. © Paris, Musée du Louvre, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Georges Poncet. AF 6440 81
18 Latin processional cross with foliage. Kellia, Quṣūr al-ʿIzaylah, 6–7 CE. By kind permission of Peeters Publishers. Kasser, Rodolphe. 1999. Explorations aux Qoucoûr El Izeila, 1981–1990. Leuven: Peeters. Hermitage 90, chamber 3 82
19 Textile with gemmed cross. © Coptic. Fragment with Cross Decoration, 5–6 CE. Flax, wool, 2.3 × 8.5 × 12.8 cm. Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Pratt Institute, 41.798 82
20 Pattée cross from Isnā, hermitage 3, cross #12. © Institut français d’archéologie orientale (IFAO). Sauneron, Serge and Jean Jacquet. 1972. Les ermitages chrétiens du désert d’Esna: Vol I Archéologie et inscriptions & Vol II Descriptions et plans. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale 83
21 Geometric designs from Isnā. © Institut français d’archéologie orientale (IFAO). Sauneron, Serge and Jean Jacquet. 1972. Les ermitages chrétiens du désert d’Esna: Vol I Archéologie et inscriptions & Vol II Descriptions et plans. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale, p. 70 83
22 Birds confronted to a cross. Kellia, Quṣūr al-Rubāʿiyyāt. 6–7 CE. By kind permission of Peeters Publishers. Kasser, Rodolphe. 1983. Le site monastique des Kellia (Basse-Égypte): Recherches des années 1981–1983. Leuven: Peeters. Hermitage 306, chamber 2 83
23 Stele of Sophrone. Armant type. With permission of the British Museum, London. © The Trustees of the British Museum. EA1790 84
24 Braided cross. Kellia, Quṣūr al-ʿIzaylah, 6–7 CE. By kind permission of Peeters Publishers. Kasser, Rodolphe. 1999. Explorations aux Qoucoûr El Izeila, 1981–1990. Leuven: Peeters. Hermitage 19/20, chamber 15 85
25 Wooden comb. © Paris, Musée du Louvre, E 12571, RMN-Grand Palais / Georges Poncet. 13.3 × 7.2 × 0.9 cm 85
26 Limonite amulet. With permission of the Royal Ontario Museum © ROM. 2010-11707-55 and 949X161.22. Bonner, Campbell. 1950. Studies in Magical Amulets, Chiefly Graeco Roman. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Plate 18 85