Index
Note: # marks data examples
absolutive marking; see: argument marking (absolutive)
adverbial clause/construction
112, 144–145
agreement
15
gender
107, 119 ff.
argument
27, 82 ff., 236 ff.
Amwi
#30
animacy
94, 96–97, 100, 241–243, 247–248, 252, 255
anti-passive
91, 96, 101
anti-topic
8, 27, 30–31, 36
areal convergence; see: convergence (areal)
argument marking
27, 87–89, 94–99, 218–222, 236 ff.; see also: subject marking; object marking; agreement
absolutive
87–89
Aslian languages
21, 26; see also individual language entries
aspect; see: TAM
attributive clause; see: relative clause
Austroasiatic; see individual language group entries
auxiliary
28, 32, 138–140, 182–183, 201, 215, 217, 227, 237, 240 f.n
Ava; see: Awa
Awa; also: Ava, Vo
135, 147–152, #148–#150
Bahnaric languages; see individual language entries
Bangla
#263
Bhoi
#114, 114–115
Bhumij
#241, #246, #249, #251
bilingualism; see: multilingualism
Birhoɽ
#240, #243–244, #251
borrowing
52, 65–67, 74, 157, 189, 262; see also: loan
Bugan
#176, #186
Bunong
#176, #185
Cantonese
#62, #72
Car
#24, #88–#93
case marking
188–190
and verb-initiality
189
Chinese
#151
Chong
#176
classifier (numeral)
12, 53–54, 57, 62–68, 123–125; see also: quantification
clitic chain
177, 185, 238
complement clause
145–146
completive
172, 185
conditional clause
145
constituent order; see: word order
contact
with Austronesian
9, 24, 27–28, 36, 82, 88, 90, 101
with Chinese
7, 29, 46 ff., 135, 148, 151–152
with Dravidian
4, 9, 23, 35, 163, 255, 258, 276
with Indo-Aryan
4, 9, 23, 29–30, 35, 122, 163, 189, 258 ff.
with Sinitic
46 ff.; see also: Chinese
with Sino-Tibetan
29–30; see also: Tibeto-Burman
with Tai-Kadai
22–23, 30, 40, 51, 56–58, 135, 148, 150–152
with Tibeto-Burman
57, 109; see also: Sino-Tibetan
convergence (areal)
4, 6, 22–24, 46 ff., 82, 258; see also: contact
copular clause
110, 138, 187, 249–253
Danau
#175, #187
de-grammaticalization
204
definiteness
88, 141
degree word
148, 150, 152
dependent clause; see also: relative; adverbial; conditional; complement clause
and verb-initiality
28, 119, 143–147, 149
and word order
9, 22–23, 91–92, 143–147, 149
descriptive; see: elaborate expressions
double marking (subject)
239, 245–246
elaborate expression
122–129
existential expression
110, 118 f.n, 129, 138, 187
fronting
22, 34
of arguments
97–98, 100, 115, 117, 126, 187
of verbs
31, 37
gender
agreement
107, 119 ff.
grammaticalization
107 ff.
sex-based
119–126
Gorum
#200, #224
grammaticalization
15, 70, 74, 95, 119 ff., 200–201, 204, 221–222, 231; see also: de-grammaticalization
grammaticalized verbs
320–326
of gender
107 ff.
of verbal markers
200–201
Gtaʔ
#177, #190, #224
Gutob
#180–181, #200–201
Gutob-Remo (proto)
159
head-initiality; see: verb-initiality
Hill Gtaʔ
#179–180, #184, #188–189
Hindi-Urdu
#23, #260, #277–280
Ho
#175, #188, #239, #241–251
holistic shift
160–172, 199, 228–230
ideophone; see: elaborate expression
imperative
11, 93, 141, 187, 214, 243–247; see also: prohibitive
imperfective
184, 201, 203, 214–217, 237
incorporation
10, 25, 26, 159, 201, 208–209
Indo-European; see: Indo-Aryan
Indosphere
160–161
infix
39, 48, 54, 201, 206, 211, 237, 288–294
information structure, see: pragmatics; topic
interrogative
13, 69, 75, 95, 118, 128, 141, 311–313
Jahai
#27
Juang
#177–178, #223
Katu
#31–32
Katuic languages
31–32; see also individual language entries
Kharia
#26, #176, #262, #265
Kharia (proto)
159
Khasi
109–113, #110–112, #123, #176, #186, #263, #277–280
Khasian languages
21, 29–31, 107 ff.; see also individual language entries
Khasian (proto)
107–108, 119–130
Kherwarian languages
236 ff.; see also: Munda languages; individual language entries
Kherwarian (proto)
236 ff.
Khmer (Modern)
#264
Khmer (Old)
#62, #68, #263
Khmuic languages; see also individual language entries
Korku
#175, #216, #249, #252
Kơho-Sre
#175
Kri
#67, #71, #73
Kui Ntua
#186
language contact; see: contact
lexical doublet
159
loan/loanword
39, 51, 56, 58, 66, 71; see also: borrowing
locative
11, 92, 313–320
Loi; see: Va
Lyngngam
113–114, #113–114
Man Noi Plang
121, 128–130, #129–130
Maniq
#187
mediopassive
59, 72; see also: middle voice
metatypy
157
middle voice
201, 210–211, 218, 226–229; see also: mediopassive
Mlabri
#188, #264
Mnar
#117, 117–118
modality; see: TAM
Mon (Middle)
#263
Mon (Modern)
#22–23, #34, #186, #190, #263
Mon (Old)
#175, #263
multilingualism
52, 55–57, 67, 108, 148
Munda languages; see also: Kherwarian languages; individual language entries
and Austroasiatic
198, 203, 227–231
and Mon-Khmer
160–164
bound morphemes
198 ff.
classification
159–162
history
157–158
holistic shift
160–172, 199, 228–230
language contact
157–159
morphological complexity
198–203
morphological diversity
198–199
negation
159, 174–183, 236 ff.
noun phrase
188–190
person marking
236 ff.
relative clause
258 ff.
TAM
236 ff.
typology
21, 158–159
verb-final syntax
21, 174, 183, 185–188
verb-initiality
24–26
verbal morphology
198 ff.
Munda (proto)
157 ff.; see also: proto-Munda predicate
argument marking
218–222
case marking
173, 188
clause structure
201, 231
prosody
172, 202
typology
198
word order
172–174
Mundari (Keraʔ)
#238–239, #242, #245, #250–251
Mundari (Tamaɽia)
#238–245, #250–251
Mường
#65, #70–71, #73
Mày
#73
Nancowry
#95–100, #265
negation
11, 174 ff.
and person marking
236 ff.
and TAM markers
177–182, 253–254
in copular constructions
11, 249–253
parallel systems
159, 174–183, 236 ff.
proto-Munda
201, 211 ff.
proto-Kherwarian /proto-North Munda
249, 252
Nias
#24
Nicobarese languages
82 ff.; see also: individual language entries
and Austroasiatic
82, 90
and Austronesian
24, 38–39, 82, 88, 90, 101
argument marking
87–89, 94–99
clause structure
93, 100
passive (and antipassive) voice
89–91, 95–96, 100, 101
typology
21, 82
verb-initiality
9, 21 ff., 38–39, 87, 100
Nicobarese (proto)
86, 99, 100–102
North Munda; see: Kherwarian
North Munda (proto)
26; see also: Kherwarian (proto)
noun phrase accessibility hieararchy
267–270
object marking
220–221, 245–247; see also: argument marking
Oriya
#263
OV syntax; see: verb-final syntax
Pacoh
#34, #184, #189, #264
Palaung (Dara’ang)
#187
Palaung (Shwe)
#28, #29
Palaung; also: Ta’ang
#264
Palaungic languages
28–29, 128–130, 135 ff.; see also individual language entries
passive voice
54, 59–60, 72, 89–91, 95–96, 203
perfective
185–186, 201, 203, 214–217, 237, 253
person marking; see: argument marking
Pnar
#30, 115, #115, #119, #125–126, #129
possessive construction
65, 69, 87, 138, 190
post-nominal verb; see: verb-final syntax
pragmatics
7; see also: topic
and dropping of arguments
34, 87, 91
and pronouns
298
and verb-initiality
22, 30–32, 35, 37, 118, 152
and word order variation
3, 6, 8–10, 22–23, 26–27, 34, 43–35, 37, 87, 115, 118, 141–142, 152
Praok; see: Wa (Parauk)
predicate type
137–140
predicate-initiality; see: verb-initiality
prohibitive
11, 174–183, 236 ff.
pronoun/pronominal system
119 ff., 298–308
complex system
101
three-number system
120
proper noun
87, 141
prosody
160–172, 202, 238
proto-Munda predicate
198 ff.; see also: Munda (proto)
aspect-voice marker
202–203, 218, 227–231
morphological complexity
198–203
derivational affixes
201
position
201–202
pre-verbal particles
199, 202
prosodic structure
202
quantification
12, 49, 62–68, 122–124; see also: classifier
quantifier; see: quantification
reciprocal
171, 201, 203–204, 209–211, 225, 227, 237
reduplication
184, 201–202, 210–211, 289, 294–298; see also: elaborate expression
reflexive-possessive marker
190
relative clause
69, 102, 111–112, 116, 122–124, 143–144, 258 ff.
Remo
#167, #181–182
rhythmic holism; see: holistic shift
Rục
#64–65, #70–74
Sangtam
#260
Santali
#165, #168, #175, #238, #241–242, #244, #250–254, 258 ff., #260–271, #277–280
Semaq Beri
#184, #189–190
Semelai
#27, #264
serial verb construction
10–11, 73–74, 139–140, 172–173, 177, 182, 185, 189
Shan (Tai Nuea)
#151
Sinosphere
160–161
Sora
#23, #25–26, #170–171, #178–179, #224
specificity
141–142
subject
type of
141–142
clitic
183–184, 236 ff.
marking; see: subject marking
subject marking
183–184, 219–220, 236 ff.; see also: argument marking
double
239, 245–246
proto-Kherwarian
247–248
proto-North-Munda
247–248
suppressed
241–243
subordinate clause; see: dependent clause
Ta’ang; see: Palaung
tabooing (lexical)
86
TAM
138–140, 185–188, 216–218
and negation
177–182, 213–215, 253–254
and person marking
236 ff.
Telugu
#260
Temiar
#184
temporal clause; see: adverbial clause
tense; see: TAM
Thai
#23
Thàvựng
#60, #64–66, #69, #74
topic
floating topic
142–143
topic-comment
7, 9–10, 26, 34 ff., 40 ff., 46, 54, 68–73, 75
topic-prominent language
49, 52, 69–73, 75
topicalization
69, 98, 100, 142, 147
Va; also: Loi
135, 147–152, #149–150
verb (perception and cognition)
145–146
verb-final syntax
21, 174, 183, 185–188; see also: word order
verb-initiality
21–45, 107 ff., 135 ff.
and language contact
21, 32, 36, 38–39, 41
and pragmatics
22, 30–32, 34–35, 37, 118, 152
and processing bias
40–41
and typology
37–38
Austroasiatic
21 ff.
Austroasiatic (proto)
34 ff., 41, 152, 189
geographical distribution
24 ff.
Khasian languages
107 ff.
Munda languages
158, 172
Nicobarese languages
24, 38–39, 82 ff.
Vietic languages
72
Vietic languages
46 ff., see also individual language entries
clause structure
68–75
convergence (typological)
46 ff.
directional verb
73–74
language contact
46 ff.
noun phrase
62–68, 75
passive voice
58–60, 72–73
Southern Vietic
46–47, 49
topic-comment structure
69–71
typology
46–47, 51–54, 72
Việt-Mường
46–47, 49
Vietic (proto)
46 ff.
clause structure
68–75
grammatical vocabulary
58–62
noun phrase
67–68, 75
quantification
49, 62–68
Vietnamese
46 ff., #63–66, #70–74, #185, #264
VO syntax; see: verb-initiality
Vo; see: Awa
Wa (Parauk)
135 ff., #137–150
Wa
#29
War (Kudeng)
#30
War
116–117, #116–117
word order; see also: verb-initiality; verb final syntax
alternative; see: word order (variability)
and areal convergence
22 ff.
and pragmatics; see: word order (variability)
and pronominal system
119 ff.
and type of clause
136–147
and type of subject
141–142
and type of verb
145–147
fixed
87, 143, 148–149
flexible; see: word order (variability)
in Austroasiatic
21–24
variability
3, 6, 8–10, 22–23, 26–27, 34, 43–35, 37, 87, 115, 118, 141–142, 152
word prosody; see: prosody