General Index
Aba I of Kashkar
82
Abbasid caliphate/Abbasids
202, 210, 216, 219, 382;
Arabs
Abelard
100–02, 115
ʿAbdishoʿ bar Brikha
69, 76, 82
Abgar
71–72, 338n14, 380
Abraham bar Qardaḥē
82–83
absence
8, 97, 154, 177, 184, 188, 280–81;
separation
Achilleis
420–21
Achilles Tatius
40, 415–16
Adalbert Samaritanus
102
address
38, 59–60, 62, 64, 189, 200–01, 214–16, 220, 235, 236, 237, 242, 243, 247, 249
salutation
external
53, 61, 210, 314–15
forms of
18, 59–60, 126, 189, 238, 248, 296, 324–25, 342, 346, 406, 410–14
administrative letter
35, 43, 97, 243, 408;
official letter
Adrian Komnenos
443
Adrian of Tyre
343n42
Adrianople
213
advice
37, 45, 75, 104, 154, 162–63, 169, 178, 193, 228, 257–58, 364
didactic letter; instruction
moral
98, 107, 114, 227, 234, 244
political
3, 242–49
spiritual
97, 99, 114, 227, 234–39, 249, 485;
pastoral letter
theological
114, 337, 485
Aelianus
40, 486
Aeschines
36, 337n12
affection
55, 97, 229, 236, 280, 288, 292–301, 345, 435;
love
Agamemnon
34
Agathias
355n12, 405–06
Aimilianos, patriarch of Antioch
130
Aineias of Gaza
41, 486
akakia
374
Albania
376n6
Alcuin
93
Alexander the Great
39, 41–42, 338, 339;
Alexander Romance
Alexander II, pope
96
Alexander and Semiramis, Tale of
421
Alexander of Nicaea
328
Alexander Romance
39n18, 412–14, 422;
Venice Alexander Romance
Alexandria
43, 47, 51, 355
Alexios I Komnenos, emperor
203, 214, 219, 408, 443, 446
Alexios III Angelos, emperor
206, 358
Alexios III Megas Komnenos, emperor of Trebizond
383
Alexios Stoudites, patriarch
382n22
Alkiphron
40, 337, 339, 416
allusion/allusiveness
10, 18, 98, 101, 125, 141, 146, 150–51, 190–91, 407;
quotation
al-Mahdī, caliph
77
al-Mamun, caliph
380–81
al-Muqtadir, caliph
243
al-Nāṣir Nāṣir al-Dīn Faraj, sultan
217
al-Qalqashandī
217
Amalric I, king of Jerusalem
407
Amasis, pharao
35
Amazons
383, 387–91, 413
ambassador see envoy
Ambrose
45, 52, 93
amicitia
100, 281n3, 303
Anacharsis
36, 37
Anastasios Quaestor
346n51
Anaximenes of Miletus
37
Andrew Libadenos
365
Andronikos I Komnenos, emperor
408–09
Andronikos II Palaiologos, emperor
202, 204n16, 206n23–24, 376–77, 485n84
Andronikos IV Palaiologos, emperor
160–61, 168
Andronikos Palaiologos, Despot of Thessaloniki
247
Anna Komnene
214–15, 407–08
an-Nasir Hasan, sultan
410
Anonymous professor
181, 230, 342n37
Anonymous Sola
358
Anselm of Canterbury
97, 98, 114, 115
anthology, poetic
481, 482n66
Antigonus II
37
Antioch
141, 355
Antony IV, patriarch
247–48
Antony the Great
52
aphorism see proverb
Aphrahat
72–73
Aphthonios
363–64
Apollinaris (Roman soldier)
58–61
Apollonios of Tyana
37, 337n12, 338
apologetic letter
3, 38, 83, 129, 138, 237, 346
Apostolic Fathers
337;
Church Fathers
Arabic
language
68n3, 81, 83n81
letters
3n12, 6n29, 20
literature/sources
68n1, 210, 217, 219–20
translation
76;
translation of Greek letter
Arabs
2, 12, 68, 75–77, 81–82, 94, 212, 216, 219–20;
Muslims
Aramaic
language
68, 71, 79
letters see Semitic letters
translation
68n2
Aratus of Soli
343n42
archive
53, 71–72, 101, 113, 114, 201, 205–07, 210, 212–13, 477;
transmission
arenga
211
Arethas
357n23
Aristainetos
40, 339, 416
Aristocles of Pergamon
41n24, 343n42
Aristophanes
314
Aristotle
77–79, 137, 258, 265–71, 281n2, 292, 296–97, 363–64, 413
letters of/attributed to
7, 37, 39, 54, 260, 284
Armenia
216
Arnulf of Lisieux
105–109, 115
ars dictaminis
93, 102, 111;
letter-writing manual
Artemon (editor of Aristotle’s letters)
7, 54–55
Asia Minor
14, 218, 219, 302
astronomy
79, 81, 242, 261n40, 263, 265
asymmetrical relationship
153, 229, 324;
inequality; patronage
Athanasios I, patriarch
202, 409, 410n37
Athanasios of Alexandria
51
Athanasius of Balad
78, 79, 81, 82
Athens
50
Neoplatonic Academy of
12
Athos
166, 201
Atticism
142, 151, 190
audience
140, 169–70, 227, 235, 238, 313, 319–21, 323, 353–68, 405, 406, 413, 479, 482;
reader
Augustine
45, 52, 72, 93, 148, 159
aurality
8–9, 20, 318, 360, 365;
performance; reading
Ausonius
45
authorship
116, 342n35
autobiography
45, 113–14, 170, 262, 334, 339, 342, 346–47, 407, 483–84, 490
autograph
103, 146, 168–69, 263, 469, 474;
handwriting
Aydin, beylik of
218
Baghdad
76, 219–20
Bardas Phokas
406
Bardas Skleros
406
Bar Hebraeus
69, 79
Barlaam of Calabria
258
Barnabas, Epistle of
49, 64
Barsanouphios
52, 488
Barsawma of Nisibis
75
Basil I, emperor
210, 378
Basil I, grand prince of Moscow
247–48
Basil of Caesarea
10, 11, 41, 52, 136, 137, 178–79, 180, 191, 261, 311n31, 317n76, 337n11–n12, 343–44, 484–88, 491n115;
Cappadocian Fathers; Church Fathers
bearer
1n1, 2, 6, 9, 20, 53, 111, 132, 181, 294, 300, 308–11, 314, 316, 322, 360, 362, 378–82, 384–90, 393–94, 400, 415, 478;
envoy
Beirut
355
Belisarios
405
Bellerophon
34, 40
Benzo of Alba
218–19
Bernard of Clairvaux
98–101, 113–15
Bessarion
242
Bible
77, 80, 98, 101, 108, 141, 190, 232–33, 234–35, 244, 247–48, 489;
exegesis; New Testament; Old Testament
biography
33–35, 38, 47–48, 337–38, 403, 484, 486
bishop see episcopal letter
Black Sea
41, 45, 216
blame see reproach
Boccaccio
112
body (of letter)
60–63, 187–89, 211, 214
Book of Ceremonies
211, 215–16, 357
book-exchange
8, 94, 150, 156, 160, 171, 182, 189, 263, 312
brevity see length
Brutus
10, 37, 44, 178–79
Bulgaria/Bulgars
212, 216, 242, 378, 380, 382, 440
business letter
2, 42–43, 46, 53, 60, 94–95, 96, 98, 108, 109, 114, 133
Candace, queen (Alexander Romance)
391, 413
canon see epistolary canon
canon law
80, 92, 95, 97, 337, 489
capital
cultural
344, 368
social
287, 290, 334
symbolic
140
Cappadocian Fathers
4n16, 10, 127;
Church Fathers
captatio benevolentiae
104, 244, 328
carmina
92n3
carrier see bearer
carta
200
Cato the Elder
43, 44, 45
Caucasia
212, 216
Celer
179
Cely collection
111
ceremonial/ceremony see ritual
chancery
200–22, 408, 421–22
chapters see Index of Greek Terms: κεφάλαια
character
9, 39–41, 136, 262, 268–69, 292, 337, 339–40, 363–65, 368, 404, 405–06, 484;
ethos/ethos
Chariton of Aphrodisias
40, 404n5
Charles IV, king of France
206
charter see document
Chilon of Sparta
37
China
68, 71, 76, 261n38, 444n48
Chinese letters
3n11, 6n29, 20
Chion of Heraclea
36
Chorikios of Gaza
190n56
Chosroes II
406
Christ see Jesus Christ
Chronikon Paschale
215
Church Fathers
13, 41, 147n4, 232, 233, 235–36, 247, 337, 473, 487, 492;
Cappadocian Fathers
chrysobull
374–76;
Index of Greek Terms: λόγος χρυσόβουλλος
Cicero
37n11, 43–44, 53, 54, 94n12, 481
Cilicia, Armenian kingdom of
221
classical letters see Greek letters; Latin letters
classification
4, 33–34, 70, 200, 336–39;
epistolary types
Claudius, emperor
43
Clement, Epistles of
50, 64
Cleobulos of Lindos
37
closing (of letter)
2–3, 33, 49, 189, 209, 237, 239, 405, 408, 411, 412, 415, 420, 421, 422, 485;
postscript; valediction
codex
2;
manuscript
collection see letter-collection
Coluccio Salutati
112, 147, 171
commentary
epistolary
14, 235, 338, 344n44, 487n93
philosophical
78n50, 255, 257, 263, 281n2
commonplace see topos
confidentiality
35, 53, 150, 201, 204, 212, 310–11, 359, 380
Conrad III, king of Germany
103, 215, 407
consolation
11n54, 38, 49, 51, 99, 136, 157, 187, 188, 247, 279, 281, 298–99, 343n42
letter of
5n22, 18n89–90, 20, 44, 57, 60, 75, 98, 138, 150, 301
Constantine I, emperor
12, 338
Constantine III Leichoudes, patriarch
131
Constatine IV, emperor
211
Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, emperor
220, 244–45, 342n35, 345, 484n83, 486;
Book of Ceremonies
Constantine IX Monomachos, emperor
128, 140–41, 375n4, 377n10, 382
Constantine X Doukas, emperor
129, 218–19, 245
Constantine Akropolites
179, 181, 182, 185, 187, 188, 189, 193, 194, 339, 347
Constantine of Harran
83
Constantine Sikeliotes
357n23
Constantinople
12, 14, 103, 131–32, 147–48, 149, 155, 157, 161–62, 164, 167, 205, 213, 217, 356–57, 363, 392, 398, 441
Hagia Sophia
374–75
Latin Empire of
221
conversation see oral communication
Coptic language
42;
translation of Greek letter
copy/copying
53, 113, 127, 168–69, 180, 183, 201, 208, 209, 212–14, 221, 327, 335, 478–80
Corinth
50
Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi)
43
cover letter
150, 156, 228
Crates of Thebes
36, 486
Crete
11n54, 239
Croats/Croatia
216, 278, 382
cultural capital see capital
Cyprian of Carthage
51
Cyprus
78, 162, 243
Lusignan Kingdom of
218, 221–22
Darius III
388, 412–14
date/dating
16, 61, 126, 143, 209–10, 449, 491
David bar Pawlos
82
death
135, 157, 346–47;
consolation
declamation
39, 354
de-concretization
4, 142, 302, 309, 342
dedication/dedicatory letter
38, 45, 92, 100, 106, 110, 112, 169, 236, 244–47, 263n52, 489;
letter-collection
definition (of letter)
1, 4, 7–8, 33–34, 137, 200, 307, 339–40;
letter-collection
Demetrios (author of Epistolary Types) see Pseudo-Demetrios
Demetrios (author of On Style)
7n32–33, 9n38, 10n45, 11, 54–55, 70, 260n33, 284, 339–40n24, 365n52
Demetrios Chomatenos
489
Demetrios Kydones
146–71, 301–02, 342–43n39, 480, 492
Demosthenes
3, 36, 260, 333
Demotic language
42
Denmark
92
De administrando imperio
244–45
De thematibus
15n73
dialogue
7, 55, 107, 214, 233, 239, 241, 255, 260, 403
dictation
52, 317, 341, 384, 387–88, 400
didactic letter
36, 38, 43–45, 47, 49, 50, 55, 137, 138, 184, 227–52, 257–58, 265, 271, 338, 341, 487–90;
advice; instruction
Digenes Akrites
417–18
Dio Chrysostom
57n80
Diogenes Laertius
37–38
Diogenes of Sinope
36, 337n12, 486
Dionysios of Alexandria
51
Dionysios the Areopagite
337
Dionysios of Corinth
50–51
Dionysios of Halicarnassus
38
diplomatic letter
20n110, 35, 50, 203–22, 251, 308, 320–21, 377–83, 399, 405–15, 422
disclosure formula
60
dispositio
211
document (imperial/legal/patriarchal)
5n22, 7, 43, 111, 200–22, 374–76, 407–09, 422
Donus, pope
211
draft
52, 53, 127, 472, 480
drama (genre)
403
letter embedded in
34, 40
dream
346–47
Dyrrhachion
441
Easter letter
51
Edessa
68, 71–72, 75
edition (modern)
16–17, 69, 116, 125–26, 208, 255, 476n40, 477, 483, 484, 490n110, 491–93
education
38–39, 44, 57–58, 130–131, 138, 227, 230–31, 245, 246, 249, 251–52, 333n2;
learning
Egeria
72
Egypt
2, 52, 68, 70, 216, 234, 431
letters preserved in
2, 41–43, 46, 53, 58–61, 477;
papyrus
Eirene (Piroska), empress
375–76n4
Eirene Choumnaina Palaiologina
4n20
Eirene Doukaina, empress
261n40, 447, 449
ekphrasis
192, 245–46, 248, 313, 415, 417
Ekthesis nea
3n11
Elia (Miaphysite bishop)
83
Elia of Qartmin
74
embedded letter
13n58, 22, 34–35, 338, 403–23;
historical narrative; novel
emotion
17, 97, 131, 135–37, 154, 181, 186, 189, 283, 285, 287, 299–301, 310, 313, 314, 318, 322, 333n3, 334, 339, 347, 396, 461
encomiastic letter/encomium
11n54, 138, 150–51, 152, 158–60, 166, 169, 192, 248, 345–46
encyclical
7, 13
Enea Silvio Piccolomini
112
England
46, 96–98, 101n43, 105–07, 109–10, 111, 115
English, letters in
111
envelope
1, 315
envoy
204, 208, 378, 380, 382, 393, 413;
bearer
Ephesus
47, 50
Ephrem the Syrian
72–74
epic
403, 406–08
Epicurus
3, 37–38, 44, 47, 52, 60n91, 228, 259, 264n61
epilogue, epistolary
246
epimerismoi
487n93
Epiphanios of Salamis
49n57
episcopal letter
13n61, 50–52, 75–84, 94–100, 281n3
epistola
200, 209
epistolary canon
10, 13–14, 343–44, 479, 485–86;
model
epistolary motif
2, 8, 16, 18, 56, 58, 61, 64, 136, 279, 281, 311, 317, 324;
topos
epistolary novel
3, 36, 484n78;
novel
epistolary poem/poetry see verse letter
epistolary theory (ancient/medieval)
7–10, 54–58, 64–65, 70, 137–38, 177–80, 189, 191, 194, 283–85, 324, 329, 339–41, 484, 485, 487
epistolary types
7, 22, 56–58, 114, 150–51, 178, 228, 258n17, 283–85, 308
epistolographia
6n28
epistolographus
6n28
epithalamion see Vatican Epithalamion
equality
8, 244, 267–69, 271, 285, 297;
symmetrical relationship; friendship
Erasmus of Rotterdam
112
erotapokriseis (question-and-answer)
234–35, 239, 249, 488
erotic language
345
erotic letter
3, 345n48, 416;
love letter
essay see treatise
ethopoiia
39, 45, 47–48, 192, 215, 340–41, 343n42, 364, 404, 484, 486
ethos/ethos
41, 262, 338, 363–65, 484;
character
Eumathios Makrembolites
347n62, 415–16, 422
Eunapios
354–55
Euripides
letters attributed to
36, 38, 337
letters in tragedies of
34, 40
Eusebios of Caesarea
50n59–60, 51n62, 71–72
Eustathios of Thessaloniki
127, 191–92, 313–17, 319, 320, 325
Euthymios Tornikes
358
exegesis/exegetical letter
49, 80–82, 137, 232–33, 234–35, 240, 488–89
exhortation
2, 51, 136, 158, 228, 247, 257–58
exile
22, 35, 38, 45, 132, 160, 346, 364
exordium see prologue
Fatimid caliphate/Fatimids
216
festal letter
47;
Easter letter
fictional/fictitious letter
3, 34–41, 103, 192, 214, 219, 337–38, 341, 410, 416, 484n78
figure of speech
18, 178, 185, 192, 407
Firmus of Caesarea
486
folded/folding of letter
53, 61, 203, 315–16;
rolled/rolling up of letter
forgery
48n52, 51, 99–100, 133, 214, 218–19
formula valetudinis see health wish
France
92, 96–102, 115
Francisco I Gattilusio
156–57
Frederick I Barbarossa, emperor
103, 210
French, letters in
111
friendship
8, 11n54, 19, 20, 55, 63, 65, 94, 97, 98–99, 101, 110, 114–15, 116, 126, 128, 130–31, 132, 134, 135–37, 154–57, 262n43, 264–72, 279–303, 324–29, 434–35, 437–38, 448–51, 461;
equality; symmetrical relationship
Fronto
44
Fulbert of Chartres
94–95
Gelimer, king of the Vandals
405
Genoa/Genoese
164, 205–07, 210, 217
genre, letters as a
2–3, 5–6, 137–38, 335–36, 478;
letter-collection
George Akropolites
215, 340n28, 482
George, bishop of the Arab Tribes
78, 80–82
George Gemistos (Plethon)
242
George Lakapenos
487n93
George of Martyropolis
83
George Oinaiotes
17
George Pachymeres
409
Georgia
216
Georgian language
384n30
Gerald of Wales
109–10, 115
Gerbert of Aurillac
94
German, letters in
111
Germanos II, patriarch
487
Germans/Germany
102–05, 111, 201, 210, 216, 221, 295n44, 377n10
gesture
185, 307, 312, 313, 354, 365–67
gift/gift giving
8, 19, 129–30, 136, 138, 141, 150, 155, 159, 182, 214, 228, 248, 263, 299, 308, 311–13, 323, 368, 388
gnomologion
232, 474, 481
Gortyna
50
Goths
405
grammar
82, 240–41, 487n93
Greek
language
2, 14–15, 42, 83n81, 156, 218, 221–22, 398, 400
translation
148, 149, 159, 163, 166;
translation of Greek letter
vernacular
7, 391–93, 408, 410, 414, 417–23, 474–75
Greek letters
classical
3–4, 6–7, 34–37, 41, 403, 490
Hellenistic
1–4, 6–7, 37–39, 41–43, 481, 484n78
Imperial (Roman)
1–4, 7, 13n58, 36–43, 46–51, 57–58, 403–04, 481, 484n78
late antique
1–2, 4n16, 10, 11n53, 12–14, 40–41, 51–52, 261, 281n3, 319, 335, 343–44, 353–57, 367, 481, 483n72, 485–86, 490–91
post-Byzantine
14
greeting
59–64, 78, 153, 236, 335;
salutation; valediction
Gregory I, pope
93
Gregory II, patriarch see Gregory of Cyprus
Gregory IX, pope
487
Gregory Akindynos
4n20
Gregory of Corinth
177n;
Pseudo-Gregory of Corinth
Gregory of Cyprus
181–84, 189, 192, 193–94, 202, 302, 340–41, 480n55
Gregory Kamateros
443–44, 447, 449
Gregory of Nazianzus
9n44, 10, 41, 52, 54, 81, 136, 137, 178–79, 191, 193, 239, 240, 261, 333, 337, 342n39, 343–44, 345n47, 484n81, 484n83, 485–86, 491n115;
Cappadocian Fathers; Church Fathers
Gregory of Nyssa
41, 52, 179, 180n15, 343–44, 486;
Cappadocian Fathers; Church Fathers
Gregory Pakourianos
443
Gregory Palamas
148
grief see mourning
Gui of Bazoches
108–109, 113–14
Hagia Sophia see Constantinople
hagiography
5n22, 22, 232, 233, 334, 338, 341n33
handbook see ars dictaminis; letter-writing manual; military handbook
handwriting
52–53, 61, 317–18, 341–42, 347, 421;
autograph
health wish
1, 2, 56, 59–60, 63
Hebrew letters see Semitic letters
Hebrews, Epistle to the
49, 64
Helena Kantakouzene
152, 154, 159–60, 166, 169, 265–66, 301–02
Heliodorus
40, 404n5
Heloise
100–02, 115
Henry I, king of England
98
Henry II, king of England
105–07
Henry III, emperor
377n10
Henry III, king of of England
111
Henry IV, emperor
214, 218, 408
Henry the Young King
103, 105–06
Heraclea Pontica
192
Heraclitus
36, 337n12
Herakleios, emperor
75
Herbert Losinga
115n98
Hermogenes of Tarsus
363
Herodes Atticus
41n24, 343n42
Herodotus
35
hesychasm
148, 152, 159, 165–66, 168, 230n12, 265
hierarchy see status
Hierotheos
17
Hildebert of Lavardin
97–98, 114, 115
Hildegard of Bingen
104–05, 114, 115
Himerios
355–56
Himmelsbrief
40, 50
Hippocrates
36, 337n12
historical narrative/historiography
249, 265, 334, 377, 399
letter embedded in
34–35, 214–15, 219–20, 308, 334, 338, 377–83, 404–12
Homer
34, 40, 245, 358n28
homily
5n22, 232–33, 357
letter and
72–73, 102, 237–38, 247;
oration
Honorius II, pope
95, 218
Horsiese
52
Hugh Capet, king of the Franks
94
humanism/humanists
112, 147, 171, 467;
Latin letters
humor
9, 20, 137, 142, 289–90, 296, 298–301, 325, 328–29;
irony; playfulness
Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq
68n3
Hungary
212, 215
Ibn al-Ṭayyib
77n44
icon see image
Ignatios of Antioch
50, 64, 337
Ignatios the Deacon
13
illness
22, 105–06, 135, 155, 317, 346–47
image, letter as an
9, 136, 185, 188, 281, 339, 365
imitation
10, 14, 103, 127, 189–91, 229, 259–61, 333, 407;
model
imperial letter
2, 7, 43, 71, 128, 140–41, 200–22, 321, 326, 367, 378–82, 399, 407, 408, 421–22
India
39, 77, 216, 413
inequality
8, 153, 268–70, 285, 296–97, 327;
asymmetrical relationship; patronage
ink
52, 141, 206, 209, 210, 220, 221, 317–18, 363, 376
inscriptio/inscription
201, 314
instruction
11, 46–48, 52, 227–28, 249–51, 337, 488–89;
advice; didactic letter; treatise
interception
404, 408
intercession
131–32, 287–90, 320, 326–27, 446–47;
recommendation
intimacy
60–61, 63, 65, 249, 251, 285, 302, 313, 319–24, 328–29, 334, 359, 365, 444
intitulatio
211, 216, 220, 408, 410, 411
introduction see prologue
invocatio
220
Iphigenia
34
Iran
75
Iraq
68n3
Ireland
109
Irenaeus of Lyons
51
irony
101, 125, 129, 130, 143, 240, 299–301, 325, 328–29;
humor; playfulness
Isaac I Komnenos, emperor
129–30, 138, 326
Isaac II Angelos, emperor
206, 217
Ishoʿyahb I
82
Ishoʿyahb III
75–76
Isidore I Boucheir, patriarch
149, 166
Isidore of Pelousion
10, 13, 179, 234–35, 337n12, 478, 485–86
Islam
12, 20, 76, 80, 219;
Muslims
Isocrates
3, 36
Italians/Italy
147, 149n11, 154, 155, 161, 162, 171, 205, 207, 213, 216, 217, 221
Ivo of Chartres
97, 115
Jacob of Edessa
78–82
Jacob of Sarugh
74–75
Jacob bar Shakko
70, 71n12
James II, king of Aragon
206
James, Epistle of
48
James the Monk
10–11
Jerome
45, 52, 93
Jerusalem
47, 48, 75, 413
king of
215
patriarch of
100
Jesus Christ
49, 62–63, 65, 71–72, 211, 216, 237, 303n67, 338, 375, 376, 380
Jews
43, 46, 47, 69, 73, 80, 238;
Judaism
John, apostle
49, 64
John I Tzimiskes, emperor
406
John II Komnenos, emperor
205–06, 375n4
John V Palaiologos, emperor
147–49, 152, 156–61, 165, 167
John VI Kantakouzenos, emperor
147–48, 152, 154, 158–59, 169, 409–11
John VII Palaiologos, emperor
168
John VIII Palaiologos, emperor
213, 246–47, 248–49
John VIII Xiphilinos, patriarch
131, 136, 294–95
John XXI, pope
206
John XXII, pope
204n16
John Apokaukos
298n52, 345n47
John Chortasmenos
3, 11n54, 192n68, 232
John Chrysostom
239, 337n12, 343, 486, 491n115;
Church Fathers
John of Damascus
83, 235–36, 487
John Doukas, caesar
127, 129, 130, 140, 327
John Doxapatres
340
John of Gaza
52, 488
John Kinnamos
215, 407
John Komnenos, doux of Dyrrhachion
444
John Mauropous
127, 128, 131, 134, 186–87, 191, 194, 239–41, 250, 262, 294–95, 309–10, 311, 317, 323, 328, 342, 358n28, 362, 363, 364, 484
John of Mount Latros
298–99n54
John of Salisbury
101n43, 105, 114, 115
John Sikeliotes
190n56, 262n42, 363–64
John Skylitzes
378n11;
Madrid Skylitzes
John the Stylite of Litarb
78, 80, 81–82
John Tzetzes
286–87, 323, 325, 344, 479–80
Joseph Bringas
406
Joseph Bryennios
179–80, 239, 478–79
Joseph Rhakendytes
10, 127, 177n1, 232
Jubilees, Book of
80
Judaism
47, 49, 73, 413;
Jews
Jude, Epistle of
48, 64
Julian, emperor
4n16, 10, 41, 337n12, 343–44, 347, 486, 491n115
Julius Caesar
44, 45
Julius Victor
54
Justinian I, emperor
12, 405
Kallimachos and Chrysorrhoe
421–22
Kekaumenos
232, 474
Khazaria
216
Khosrow see Chosroes
Kilij Arslan I, sultan
408
Kilij Arslan II, sultan
407
kinship
59, 135, 216, 243, 279, 282, 287, 297, 324, 388, 435
kodikellos
203, 209–10
Krasopateras
475
Kyritzes (student of Michael Psellos)
127
lament
44, 101, 192, 392, 398;
mourning
Lanfranc
96–97, 115
late antique letters see Greek letters; Latin letters
Latin language
14–15, 42, 51, 148, 151, 205, 207, 209, 217, 218, 222
Latin letters
classical
37n11, 43–46, 48, 57–58, 61, 93, 343, 481, 484n75
late antique
43–45, 48, 52, 93, 281n3, 481n60–61, 483n72, 484n75, 490–91
medieval
3n11, 20, 92–117, 264n61, 296n45, 303, 328n150, 483n72
of the Renaissance
93, 112, 490n110
Latins (Western Europeans)
148, 159–60, 161, 163–66, 171, 205, 238, 239, 487–88
Latin translation see translation of Greek letter
Lazi
405
lead (as writing support)
7, 41, 52
learning
138–42, 146, 159, 170–71, 230, 245, 263–64, 271, 308, 319, 323–24, 333–34, 335, 344, 357–58, 365;
education
legimus
209
length
9, 11, 98, 108, 137, 151, 178, 179, 193–95, 227, 234, 240, 249, 310, 312, 316, 325, 328, 362, 409, 490
Leo VI, emperor
231, 357, 378
Leo Choirosphaktes
339, 346
Leo the Deacon
406
Leo of Harran
83
Leo the Philosopher
357n23, 380n19
Leo of Synada
191, 280, 310, 315, 327–28, 486
Lesbos
156
letter-collection
2–3, 13–14, 35–37, 74, 76, 82–83, 84, 93–117, 127–28, 158, 168–70, 182–84, 213, 234, 239, 242, 262–63, 308, 333n2, 334–35, 337n11, 342, 343n42, 346n51, 436, 443–44, 477–93
publication
as a genre
107, 110, 113–17, 481–82, 488–90, 493
definition of
114
preface to
92, 105–106, 107, 109, 113, 115, 239–40, 340n28, 482, 488–89;
dedication/dedicatory letter
terminology of
481–82
Letter of Mara bar Serapion
72
letter-writing manual
7–8, 21, 56–57, 70, 105, 150–51, 177–78, 228, 283–85, 341, 486;
ars dictaminis
letter written on someone else’s behalf
94, 99, 104, 105, 114, 116, 128, 140–41, 192, 287n20, 321
Libanios
3, 4n16, 10, 13, 41, 127, 178–79, 180, 192n68, 193, 261, 337n12, 343–44, 345n48, 353n1, 354, 355n11, 356n19, 359–60, 366, 478, 485–86, 487n93;
Pseudo-Libanios
Libistros and Rhodamne
313, 418–21, 423
literacy
110–11, 230, 334
litterae
200–01
Lothar III, emperor
103
love
97, 194, 434–35;
affection
love letter
34, 101–103, 308, 337, 339, 415–23;
erotic letter
Lucian
40
Lucius Bellenus Gemellus
53
Lupus of Ferrierès
93
Lycurgus
343n42
Lyon, Council of
208
Madrid Skylitzes
314, 376–83, 399–400
Magnesia
50
Mamluk sultanate
217
Manicheans
69
manual ars dictaminis; letter-writing manual
Manuel I Komnenos, emperor
205–06, 210, 323, 407, 408
Manuel II Palaiologos, emperor
153–54, 160, 162–63, 167–68, 169, 202, 217, 246–47, 302, 353n3, 367–68, 480n57
Manuel Gabalas see Matthew of Ephesus
Manuel Kalekas
169–70, 480
Manuel Moschopoulos
337n12
manuscript
codex; letter-collection; Index of Manuscripts
illustrated
14, 308, 314, 376–400, 476
marginal notes in
476, 480, 486, 487–88, 491
miscellaneous
14, 137, 486, 487
mappa
374
Marcus Aurelius
179
Mark Eugenikos
248–49
Marsilio Ficino
112
Martial
45, 98
Mary see Virgin
mathematics
82, 94, 261n40, 263
Matthew of Ephesus
183–84
Maurice, emperor
231, 406
maxim see proverb
Maximos Homologetes
13, 337n11
Maximos Planoudes
185–86n36, 189n50, 189n52, 191n59, 194, 344, 363–64, 479
mediation see intercession
medieval letters see English; French; German; Latin letters
Meḥmed II, sultan
213
melete see declamation
Menander Rhetor
11n54
menologema
209, 210
Menteshe, beylik of
218
Mesopotamia
75, 219
messenger see bearer
metaphor
125, 131, 136, 139, 141, 185, 190, 289, 291, 308, 317, 345, 365, 482n66
Michael I Keroularios, patriarch
129–30
Michael III, emperor
378n12
Michael IV, emperor
378–79
Michael VII Doukas, emperor
127n25, 129
Michael VIII Palaiologos, emperor
206, 208–09, 217
Michael Apostoles
11n54
Michael Attaleiates
407
Michael Choniates
187, 190, 291–93, 313–16, 327–28, 344, 345n46, 347
Michael Gabras
482–83
Michael Glykas
237, 489
Michael Italikos
261, 263, 293–94, 300–01, 311, 319, 323, 346n50, 360–61
Michael Psellos
10, 125–43, 179, 184–85, 187–88, 239, 245–46, 258, 261, 263, 287–90, 292, 296, 299–300, 310, 312, 318, 320–22, 326–28, 333, 335–36, 344, 347, 361–66, 407, 485, 492
Michael the Syrian
78n48
military handbook
231
mimesis see imitation
Mistra
377
model
10, 14, 61–62, 70, 125, 127, 137, 177–79, 183, 190, 260–61, 333, 339, 343–44, 485, 487;
epistolary canon; imitation; sample letter
monastic letter
52, 92, 98–105, 234–35, 247, 303n67, 485
Monembasia
376n6
monody see lament
Moravia
216
motif see epistolary motif
mourning
135, 157, 187–88, 301, 347;
lament
Murād II, sultan
206, 213
Muslims
14, 77, 79, 80–82, 217–19, 222, 238;
Islam
Musonius Rufus
38
mythology
45, 141, 190, 193
narratio
211
Neilos Kabasilas
149, 166, 410
network
19, 115–16, 129–31, 135–36, 151–54, 311, 322–28, 431–62, 490
New Testament
46–50, 61–65, 239, 240, 337, 343, 473;
Bible
Nicaea
418n73
Nicholas I Mystikos, patriarch
202, 243–44, 250, 310, 315
Nicholas III Grammatikos, patriarch
446
Nicholas III, pope
206
Nicholas of Clairvaux
99–100, 101, 103, 113–15
Nicholas Kallikles
447, 449
Nicias (Athenian general)
35, 403n1
Nicomedia
50
Nikephoros II Phokas, emperor
406
Nikephoros III Botaneiates, emperor
129
Nikephoros Bryennios
319, 361–62, 443
Nikephoros Choumnos
179, 188, 192, 194–95, 262, 342–43n39, 362–63, 365–67, 480n57, 484, 485n84
Nikephoros Gregoras
192, 194, 258n17, 259n28, 263, 265–71, 296–97, 359n29, 365, 410–12, 492n118
Nikephoros Ouranos
316–17, 486
Niketas Choniates
408–09
Niketas Eugenianos
416–17, 419, 420, 422
Niketas Magistros
344
Normans see Sicily
North Africa
14, 346
notitia
200
novel, letter embedded in
3, 14, 34, 40, 308, 383–91, 403–04, 413–23;
embedded letter; epistolary novel
Odysseus
40
official letter
2, 4, 7, 35, 43, 44, 46, 50, 55n75, 60, 61, 71, 108, 152, 200–22, 243, 382, 403–05, 407–09, 411, 413, 415, 421–22;
administrative letter; diplomatic letter; imperial letter
Ohrid
441
Old Testament
49, 68n1, 77, 240;
Bible
Olympias (mother of Alexander the Great)
386–87, 391, 413–14
Olympos, Mount (Bithynia)
128–29, 142
opening (of letter)
2–3, 11, 33, 49, 237, 239, 324, 405, 408, 413–15, 485;
prescript; prologue; salutation
oral communication
(oral message)
1, 6, 9, 204, 308–11, 413–14
(face-to-face conversation)
55, 65, 135–36, 154, 170, 177, 184–85, 188, 204, 212, 279, 280–81, 295, 317, 488, 489n107
orality
8–9, 20, 55, 177, 317, 485;
performance; reading; recitation
oration, letter and
3, 11, 138, 150, 158, 161n83, 184, 245n88, 250, 258n18, 337n11, 403, 405, 478;
declamation; homily
original
2, 41–43, 201, 205, 208, 212, 221, 315, 374, 399, 477
ostracon see potsherd
Otto I, emperor
221
Otto II, emperor
221
Otto III, emperor
94
Ottoman Empire/Ottomans
12, 48, 162–65, 167–68, 206–07, 213, 222, 302
Ovid
45, 54
Pachomios
52
paideia see learning
Palestine
14, 51n62, 68n2, 83n81
papal letter
200–01
paper
2, 203, 210, 477
papyrus
2, 7, 42–43, 46, 52, 53, 70, 205, 210, 335, 343, 477
paraphrase
255, 408
parchment
2, 70n9, 203, 206, 209, 220, 221, 315–16, 388, 477
parody
40, 192
Paston collection
111–12
pastoral letter
46, 51, 52, 92–99, 105, 114;
advice
patriarchal letter
7, 201–04
patristic literature see Church Fathers
patronage
19, 92, 100, 105, 112, 130, 133, 154, 159, 264, 287–96, 302, 322–23, 326, 354, 359, 368, 443, 447–49, 452–54, 462;
asymmetrical relationship; inequality
Patmos
201
Paul/Pauline Epistles
4, 46–49, 57n80, 61–65, 228–29, 235, 237, 238, 250, 337–39
Paulinus of Nola
45, 52
Pausanias (Spartan commander)
35
Pechenegs
216
Peloponnese
151n19, 160
Pentapolis
356
performance
19–20, 149, 150, 313, 317, 318–23, 333, 353–68, 393, 400, 405, 474;
orality; reading; recitation
Persian Empire/Persians
35, 72–73, 74, 215n56, 320, 384–87, 404n5, 405–06
Persian language
68n3, 71n16, 78n50
person (grammatical)
first
62, 138, 328, 335, 336, 339, 340, 345, 400, 403, 418
second
62, 328, 392, 400
third
138, 361n37, 383, 387, 392, 403
persona
18, 113–14, 261–62, 301, 333, 341, 342, 345, 346;
self-representation
Peter, apostle
48, 50n59, 64
Peter of Blois
103, 106–109, 112–15
Peter of Celle
99–101, 105, 115
Peter Damian
95–96, 114
Peter the Venerable
99–101, 114, 115
petition
7, 43, 70n9, 321–23, 374;
request
Petrarch
112
Phaedra
34
Phalaris
10, 36, 178–79, 337, 486
Pharas (Herulian commander)
405
Pherecydes of Syros
37
Philadelphia
50
Philip II, king of France
92
Philippi
50
philosophical letter
3, 37–38, 44–45, 47, 55, 256–72;
advice; didactic letter; instruction
Philostratos of Lemnos
37n11, 40, 54, 178, 337, 486
Philotheos Kokkinos, patriarch
161, 166
Philoxenus of Mabbug
73–74
Phlegon of Tralles
40–41
Photios, patriarch
10, 179, 193–94, 242–43, 244, 250, 260, 338–39, 486–89
Pico delle Mirandola
112
Pinytos of Knossos
50–51
Piroska see Eirene
Pisistratus
37
Pittacus of Mytilene
37
Pius II, pope see Enea Silvio Piccolomini
Plato
158, 166, 260, 263, 345, 358n28, 367
letters of/attributed to
3, 36, 38, 60n91, 260, 337, 490n112
playfulness
9, 40, 125, 137, 142, 143, 155–56, 189, 314, 325, 328–29, 340–41, 344, 346n50, 368;
humor; irony; riddle
Pliny the Elder
45
Pliny the Younger
44, 54, 93n7, 109, 112, 481
Plutarch
37n11, 38, 343n42
poem/poetry
5n22, 72, 92n3, 95, 102, 108, 109–10, 334, 358, 377, 392, 398–99, 416–17, 476;
verse letter
Poland
212
polemical letter
49, 51, 81
Polycarp of Smyrna
49, 50, 64
Polycrates of Ephesus
51
Pompey
44
pope of Rome, letter addressed to the
92, 100, 104, 202, 205–07, 210, 216, 217
Porikologos
475
Porphyry
38, 79
Portugal
207
postal system
53, 309
postscript
2, 61–64;
closing
potsherd
7, 42, 52, 68n2
praise see encomiastic letter
prayer
60, 63, 96, 107, 189
preface see letter-collection
prescript
2, 59–64;
opening
presence
8, 55, 63, 97, 136, 264, 281, 291, 298, 347–48, 365–66, 399
private letter
2–4, 33, 35, 41–46, 49n58, 52n65, 53, 55, 61, 70, 108, 111, 156, 170, 202, 203, 319, 322, 334–36, 404, 412, 413–15, 421, 479
procuratorium
208
progymnasmata
39, 231, 364, 416–17n66
Proklos see Pseudo-Proklos
Prokopios of Caesarea
405
Prokopios of Gaza
41, 344, 486
prokypsis
398
prologue
49–50, 104, 187–88, 211, 242, 243;
opening
promulgatio
201
prooimion
211, 236;
prologue
Propertius
45
prose rhythm see rhythm
proskynema
60, 63
prosopography
17, 126, 142, 442
proverb
9, 178, 190, 240, 284, 295, 300
Psalm
78n48, 137, 187, 249
pseudepigraphal letter/pseudepigraphy
35–41, 45, 47–50, 178, 180, 260, 481, 486
Pseudo-Callisthenes see Alexander Romance
Pseudo-Demetrios (author of Epistolary Types
) 8n36, 9n42–43, 56, 150–51, 178, 284–85, 486
Pseudo-Gregory of Corinth (author of On the Four Parts of the Perfect Speech)
10, 127, 177n1
Pseudo-Libanios/Pseudo-Proklos (author of Epistolary Styles)
7–8, 9n42, 9–10n44, 56–57, 150–51, 178, 228, 341, 345n48, 486
Ptolemy (Gnostic)
49
Ptolemy, Claudius
265
publication
3, 4, 33, 41, 43–45, 51–52, 70, 295, 302, 359–60, 410, 474, 477, 479–80, 485;
edition; letter-collection; revision
Pythagoras/Pythagoreans
36, 141, 194, 346n50
question-and-answer see erotapokriseis
Quintilian
45
quotation
9, 18, 96, 98, 99, 151n19, 188–93, 233, 241, 244, 246, 247, 249;
allusion
Rabanus Maurus
93
Ratherius of Verona
93
reader/readership
33, 39–40, 49, 92, 104, 109, 114, 169, 183n26, 184, 187, 193, 234, 250, 317n76, 334, 335, 337, 365, 383, 392, 410–11, 413, 482n68, 488;
audience
reading
9, 70, 137, 313–18, 320, 380n19, 382, 388, 400, 421, 482–83, 486, 491
aloud/public
4, 179–80, 182, 326, 342, 376, 393, 396, 415, 416;
performance; recitation
rebuke see reproach
reciprocity
8, 136, 287
recitation (from memory)
180, 419–20, 478–79;
reading; performance
recommendation, letter of
5n22, 44, 56–57, 92, 132, 150, 153, 161, 263, 287, 289, 293–94, 309, 311, 335, 437
reed pen
52
Register of the Patriarchate of Constantinople
204
rejection of letter
382
Renaissance see humanism; Latin letters
representation see image; presence; self-representation
reproach
50, 57, 107, 156, 157, 159, 165, 280, 325, 327–28
request
57, 61, 64, 94, 100, 130, 131–32, 134, 135, 139, 150, 153, 156, 157, 158, 161, 235, 263, 287–90, 293, 312, 321–23, 325, 326, 328;
petition
Revelation, Book of
49–50
revision
2–3, 100, 104n54, 105, 106, 107n69, 114, 116, 127, 146, 168–69, 183–84, 214, 263, 308, 409, 410–11, 436, 474, 480, 485, 488, 492
rhythm
18, 73, 141, 181, 360, 363
riddle
9, 142, 178, 312, 368;
playfulness
ritual
18, 19, 220, 283, 289, 294, 299, 307–29, 359n31, 367, 398, 400, 415
Robert II, count of Flanders
219
Robert II, king of France
95
Roger II, king of Sicily
106
roll see scroll
rolled/rolling up of letter
53, 61, 315, 374–76, 378, 384, 387–88;
folded/folding of letter
romance see novel
Romanos I Lakapenos, emperor
220
Romanos IV Diogenes, emperor
129, 130
Rome
47, 50–51, 58–59, 95, 310;
pope of Rome
Roxanne (Alexander Romance)
384–87, 388, 398
royal letter
111, 200–01
Rus of Kiev
212, 216
sacra
7, 71, 211
iussio
203
Saint Denis, Letter of
205, 209, 210, 212
Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Ayyūbī
217
Sallust
45
salutation
1, 49, 64, 78, 104, 109, 110, 153, 189, 191, 201, 211, 235, 405, 416, 420, 421–22;
address; greeting; valediction
salutem
61
Salvian of Marseilles
52
sample letter
22, 56–57, 70–71, 98, 102–03, 105, 111, 127, 150–51, 178, 284, 339, 487;
letter-writing manual; model
sanctio
212
sarcasm see irony
Sardinia
216
science
5n22, 11, 78–79, 94, 138, 242, 266;
astronomy; mathematics
scribe
2, 52–53, 116, 169, 183, 211, 214, 218, 384, 388, 400, 480, 488;
secretary
Scripture see Bible
scroll
2, 7, 315, 374–76, 378, 384–90, 392–94, 396
seal
53, 201, 216, 220, 314, 315, 341, 347, 377n10
secrecy see confidentiality
secretary
43n34, 52–53, 98, 99, 100, 114, 128, 140, 215, 317, 320, 384, 388, 407;
scribe
self/selfhood
17, 126, 150, 250, 333–48
self-representation
51–52, 113, 116, 138–40, 147, 169–71, 229, 246, 247, 262, 264, 271, 308, 323, 491;
persona; self/selfhood
Seljuks/Seljuk sultanate
215, 217–18, 220, 221, 320
Semitic letters
47, 62–64;
Syriac letters
Seneca
44, 48, 52, 54, 93, 94, 109, 112, 259n28, 264n61, 340n24
Seven Sages
36, 37
shalom
62, 64
shlām
78
signature
1, 53, 61, 133, 207, 209–11, 376
separation
8, 33, 42, 55, 65, 136, 138, 154–55, 177, 184–85, 188, 228, 229, 238, 251, 269, 279–81, 298, 300, 335, 419, 478;
absence
Serbia/Serbs
212, 216, 378, 382, 410
Severos of Antioch
73n25, 74n29, 485
Severus Sebokht
78–79
Shahdost of Tirhan
83
Shubalemaran of Seleucia
83
Sicily
35, 38, 377
Norman kingdom/Normans of
100, 215, 218, 221–22
Sidonius Apollinaris
93
Siena
206
silence
136, 155–56, 188, 194, 267–68, 280, 289, 297–99, 309, 327
Simon Peter see Peter
Sinai, Mount
70, 74, 83n81
Smyrna
50
social capital see capital
social network see network
social status see status
Socrates
36, 345n48, 364
Sogdian language
68n3
Solon
37
Song of Songs
345n47
Sophronios of Jerusalem
69n7
sorrow see mourning
Soter of Rome
51
South Arabia
74–75, 216
Spain
41, 47, 94, 207, 213, 219, 220
Sparta
151n19
Spartans
193, 194
speech see declamation; homily; oration
Statius
45
status, social
9, 18, 57, 114, 128, 130, 140, 142, 150, 153, 210–11, 229, 243, 244, 248, 251, 288, 296–97, 299, 324–27, 328, 360, 361–62, 447
Stefan Uroš II Milutin, king of Serbia
204n16
Stefan Uroš III Nemanjić, king of Serbia
410
Stephen III, king of Hungary
407
Stephen of Nicomedia
280–81, 289
Stephen of Orléans
93
Stonor collection
111–112
stylus
52
Suda
343
Süleyman the Magnificent
222
Sylvester II, pope see Gerbert of Aurillac
symbolic capital see capital
Symeon I, tsar of Bulgaria
202, 244
Symeon Magistros
297–98n51, 315, 317–18, 319, 327, 486
Symeon Metaphrastes
333
Symeon of Thessaloniki
247
Symmachus
45
symmetrical relationship
153, 296–97, 324;
equality; friendship
Synesios
10, 13, 14n65, 41, 127, 178, 193–94, 261, 263, 337n12, 341n33, 342n39, 343–44, 346, 356, 478, 485–86
synodal/synodical letter
7, 13, 51
Syria
14, 68–84, 216, 219, 408, 431
Syriac
language
7, 68–69, 70, 81, 83n81
letters
7, 69–84
sources
219
translation
76–77, 78n50, 79;
translation of Greek letter
teacher-student relationship
130–31, 228, 229, 251, 324, 438–39
Tegernsee collection
102–03
terminology (of letter)
6–7, 71, 137, 200–01, 203–04, 208, 374n2;
letter-collection
testament, spiritual
52
Thales
37
thanks/thanksgiving
2, 57, 63, 100, 132, 182, 312, 326
theatron
20, 148–49, 319, 320, 353–68
Themistocles
35, 36, 38
Theocritus of Chios
343n42
Theodora, empress
380
Theodora Rhaoulaina
181–82, 302
Theodore I Palaiologos, Despot of Morea
160, 164
Theodore II Laskaris, emperor
262–63, 340n28, 482, 484–85n83
Theodore of Cyzicus
180–81, 188, 327, 484n83, 486
Theodore Daphnopates
310–11, 321, 347, 486
Theodore Hyrtakenos
262, 476n40
Theodore Metochites
192, 204n16, 365–67
Theodore Patrikios
17
Theodore Prodromos
258, 300, 313–14n49, 344, 347, 414–15, 416, 422
Theodore Stoudites
13, 21, 185–86, 339, 346, 357, 482n69
Theodoret of Cyrus
431, 486
Theodosios I, emperor
12, 488
Theognis
151n19
theological letter/theology
13, 46–51, 74, 81, 94–96, 101, 114, 149–50, 165–67, 234–39, 263, 337–38, 485, 487–89;
advice; exegesis; instruction; pastoral letter
Theophanes Homologetes
215
Theophanes of Nicaea
228, 237–38
Theophilos, emperor
380–81
Theophrastus
37
Theophylact of Ohrid
19, 236–37, 296, 310, 319–20, 324, 326–27, 431–32, 437n32, 440–60
Theophylact Simokattes
3, 40, 192, 215, 227n3, 337n12, 406, 486
Thessaloniki
147, 149, 158, 162–63, 167–68, 247, 339n22, 359, 413
Thomas Aquinas
148, 166
Thomas Becket
105, 115
Thomas Magistros
365
Thucydides
35, 149, 403
Timagenes of Miletus
41n24
Timothy I
76–77
topos
106, 271, 279, 281, 283, 287, 292–93, 298–99, 324, 339, 344–45, 384, 391, 399–400, 482n66;
epistolary motif
tragedy see drama
Trajan
44
Tralles
50
transmission
1–2, 4n20, 13, 34, 41–43, 69n5, 84, 127, 168, 201, 204, 205–07, 212–21, 263n52, 341–42, 467–70, 477–93;
archive; letter-collection; original; publication
translation of Greek letter
Arabic
217, 220
Coptic
49n55
Ethiopian
49n55
Latin
50n61, 64, 206, 208, 216–17, 218–19
modern
16–17
Syriac
69, 72n20, 73n25
travel
22, 184, 310, 346
treatise
5n22, 100, 148, 171, 231–32, 239, 255, 263, 487
in letter form
11, 13, 38, 43–45, 49, 50, 51, 55, 74, 95–96, 108, 110, 112, 236, 242, 249, 256–60, 271, 343n42, 489
Trebizond
377, 383, 384n30
Turkic/Turkish language
68n3, 213, 421
Turks
212, 216;
Muslims; Ottoman Empire; Seljuks
Umayyadd caliphate/Umayyadds
80, 219
unfolding of letter
314–17, 360;
unrolling of letter
union (of souls)/unity
8, 97, 138, 264, 269, 345–46
unrolling of letter
313–18, 387, 388, 393, 398;
unfolding of letter
Urban VI, pope
162
Utigur Huns
405
vale
61
valediction
2, 49, 53, 61–64, 328, 405, 413–14, 416;
closing; postscript; salutation
Valentinus (Gnostic)
49
variatio
191
varietas
108, 110
Varro
44, 45
Vasily see Basil
Vatican Epithalamion
377, 391–400
Venetians/Venice
11n54, 147, 155, 156, 164, 205, 216, 217, 218, 221, 247
Venice Alexander Romance
383–91, 398–400
vernacular see English; French; German; Greek
verse letter
5, 14, 45, 414–23
Vindolanda tablets
46
Virgin
80, 375n4
Vladimir of Kiev
382
voice
9, 185, 186, 228, 250, 316, 338, 354, 360–63, 366n57, 368, 392–93, 400, 417, 419
Wales
109–10, 115
wax
as writing support
52
seal
201
Wibald of Stablo
103–04, 113
William I, king of England
96
William I, king of Sicily
407
William of Aebelholt
92–93, 115
wood (as writing support)
7, 46, 52, 477
women, letters of
4, 34, 36, 42, 43, 46, 101–03, 104–05, 111, 181–82, 301–02, 384–91, 414, 415–23, 481
writing material see paper; papyrus; parchment; potsherd; reed pen; stylus; wax; wood
Xenophon
35
Xenophon of Ephesus
40, 416
Zealots
147n3, 158
Zeno of Citium
37
Zeno of Kaunos
53
Zoe, empress
375–76