Index
Abraham, Kinfe
99
Abuja talks (1992–93)
33 –34
Abyei (State)
8
,
53
,
54
,
58
,
67
,
68
,
80
,
91 –92
,
94 –95
,
117
referendum
67
,
68
Addis Ababa
74
,
87
,
89
,
100
,
108
agreement (1972)
29
,
57
,
117
agreement (2012)
107
,
122
peace talks (2014)
8
,
77
,
81
Africa Peace and Security Architecture (apsa)
1
,
5
,
10
,
120
African Governance Architecture (aga)
5
,
10
,
121
Afghanistan
86
African Union (AU)
3
,
4
,
8
,
9
,
26
,
27
,
44
,
55
,
65
,
68
,
74
,
76
,
81 –82
,
87
,
91
,
104
, 106
,
120 –121
,
127
Article 4 (h) of the Constitutive Act
26
,
44
African Union Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan (auciss)
84
African Union High Level Implementation Panel (auhip)
68, 93
African Union Mission in Somalia (amisom)
106 –108
African Union Mission in Sudan (amis)
55
Peace and Security Council (aupsc)
26
,
44
,
68
,
74
,
80
,
82
,
120
Ahmed, Abyi
1, 126
Ahmed, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh
106
Aidid, Farah Mohamed 98, 100
Algeria
35
Amnesty International
41
,
84
al-Bashir, Omar
32
,
33
–36
,
41
,
43 –44
,
48
,
50
,
56
,
64
,
65
,
72
,
125
al-Dhabi, Ahmed Mustafa
74
al-Mahdi, Sadiq
30
,
32
al-Nimeiri, Jaʾafr
29
,
30
al-Qaeda
44
,
104
al-Shabaab (Harakat al-Shabaab al Mujaahidiin)
104
,
107
,
108
al-Turabi, Hasan
34
,
35
,
44
Amum, Pagan
66
,
73
Anann, Kofi
2
Angola
24
Anuak (ethnic group)
85
Anyanya (movement)
36
Arab League (also League of Arab States)
35
,
101
Arrow Boys (movement)
85
Australia
38
Babaginda, Ibrahim
28
,
33
Bahr al-Ghazal (State)
34
,
53
,
58
,
68
Barre, Siad
97
,
109
,
110
Benin
16
Benitu (town)
73
Bin Laden, Osama
35
Blue Nile (state)
8
,
47
,
53 –54
,
58
,
60
,
80
,
91 –93
,
117
Bor (town)
73
Botswana
21
,
82
bdf Botswana Defense Force
21
Boutros, Boutros-Ghali
11
Britain (also UK)
9
,
38
,
40
,
48
,
55
,
81
Burkina Faso
15
,
16
Burundi
2 –3
,
20
,
21
,
23
,
116
,
123
civil war
2
,
20
Bush, George W. Administration
45
Cambodia
11
,
84
Canada
38
,
40
Cape Verde
13
Carson, Johnnie
96
Carter, Jimmy
49
Cattle rustling (also raiding)
7
,
45
,
71
,
89
,
123
Central African Republic
69
Cessation of Hostility Agreement (CoHA)
8
,
50
,
73 –74
,
79 –80
,
90
,
102
,
119
Chad
54
China
9
,
36
,
62
,
63
,
79
,
81
Civil society
7
,
17
,
27
,
45
,
51
,
58
,
59
,
73, 89–90, 102
Cobra Squad (movement)
85
Cohen, Roberta
2
Communauté Économique de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (ceao)
14
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (cpa)
4
,
7
,
42 –43
,
46
–47
,
52
,
55
,
57 –58
,
60
–62
,
64
,
65 –67
,
69
,
70 –71
,
84
,
91 –92
,
94 –95
,
115 –117
Conflict Early Warning and Response Unit (ceweru)
71
Contested Regions
8
,
53
,
58
,
91 –92
,
94 –95
Cȏte d’Ivoire
13
,
15
,
121
Danforth, John
45
,
46
Darfur
46
–47
,
54 –56
,
60
,
64
,
91
,
93
,
115
,
117
ethnic groups Fur
54
Massalit
54
Zaghawa
54
Janjaweed
54
Justice and Equality Movement (jem)
54
,
75
Sudan Liberation Army (sla)
54
Democratic Republic of Congo (drc)
6
,
11
,
22 –23
,
24
,
25
,
69
,
77
Alliance des Forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo (afdl)
23
Civil war
22 –23
Declaration of Principles (DoP)
37
,
38
,
41
,
45
,
48
,
57
Desalegn, Hailemariam
81
, 85
Deng, Francis
2
,
39
Deng, Georg Athor
70
Dinka
8
,
34
,
36
,
53 –54
,
61
,
72
,
117
Ngok Dinka
54
,
68
Djibouti
4
,
6
,
31
,
99
,
101 –102
,
106
,
114
Doe, Samuel
14
East Africa
1
,
9
,
31
,
64
,
71
,
78
,
87
,
108
,
122 –3
,
124
East Africa Community (eac)
123
Eastern Equatoria (state)
71
Economic community of West African States (ecowas)
3
,
5 –6
,
12
,
13 –15
,
17
,
18
,
20
,
25
,
26
,
28
,
121 –122
ecowas Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ecomog)
14
,
15
,
17
,
18
treaty of Lagos (1975)
13
Egypt
29
,
35
,
37
,
38
,
43
Eldoret (Kenya) Peace Process
102
,
105
Environment (also environmental security, environmental deterioration)
6 –7
,
31 –32
,
41
,
45
,
125
Equatoria (state)
53
,
86
,
91
Eritrea
4
,
6
,
9
,
37
,
39
,
41
,
49
,
96
,
105
,
108
,
114 –115
,
124
Ethiopia
1
,
4
,
6
,
9
,
20
,
30 –31
,
35
,
37
,
39
,
41
,
49
,
65
,
69
,
74 –75
,
77
,
81
,
85 –86
,
88 –89
,
91 –92
,
96 –97
,
102 –105
,
108
,
115 –116
,
123
,
125
European Union (EU)
9
,
41
,
77 –78
,
81
,
91
,
94
Fall, Ibrahima
17
France
18
Gai, Deng Taban
85
,
89
Gambela (region)
85
,
89
Gambia
14
,
16
,
121
Garang, John
32
,
34
,
36
,
46
,
48
,
50
,
52 –53
,
55 –56
,
57
,
60
,
61
,
73
61
vision of New Sudan
34
,
53
,
60
,
Gbagbo, Laurent
121
Gardet, Peter
85
Ghana
17
,
27
Guelleh, Ismael Omar
100
Guinea
17
Guinae-Bissau
6
,
13
,
20
,
25
Gulf States
35
Haysom, Nicholas
49
Hottinger, Julian
49
Horn of Africa
1
,
4
,
44
,
72
,
104
,
115
,
122
Human Rights Watch
41
,
93
India
79
Intergovernmental Authority on Development (igad)
1
,
3 –10
,
12
,
15
,
20 –22
,
25
,
27 –28
,
31 –35
,
39 –46
,
48 –61
,
64 –68
,
71 –72
,
74 –80
,
82
,
86 –87
,
89 –92
,
94 –95
,
96 –103
,
105 –109
,
111 –112
,
115 –120
,
122 –123
,
125 –127
9
,
103
Eight igad Summit in Khartoum
43
High Level Revitalization Forum (hlrf)
90 –91
hlrf Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities
90
Joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission (jmec)
82
,
91
igad-led Somali Peace Conference (Arta)
100 –101
,
103
igad Partner Forum (ipf) (also Troika)
19, 40
,
41
,
43
,
45
,
49, 55–56, 81
,
84
,
90, 94, 100
Monitoring Verification Mechanism (mvm)
75
Women’s Desk
51
igad-plus
9
,
81
Inter-governmental Authority on Drought and Development (igadd)
6
,
28
,
30
,
31
,
33
,
35
,
36
,
37
,
38
,
39
,
42
Friends of igadd
38
,
40
Internally Displaced Persons (idps)
1 –2
,
7
,
16
,
30
,
70
,
78 –79
,
86
,
88
,
108
International Criminal Court (icc)
64
,
65
Italy
38
,
40
Jammeh, Yahya
121
Jellaba
28 –29
Johannes, Lesane
94
Johnson, Prince
14 –15
Jonglei (state)
70
,
71
,
73
,
74
,
76
Juba
8
,
29
,
62 –63
,
73 –74
,
76
,
79
,
84 –85
,
87
,
92
,
95
,
117
,
122
Declaration 2006
74
Kabbah, Tejan
17
Kabila, Laurent-Désiré
23 –24
Kampala
50
Karen talks (Eritrea, 2003)
53
,
57
Karti, Ali Ahmed
66
Kenya
2
,
3
,
6
,
9
,
20
,
31
,
32
,
34
,
35
,
37
,
39
,
43
,
48
,
50
,
52
,
57 –58
,
64
,
65
,
69
,
70
,
75
,
77
,
86
,
88
,
96
,
99
,
102 –103
,
105
,
107
,
117
,
123
Kimani, Martin
71
Khartoum
29 –30
,
36 –41
,
43 –44
,
47
,
53
,
55 –56
,
60 –61
,
63
,
68 –69
,
72 –73
,
92 –95
Kibaki, Mwai
50
Kiir, Salva Mayardit
1
,
8
,
60 –61
,
63
,
65
,
71 –76
,
80
,
82
,
84 –85
,
89
,
91
,
95
,
118
,
120
,
122
,
126
Ki-Moon, Ban
65
,
86
Koka Dam convention
30
,
38
Kol, Lam
34
Konaré, Alpha Oumar
81
Kong, Gordon
34
Lakes (state)
71
Lesotho
6
,
20 –24
civil war
21
Lesotho Defense Force (ldf)
21
Lesotho Highlands Water Project (lhwp)
22
Liberia
1
,
6
,
11
,
13 –4
,
16 –17
,
20
,
25
Civil war
14
,
17
Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (inpfl)
14
National Patriotic Front of Liberia (nplf)
14 –15
Lord Resistance Army (lra)
96
Libya
38
,
43
Linda Nchi Operation
107
Luo Nuer (ethnic group)
89
Maalim, Mahboub
107
,
111
Machakos Protocol
48 –53
,
56 –57
Machar, Rick Teny
1
,
8
,
34
,
46
,
61
,
71 –73
,
75 –76
,
80
,
84 –86
,
118 –120
,
126
Mahmoud, Ibrahim
94
Malakal (town)
73
,
117
Malawi
65
Malaysia
79
Mamdani, Mahmood
76
,
126
Mandela, Nelson
20
,
21
,
24
,
116
Mbeki, Thabo
25
–26
Mesfin, Seyoum
74
,
75
Memorandum of Understanding of Cessation of Hostilities
50
,
79
Misseriya (ethnic group)
68
Mogadishu
9
,
98
,
100
,
103 –106
,
108,
111–112
Mogae, Festus
82, 91
Moi, Daniel Arap
21
,
37
,
43
,
48 –51
,
102
,
116
Mugabe, Robert
23
,
24
,
121
Murle (ethnic group)
89
Museveni, Yuwery
57
Nairobi
9
,
64
,
74
,
103
,
107
Nairobi talks (1994, 1995–6, 1998, 2013)
37
,
39
,
53
,
77
Naivasha Talks (2003–2005)
52
,
56
,
57
,
59
Nakuru Talks (2003)
52
,
57
Ndadaye, Melchior
20
New Partnership for Africa’s Development (nepad)
27
Nigeria
13
,
17
,
18
,
20
,
25
,
28
,
33
,
116
Norway
9
,
38
,
55
,
81
Nuba Mountains
45
,
53
,
54
,
58
,
60
,
93
Nyrere, Julius
20
Obasanjo, Olusegun
18
,
25 –26
Ogaden War
97
Organization of African Unity (oau)
3
,
20
,
23
,
26
,
28
,
33
,
38
,
44
,
98
,
100 –101
Ouattara, Alassane
121
Page, Susan
49
Pastoralists (also pastoral communities)
6
,
7
,
31, 32
,
45
,
89 –90
,
123
Ping, Jean
65
Port Sudan
71
Post-Cold War
5
,
11
,
12
,
17
,
25
,
26
,
27
Powell, Kolin
54
Pronk, Jan
40
Puntland
109
Qatar
114
Refugees
1
,
7
,
12
,
16
,
17
,
22
,
30
,
37
,
54 –70
,
79
,
86
,
88 –89
,
108
,
110
,
114
Regional Organizations (also Regional Economic Communities- recs)
3 –5
,
6 –7
,
15
,
19 –22
,
26 –28
,
31
,
33
,
35
,
44 –45
,
55
,
65 –66
,
74
,
99
,
109
,
113 –114
,
118 –119
,
121
,
124 –125
Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
2 –3
Ripeness for Resolution
43
,
114 –115
Rwanda
1
,
5 –6
,
12
,
20
,
22 –23
,
25
,
75
,
77
,
82 –83
,
86
,
88
,
123
Rwanda’s genocide (1994)
5
,
12
,
20
,
82
,
86
Interahamwe (Hutu militias)
23
Senegal
13
Sankoh, Foday
16 –17
Sese Seko, Mobuto
22
Shearer, David
89
Sierra Leone
1
,
6
,
11
,
13
,
15
–18
,
20
,
25
,
84
Abidjan Peace Agreement (1996)
17
Civil war
16 –17
Lomé Agreement (1999)
17
Revolutionary United Front (ruf)
16
,
17
Silanyo, Ahmed Mohamed
111
Sodere Declaration
100
Somalia
1
,
3 –6
,
9
,
11
,
12
,
31
,
35
,
66
,
86
,
88
,
95 –112
,
15
,
119
,
123
Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia (ars)n
106
Ethnic groups: Darod, Dir, Hawiye, Digil Mirifle, Isaq
103
Islamic Courts Union (icu)
9
,
104 –105
Restore Hope Operation
5
,
12
,
98–100
Somali National Movement (snm)
109 –110
Transitional Federal Government (tfg)
9
,
103 –106
Transitional National Government (tng)
100 –101
,
103
Somaliland
9
,
66
,
96
,
102 –103
,
108 –112
British Somaliland
109
Council of Elders (Guurti)
110
Italian Somaliland
109
South Africa
2
,
18
,
19
,
21
,
22
,
23
,
24
,
38
,
52
,
77
,
116
,
119
,
121 –122
Convention for Democratic South Africa (codesa)
21
South African National Defense Force (sandf)
21
Southern African Development Community (sadc)
3
,
6
,
12
,
13
,
19
,
20
,
21 –22
,
23
,
24
,
25
,
26
,
121
sadc Organ on Politics, Defense, and Security (opds)
19
Southern African Development Coordination Conference (sadcc)
19
Southern Africa
3
,
18
,
19
South Sudan
1
,
7
,
9
,
10
,
15
,
20
,
32
,
34
,
42
,
47
,
49
,
59
,
61 –67
,
69
,
71
,
72
,
74
,
75
,
78 –80
,
83 –86
,
88 –94
,
96 –97
,
108 –109
,
111 –112
,
115
,
117 –120
,
122 –123
,
125 –127
Agreement on the Resolution of the Crisis in South Sudan (arciss)
5
Famine
9
,
41
,
78 –79
,
86
,
88 –89
Government of the Republic of South Sudan (grss)
68
,
73
,
75
Hybrid Court for South Sudan (hcss)
83
Oil
63
,
67
,
71
,
72
,
73
,
79
,
94
Referendum
49 –50
,
58
,
59
,
61
,
63
,
65
,
66 –67
,
111 –112
,
122
Sudan People’s Liberation Army (spla)
34
,
36
,
43
,
53
,
55
,
63
,
69 –70
,
73
,
75
,
86
Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (splm/A)
32
,
36 –37
,
43
,
46
,
47
,
49
,
50
,
53
,
55 –61
,
63
,
69
,
73
,
87
,
117
Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (splm-N)
92 –93
Nuba Mountains faction
93
White Nile state Faction
93
Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-in-Opposition (splm-IO)
30
,
74
,
75
,
80
,
85
,
87
splm-Former Detainees (G11)
80
spla-Nassir
34
splm-National Liberation Council (nlc)
73
Transitional Government of National Unity (TGoNU)
80
,
82
,
125
Southern Kordofan (state)
8
,
47
,
53
,
54
,
58
,
60
,
80
,
91 –93
,
117
Sudan
3
,
6 –10
,
12
,
15
,
20
,
28
,
31
–33
,
35
,
38
,
41
,
44
,
45
,
51
, 52
,
62
,
66
,
71
,
76
,
88
,
96 –98
,
108
,
111 –112
,
115 –116
,
119
,
122 –123
,
125
,
126
Government of Sudan (GoS)
36
,
37
,
38
,
43
,
45,
46
,
48 –55
,
57 –59
Oil
29
,
36
,
46
,
47
,
48
,
62
Islamist Revolution (1989)
32
,
35
Political parties: Democratic Unionist Party (dup)
30
National Alliance for National Salvation
30
National Democratic Alliance (nda)
37
,
41
,
59
National Islamic Front (nif)
30
,
32
,
34
,
35
Umma party
30
Sudanese Armed Force (saf)
68
Sumbeiywo, Lazaro Gen
32
,
48
,
49
,
50
,
51
,
54
,
56
,
74
,
116
Switzerland
48Syria 86
Taha, Ali Osman
56
,
57
Tanzania
2
,
20
,
77
,
123
Taylor, Charles
14
,
17
Torit
50
Tunisia
35
Uganda
4
,
6
,
20
,
22 –23
,
25
,
31
,
34
,
35
,
37
,
49
,
57
,
69
,
70
,
74
,
76 –77
,
86
,
88
,
96
,
99
,
105
,
116
,
123
United Nations (UN)
8
,
9
,
12
,
15
,
23
,
34
,
44
,
55
,
65
,
74
,
77
,
79
,
81 –82
,
85
,
91
,
98 –99
,
101, 106
,
119
United Nations-amis in Darfur (unamid)
55
United Nations Environmental Programme (unep)
31
United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (unamsil)
18
United Nations Mission in South Sudan (unmiss)
73
,
75 –76
,
77
,
87
,
126 –127
United Nations Operation in Somalia (unosom)
98 –99
United Nations Operation in Somalia ii (unosom ii)
98
UN Security Council
12
,
15
,
17
,
26, 44, 66
,
80
,
82
,
87
,
98
,
104
,
106
United Nations Unified Task Force (unitaf)
98
unhchr
41
United States
9
,
17
,
34
,
35
,
38
,
41
,
44
,
45
,
55
,
63
,
81
,
85
,
98 –99
,
101
,
105
“War on Terror”
43
,
101
Unity (state)
71
,
73
,
74
,
76
,
94
Upper Nile (state)
34
,
53
,
71
,
73 –74
,
76
,
79
,
91
Wais, Ismail
90
,
111
,
126
Waal, Mayan Dut
94
Warrap (state)
71
Western Equatoria (state)
85
West Africa
13
,
16 –18
,
25
Westgate Mall attack
107
Ysusf, Abdullahi
103
,
105
Zaire
23
Zambia
23
Zimbabwe
23
,
24
,
38
,
121