Index
24 January Decisions
24 , 31 , 34 , 107 , 112 , 128 , 133n6 , 135n8 , 130 –136 , 138n13 , 141 , 141n16 , 144 , 148 , 150n25 , 153 , 168 , 174 , 178 –179 , 182 , 193 –194 , 199
abundance
4 , 16 , 88 , 186 , 218 ,
façade of
2
of commodities
126
of everyday necessities
126
of food items
178
of land
56 , 82
of produce
101 , 104
political communities of
184
acorn
84
adulteration
95
of currency
58
of flour
, 84 –85
Aesop
11n5
agriculture
commodities of
50 , 75 –76 , 78 –80 , 105 –108 , 120 , 132 , 194 , 198
contract farming
23 , 140 , 140n16 , 183 , 193 , 195
de-agrarianization
136 , 136n9 , 141 , 195
de-peasantization
111 , 174
export-oriented
3 , 56 , 58 , 65 , 122 –123 , 133 , 141 , 145
Green Revolution
200 , 206 , 218 ,
input
fertilizer
106 , 178 , 196
pesticide
106 , 178 , 196
seeds
178 , 196
neo-peasants
, 198 –199 , 206 , 208 –209
peasantry
82 , 134 –135 , 144
production of
75
sharecropping
82 , 102 , 218
subsidies
132 , 134 , 183 , 195
subsistence
, 51 –52 , 56 –57 , 66 , 70 , 82 , 100 –101 , 108 , 140 , 218
yields
2 , 31 , 63 , 65 , 88 , 98 , 196 , 208
alcoholic drinks
156
Allied Powers
2 , 85 , 95
occupation of
85
Alternative Food Network (AFN)
23 , 174 , 177n39 , 189 , 200 –204 , 206 –207 , 209 –214 , 216
Alternative Provisioning Network (APN)
204 , 208 , 210 –213 , 216 , 228
Anavatan Partisi (Motherland Party)
135n8 , 144n21
Ankara
6 , 62 , 71 –73 ,
anti-dumping legislation
142n19
apparatus
definition
22n10
apple
49 , 151
aracı
168
Armenian massacre
, 66 –67 , 91
arugula
196
avocado
151
bağ
vi , 45 , 45n13 , 57 , 78n14 , 103 , 109 , 149 , 157 , 157n33 , 159 , 178n41 , 202 , 231
bahçe
vi , 45 , 45n13 , 57 , 78n14 , 103 , 109 , 156 , 157n33 , 159 , 178n41 , 202 , 231
bakkal
43n8 , 109 , 153 , 156 , 158 , 182 , 190
Balık Pazarı (Fish Market)
104
banana
142n19 , 150n26
barley
2 , 84
bazaar
x , 17 , 153 –157 , 162 , 162f18 , 163f19 , 163 –164 , 164f20 , 168 , 174 , 179 , 183 , 191n3 , 191 –192 , 198 –200 , 207 , 211 market:periodic
, See also
pazar
Beyoğlu
39n3 , 57n28 , 104 , 153n30
body politic
, 11n6 , 10 –13 , 15 , 17 –18 , 21 , 25 , 48 , 58 , 60 –61 , 88 –92 , 112 –113 , 124
, See also
political community
Boğaziçi Yasası (Bosporus Code)
146
bostan
vi , 30 , 45 , 55 , 57 , 103 , 109 , 146 , 149 , 156 , 159 , 178n41 , 231
Bostancı Ocağı (Bostancı Guild)
45 , 231
Bostancıbaşı Defterleri (Bostancıbaşı Books)
231
bourgeois
92 , 100 , 120 , 131 , 142 , 218
bread
, 1 –2 , 39n3 , 42n6 , 42 –43 , 68 , 84 –85 , 127
Bretton Woods
130
bribery
7 , 80 , 82 corruption
bulgur
68
bulk purchase
48 , 77 , 79 , 81 , 133 –134 , 138n13 , 142 , 194 , 219
butter
44 , 49
capital
access to
84
accumulation of
, 8 –9 , 12 , 23 , 33 , 58 , 77 –78 , 82 , 90 , 92 , 94 , 96 –97 , 99 , 101 , 101n2 , 105 , 112 , 195 –196
concentration of
16 , 78 , 93 –94 , 96 , 101n3 , 196
generation of
9 , 184
marketization of
97
markets
liberalization of
9 , 34 , 124 , 128 , 131 , 136 , 137n11 , 137 –138 , 138n13 , 142 , 182 , 217
movement of
148 , 215
capitalism
19 , 21 , 112 , 217
crony
226 , 230
development of
20n9
global
10 , 128 , 222
rise of
21 , 35 , 229
unique aspects of
217
cashew
151
central authority
8 , 14 , 16 , 22 , 24 –25 , 28 , 39 , 62 , 65 , 70 , 76 –77 , 80 –81 , 83 , 88 –97 , 103 –104 , 109 –116 , 119 –120 , 123 –124 , 129 , 136 , 138 –139 , 149 , 168 , 173 –177 , 179 –182 , 185 –186 , 194 , 209 , 213 –216 , 224 –228 , 230
Indian
118
Ottoman
, 6 –7 , 33 , 38 , 39n2 , 48 –49 , 52 , 57 –58 , 60 , 67 –68
present
9
Republican
7 , 28 , 33 , 63 , 72 , 79
cereals
142n19 , 159 , 165n37
cheese
44 , 68 , 158 , 183
Çiftçi Kayıt Sistemi (Farmer Registration System)
193
cilantro
196
class
lower
85 , 113 , 149 , 155 , 179n41 , 182
middle
85 , 108 , 113 , 134 , 140 , 146 –147 , 149 –150 , 151n27 , 151 –152 , 156 , 182
upper
114 , 146 , 152 , 155 –156 , 178n41 , 182
working
100 , 103 , 120 , 131 , 135 , 144 –146 , 149 , 155 , 182 , 218 , 225
coastal regions
64 , 66 , 70 , 231
coconut
151
coffee
85 , 126 , 151 , 159 , 187n2 , 187 –188 ,
cold chain
23n11 , 174 , 193 , 203 cold storage
cold storage
105 , 193 cold chain
commercial agriculture.
See
see agriculture:export-oriented
Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)
65 , 65n2 , 68 , 71n8 , 71 –72 , 75 , 88
cooking gas
, 126 –127
cooperative
consumer
, 122 –123 , 190 , 200 , 204 , 207 , 209
farmers’
106 , 132 , 165 , 174 , 183 , 194 , 204 , 207
producer
190
corn
56
corruption
7 , 41 , 50 , 81 , 90 , 104 , 146 , 175 , 226 bribery
, See also
market:black
cotton
51 , 56 , 66n3 , 73n9 , 77 , 101
coup
of 1960
, 105 –106
of 1971
130
of 1980
34 , 107 , 126 –128 , 135 , 135n8 , 144 , 148 , 174 , 182
credit cards
127 , 150n25 , 150 –152 , 154
crisis
1973 (oil)
130
1974
118
1979
131
2001–2002 (economic)
137 , 145
2018 and ongoing
212
currency
105 , 140 , 181
economic
58
financial
57 , 219
fiscal
58 , 75 , 77
housing
115 , 146 , 148
Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP)
81 , 99 –100
Cyprus
130
daikon radish
151 ,
dairy
8 , 44 , 84 , 137 , 142 , 159 , 165n37 , 204
date
151
Demokrat Parti (DP)
100 , 104 –105 ,
devletçilik.
See
see étatisme
Doğrudan Gelir Desteği (Direct Income Subsidy)
194
Dolmabahçe Palace
30 , 55n23
Düyun-u Umumiye (Institute of Public Debts)
56n27 , 58 , 65n2 , 72
economy
16 , 63 –64 , 75 , 128
closed
88
formal
113 , 116 , 176
free market
18 , 53 , 128
global
51 , 140n15
informal
113 , 140 , 158 , 177
liberalization of
3 , 107
open
88
proto-capitalist market
5
Edict of Gülhane
24
eggplant
151
eggs
109 , 159 , 165n37
election
131 ,
first multiparty
100
general
24 , 194
municipal
153n30 , 195 , 205
Eminönü
41n5 , 84 , 106
enemy
20 , 28 , 33 –34 , 94 –95 , 99 , 109 , 112 –117 , 119 –120 , 123 , 129 , 174 , 177 , 181 , 215 –216 , 223 , 226 ,
Eremya Çelebi Kömürciyan
232
étatisme
77
Evliya Çelebi
57n28 , 232
famine
2 , 6 , 11 , 14 –15 , 21 , 39 , 48 , 57 , 67 , 71 , 89 , 96 , 103 , 227 –228
fast food
152
field.
See
see bostan
;
see tarla
finance
34 , 182 , 184 , 217
financialization
24 , 34 , 129 , 137 –139 , 141 , 144 , 182 , 194
fish
44 , 44n11 , 44n12 , 142 , 152n28 , 165n37
flour
43n7 , 53n22 , 66 , 68 , 73n9 , 84 , 187n2
food
access to
58 , 93 , 103 , 125 , 175 , 179 , 184 , 206 , 215 , 219
alternative initiatives of
128 , 186 Alternative Food Network (AFN)
exchange site of
143 , 153 , 156 , 190
foodscape
128 , 152
foodways
128 , 152 , 184 , 210 –211
foreign
151
justice
, 220 –221
regime
15 , 29
codependent provisioning
, 7 –10 , 12 , 24 , 29 , 32 –33 , 64 , 89 –90 , 92 , 99 , 109 , 115 , 120 , 123 , 174 , 181 , 226
urban food provisioning
, 6 –7 , 9 –10 , 23 , 32 , 46 , 57 , 89 , 92 , 180 , 228
urban food supply chain
, 8 –12 , 23 , 33 , 99 , 118 , 124 , 173 –174 , 177 , 180 –182 , 219
regional
54 , 109 , 153 , 155 , 159
security
215 , 219
sovereignty
189 , 213 –217
staple
xi , 43 , 57 , 68 , 70t1 , 86t2 , 225
supply chain
34 , 59 , 179 , 184 , 201
consolidation of
9 , 166 , 189
fragmented
9 , 159 , 190
malfunction in
83
shortening of
204
system
3 , 12 , 16 –17 , 20 –21 , 23 , 28 –29 , 63 , 83 , 92 , 99 , 112 , 117 , 179 , 180n42 , 180 –181 , 184 , 214 , 218 , 221 , 229
codependent provisioning
, 109 –110 , 118 , 120
failure of
, 13 –15 , 17 , 48 , 84 , 84n19 , 89 , 93 , 95 , 185
sustainability
122
urban food provisioning
29 , 110 , 184 –185
urban food supply chain
29 , 34 , 110 , 184 –186 , 189 , 218 –220
Foucault, Michel
5n4 , 12n7 , 18 , 21 , 27 , 94 , 97 , 129 , 174 , 176 , 176n38 , 186 , 216 , 222 , 228 –229
fresh fruits and vegetables (FFVs)
8 , 30 , 37 –38 , 44 , 54 , 57n28 , 67 , 68n7 , 68 –69 , 84 –85 , 94 , 104 , 106 , 109 –110 , 151 –152 , 157n33 , 165 , 179 , 179n41 , 196 , 200 , 212 , 232
access to
58 , 108 , 143 , 185
exchange site of
156
friend
20 , 28 , 33 –34 , 92 , 94 –95 , 99 , 104 , 109 , 111 –112 , 114 , 116 –117 , 119 –120 , 123 , 174 , 177 , 215 –216 , 223 –224 , 226 , 230
fruit.
See
see fresh fruits and vegetables (FFVs)
garden.
See
see bahçe
gecekondu
, 146 –147 , 149 , 179n41
, See also
shantytown
gender.
See
see identity:gender
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
121 , 139 , 194
Global North
96 , 187 , 220
Global South
96 , 141n17 , 187 , 217 –218 , 220
globalization
34 , 92 , 121 , 125 –126 , 128 –129 , 145 , 148 –149 , 153 , 153n30 , 155 , 183 –184 , 215 , 218 , 221n10
culture wars
153 , 155
fragility of
184
interdependency
, 183 –184
Gold Standard
121
government.
See
see central authority
grains
8 , 43n10 , 51 , 68 , 70 , 79n16 , 82n18 , 84 , 104 , 140
grape
151
Great Depression
32 , 62 –63 , 74 –75 , 77n13 , 77 –78 , 85
greengrocer
17 , 43 –44 , 106 , 109 , 153 , 164 , 199 manav
grocery
chain
142 , 154 , 156 , supermarket
retail
84 , 104 , 106 , 128 , 132 , 142 , 143n20 , 150 , 153 , 156 , 158 , 168 , 182 , 190 –192 , 197 , 199
wholesale
44 , 84 , 104 , 106 , 128 , 132 , 142 –143 , 150 , 153 , 156 , 191 , 197
hal
161 , 164 –166 , 191 , 199 wholesale port
Hal Kayıt Sistemi (Ports Registration System)
194
hazelnut
142n19
High Board of Arbitration
135
Hobbes, Thomas
25n13 , 27 , 27n15 , 119 , 124
hostis
176 , 176n38
hunger
, viii –4 , 6 –7 , 9 , 11 –12 , 14 –15 , 17 –18 , 21 , 26 , 33 , 36 , 38 , 48 –49 , 53 , 58 –59 , 64 , 66 , 72 , 84n19 , 87 , 93 –95 , 116n10 , 116 –117 , 117n11 , 119 –120 , 124 , 175 , 181 , 184 –185 , 219 , 224 , 227 –228 , 230
identity
class
188
ethnic
43 , 92 , 119 , 145 , 191
gender
92 , 114 , 181 , 210
markers of
91
politics of
188
regional
145
religious
43 , 60 , 75 , 92 , 119
urban
108
iktisadi milliyetçilik (economic nationalism)
71
import substitution industrialization
, 87 –88 , 99 , 105 , 107 , 124 , 128 , 130 , 134 , 141 –143 , 188 , 217
imtiyazat (capitulation)
65
income
high-
151 , 156 , 203
inequality
107 , 140 , 175 , 212 , 219 –221
lower-
14 , 17 , 127 , 150 , 156 , 158 , 163 , 175 , 185 , 206 , 208 , 211 , 213 , 228
of a minimum-wage household
224
subsidies
174 , 177 Doğrudan Gelir Desteği
subsistence, below
175 , 178 , 216 , 218
working class
131 , 134 , 218
industry.
See
see manufacturing
infrastructure
33 , 56 , 108 , 111 –113 , 115 –116 , 127 , 226
storage
59
telecommunications
142 , 150n25
transportation
49 , 52 , 56 –57 , 59 , 66 –67 , 98 , 141 , 147
railway
, 65 –66
inimicus
176 , 176n38
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
, 130 –131 , 138 , 194 –195 ,
internationalization
, 137 –139 , 141 , 144 , 153 , 182 , 194
intervention
33 , 41 , 53 , 57 –58 , 61 , 80 , 93 , 103 , 109 , 119 , 136 , 194
direct
16 , 63 , 76 , 92 , 173 , 227
indirect
92 , 111 , 173
İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi (ibb)
104 , 165 , 168 , 205 , 207 –208
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality.
See
İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi (IBB)
İttihat ve Terakki Fırkası
63 Committee of Union and Progress (cup)
İzmir Iktisat Kongresi (Izmir Economic Congress)
77n13 , 87n20
jalapeño
151
Janissary Army
6 , 46 , 47n14 , 53 , 64 , 231
job security
34 , 98 , 113 , 125 , 129
kebapçıs
153
kerosene
68 , 76 ,
kiwi
151 , 183
kudret
33 , 33n16 , 38 , 43 , 43n10 , 46 –47 , 49 , 53 , 60 , 72 , 90 sovereignty: and kudret
Kurds
91
La Via Campesina 354, 355, 356, 359
labor
agricultural
, 65 –66 , 102 , 196
concentration of
78
demand for
134
market
123 , 178 –179
productivity of
108
ratio to land
30 , 50 , 52 , 56 –57 , 63 , 78 , 108 , 178
refugee
178
reproductive
21 , 114 , 181
rising costs of
131
scarcity of
73
seasonal
65 , 102 , 195
shortage of
53 , 78 , 81 –83 , 100
surplus
19 , 60 , 123 , 173 , 177 , 216 , 229
wage
178 ,
women’s
85
laissez faire
, 60 –61 , 63 –64 , 123 , 221
laissez mourir
221
Land Reform Act
82 , 100
landowner
55 , 218
large
65 , 68 , 71 , 82 –83 , 88 , 98 , 100 –101 , 145 , 198 , 212 , 218
Latin America
, 58 –60 , 119
legitimacy
51 , 60 , 88 , 92 , 175
legumes
8 , 68 , 79n16 , 81 , 84 , 104 , 159 , 165n37
Levent
103n6 , 146
Leviathan
25n13 , 27n15 , 61 , 230 , 241
liberalism
76
lifeworld
188
rural
130 , 211 , 219
urban
211
lime
151 , 151n27
Luxemburg, Rosa
126 , 126n1
Machiavelli, Niccolò
, 3 –4 , 6 , 36 , 36n1 , 226
malnutrition
11 , 17 –18 , 33 , 119 , 124 , 181 , 186 , 224
manav
ix , 54f5 , 109 , 153 , 154f12 , 156 , 157n33 , 157 –158 , 178 , 182 , 190 , 192
mandarin
151
mango
151
manufacturing
75 , 77 , 99 , 105 –108 , 112 , 131 –132 , 148 , 182 , 184 , 198
margarine
, 126 –127
market
168 , 173 , 179
agent
competitive
, 180 –181 , 215
less/non-competitive
, 176 –177 , 182
barter
228
black
7 , 15 , 67 , 81 –82 , 85 , 88 , 95 , 98 , 131
commodities
9 , 182
liberalization of
188 , 217
domestic
4 , 31 , 51 –52 , 78 , 134 , 140
dynamics of
123
farmers’
165 , 190 , 200 , 204 –205 , 207 –208
global
4 , 31 , 53 , 77 , 100 , 105 , 129 , 136 , 140 , 175 , 183
housing
206 , 212
liberalization of
127
mechanisms
72 , 90 , 189 , 196 , 224 , 227
periodic
159 , 163 bazaar
permanent
159
pressures
74 , 94 , 121 , 197 , 204
marketization
96 , 216
Marshall Fund
100 , 104 , 217
Marx, Karl
12
meat
8 , 39 , 41n4 , 43 , 43n9 , 142 , 225
Meiksins Wood, Ellen
, 20n9 , 18 –21 , 35 , 60 –61 , 123 , 173 , 177 , 216 –217 , 222 , 229 –230
melon
151
memleket
133
Menderes, Adnan
100
mentalité
28 , 60 , 94 –95 , 127 , 177 , 226
definition
12n7
of agricultural production
31
of commodity exchange
216
of economic development
128
of government
12 , 21 , 24 , 63 , 95 , 113 , 120 , 124 , 129 , 215 –216 , 223 , 226 , 229
of intervention
28
of provisioning
18
of the food system
110 , 112
migration
65
forced
30 , 64 , 66
international
146 , 149
rural-to-urban
78 , 95 , 102 , 108 –109 , 111 , 115 , 120 , 133 , 141 , 145 , 178 , 183 , 197 –198 , 210
urban push – rural pull
198
Migros
104 , 109 , 142 –143 , 153
Migros Türk
104 , 106
milli iktisat (national economy)
61 , 87n20 , 93
Milli Korunma Kanunu (National Protection Law)
80
Mübadele
, 62 –63 , 235
, See also
population exchange
national bourgeoisie
63 , 71 –72 , 77 , 93
naval blockade
64 , 66 , 70 , 72
necroeconomics
21 , 91 , 94 , 96 –97 , 99 , 113 , 116 , 118 –120 , 121n12 , 125 , 181 , 213 –214 , 223 , 227 , 229 –230
necropolitics
21 , 113 , 116 , 120 , 124 , 181 , 213 –214 , 216 , 229 –230
nectarine
151
neoliberalism
10 , 16 , 222
ocakbaşıs
153
olive oil
23 , 51 , 66n3 , 68
onion
68n7
Operation Peace
130
orchard
45 , 157 , 159 bağ
Ortaköy
232
papaya
151
pazar
109 bazaar
pear
151
peripheries
of the city
108 , 115 , 121 , 130 , 145 , 148 –149 , 159 , 197 –198 , 204 –205
of the Empire
4 , 33 , 37 –38 , 48 –49 ,
pineapple
151
PL 480
121 , 121n12 , 217
Polanyi, Karl
20 , 26 , 96 , 98 , 115 , 123 –124 , 229
political community
, 11n5 , 10 –12 , 12n8 , 14 –15 , 18 , 21 , 25 , 27 , 35 , 46 –47 , 71n8 , 90 –94 , 97 , 113 –115 , 123 –125 , 128 –129 , 135 , 139 , 173 , 175 –177 , 180 –182 , 185 –186 , 209 , 213 –216 , 223 –227 , 229 ,
, See also
body politic
precarity of
34 , 125 , 129 , 174 , 180 , 224
Polybius
11n6
population
6 , 12 –13 , 15 , 28 , 84n19 , 91 –95 , 97 , 109 , 113 , 115 , 119 , 124 , 175 –176 , 181 , 215 , 225 , 227
definition
27
migrant
109 , 153
ratio to land
50
population exchange
62 , 64 , 74 –75 Mübadele
potato
54 , 68n7
poverty
88 , 98 , 115 , 117n10 , 119 , 126 –127 , 145 , 220 –221 , 224
precarity
, 126 –127 , 139 , 144 , 153 , 175 –176 , 178 , 181 , 186
precarization
125
price
base
68 , 77 , 104 , 132 , 136 , 138n13 , 140 , 165 , 168 , 194
ceiling
104 , 165 , 168 , 192 , 194
competitive
104
control of
3 , 8 , 39n3 , 59 –60 , 65 , 93 , 120 , 131 , 142
drop
120
hike
2 , 131 , 134
narh
39 , 39n2 , 39n3 , 41 –42 , 48 , 58 , 61 , 65 , 68 , 105
uniformity
104
private
actor
, 8 –9
banks
137
companies
132
debt
137
enterprise
73 , 100 , 123 , 194
intermediaries
143
investment
105 , 141
property
16 , 19 , 31 , 51 , 55 , 61
sector
138
private-public partnership.
See
see public:-private partnership
privatization
9 , 95 , 132 , 136n10 , 138n13 , 136 –139 , 139n14 , 141 , 143 , 153 , 174 , 182 , 194
profit
89 , 106
margin of
41 , 132 –133 , 140 , 142 , 168 , 190 , 207
motive of
18 , 83 , 129 , 177 , 181 , 184 , 186 , 198 , 201 , 208 , 220
rate of
145 , 165 –166 , 168 , 214
reduction in
131
protectionism
65 , 71 –72 , 75 , 77 , 85
provisioning
8 , 12 , 31 , 36 , 48 , 52 , 72 , 77 , 91 , 101 , 103 , 106 , 114 , 128 , 137 , 139 , 149 –150 , 168 , 173 , 182 , 195 –197 , 200 , 202 , 217 –218 , 222
actor
9 , 41 , 104 , 144 , 158 , 168 , 173 , 177 , 179 , 183 , 185 , 199
agent
13 , 48 , 59 , 111 , 129 , 174 , 192 , 199 , 204 , 208
conventional
189 , 212
precarity of
34 , 125
traditional
154 , 156
alternative mechanisms of
109 Alternative Provisioning Network (APN)
apparatus
, 5 –7 , 11 , 22 , 38 , 44 , 46 , 48 –49 , 52 , 58 , 60 , 63 , 69 , 84 –85 , 89 , 113 , 129 –130 , 132 , 134 , 158 , 161 , 178 , 180 –186 , 189 , 192 , 194 , 197 –199 , 201 , 205 , 208 , 219
composition
22
government of
214
precarity of
3
network
186 , 192 Alternative Provisioning Network (APN)
policies
79 , 81
practices
58 , 60 , 87 , 89 , 154 , 209
public
banks
137
debt
134
enterprises
, 131 –132 , 134 , 139 , 142
investment
100 , 142 , 147
-private partnership
17 , 105 , 112 , 118 , 141 , 143 , 219
services
116 , 146 , 211
spending
58 , 81 , 138
storehouses
3 , 36 , 226 –227
purchasing power
105 , 137 , 150 , 179 , 182
enabled by credit cards
, 151 –152
of bureaucrats
82
of fixed income households
70
of lower-income households
150
of middle-income households
150
of peasants
131 , 135
of the political community
180
of working class
82 , 100 , 135
racism
15 , 97 , 220 , 237
ration
2 , 82 , 85 , 87 , 89 , 93 , 95 , 98 , 110 , 224 , 227
rebellion
4 , 47n14 , 47 –48
Republican era, early
24 , 57 , 81n17 , 92
restaurant
13 , 17 , 133 , 152 , 164 , 188
rice
1 , 49 , 68 , 85 , 152n28
right
to death
18 , 228
to kill
124 , 176 , 228
to food
25 , 119 , 144 , 185 , 223 –224 , 227 , 229 –230
to let die
18 , 21 , 216 , 229
to let live
21 , 228
to life
18 , 228
to make live
21 , 176 , 229
to subsistence
12 , 25 , 26n14 , 97 , 114 , 116 , 119 , 144 , 182 , 223 –224 , 227 , 229
to take life
21
to the city
115
rural
administrator
70
consumer
187
dweller
136n9
economy
76 , 78 , 133 , 175 , 192 , 218
hinterland
85
peripheries
106 , 143
poor
113 , 140 rural:poverty
population
2 , 67 , 83 , 88 , 111 , 141 , 175 , 179 , 197
poverty
, 98 –99 , 195
producer
78 , 132
scarcity
, 1 –4 , 6 , 9 –15 , 17 –18 , 21 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 39 , 48 –49 , 53 , 57 –60 , 64 , 66 –69 , 71 –72 , 80 , 83 –84 , 84n19 , 87 –90 , 93 –98 , 103 , 105 , 117 , 117n11 , 124 , 126 –127 , 134 , 181 , 184 –185 , 218 , 224 , 227 –228 , 230
planned
75
urban
, 80 –81 , 98
Schmitt, Carl. 178, 294, 50
self-exploitation
102 , 164 , 175 , 212
semi-proletarianization
175 ,
shantytown
103 , 106 , 108 –109 , 113 –116 , 145 –146 gecekondu
silk
51 , 52n21 , 66n3 , 73n9 ,
Smith, Adam
26 , 62 , 62n1 , 241
sovereign
16 central authority
sovereignty
4 , 12 , 15 , 19 , 25 –26 , 46 , 62 , 97 , 228 4 , 33 , 49 central authority:Ottoman
and kudret
46 , 60
precarious
168
rationed
110
state.
See
see central authority
structural adjustments
9 , 33 , 118 , 136 , 136n10 , 144 , 194 , 227
subject-citizen
, 8 –9 , 12 , 20 , 24 –25 , 28 , 34 , 63 , 88 –89 , 91 , 97 , 113 –114 , 119 , 121 , 129 , 180 , 185 , 213 , 216 , 223
Sublime Porte
6 , 39 , 43 , 50 , 59 , 61 , 89
subsistence.
See
see agriculture:subsistence
, See
see income:subsistence, below
, See
see right:to subsistence
sugar
ix , 43 , 66 , 68 , 73n9 , 76 –77 , 79f8 , 80f9 , 85 , 142 , 142n19
supermarket
17 , 211 grocery:chain
domestic
129 , 143n20 , 154 –156 , 156n32 , 158 , 166 , 183 , 190 , 199 , 201
hard discount
156 , 158 , 197
regional
130
multinational
129 , 142 , 153 –156 , 158 , 166 , 183 , 190 , 199 , 201
Tanzimat
24 , 31 , 51 , 60 , 235 , 243
tarla
45 , 78n14
tax
81 , 192 , 194
customs
41 , 51 , 64 –65 , 71 , 75 , 77 , 83 , 92
cuts
3 , 8 , 104
exemption
56n26 , 75n10
hike
2
incentive
148
regulation
65 , 132
revenue
56 , 76
tithe (aşar/öşür)
76 , 81 , 100
transportation
52
wealth (Varlık Vergisi)
81 , 81n17 , 100
tea
31 , 87 , 159 , 187 –188
textiles
52n21 , 64 , 73n9 , 77 , 201
tobacco
66n3 , 73n9 , 75 , 142n19
tomato
54
Topkapı Palace
30 , 55n23 , 231
trade
deficit
105 , 131
domestic
52
foreign
52
global
54
liberalization of
, 6 –7 , 34 , 124 , 126 , 128 –131 , 136 –137 , 151 , 182 , 218
policy, liberal
105 ,
routes
, 4 –5 , 7 –8 , 30 , 38 , 51 , 64
treaties
3 , 7 , 38 , 51 , 53 , 57 , 62 , 72 , 83 , 107 , 136 , 139
Treaty of 1838
7 , 23 , 30 –32 , 51 , 58 , 62 , 64
Treaty of Lausanne
, 62 –63 , 75 , 83 , 85
Truman Doctrine
100
Turgut Özal
135n8
Turizmi Teşvik Yasası (Decree to Encourage Tourism)
148
Türk Parasının Kıymetini Koruma Hakkında Kanun (Law Regarding the Protection of the Value of Turkish Currency)
77n12
Turkish Lira
76 , 81 , 81n17 , 100 , 104 –105 , 131 , 135 , 137 , 140 , 150n25 , 180
unemployment
9 , 16 , 34 , 125 –127 , 129 , 197 , 206
urban
center
106 , 141 , 143 , 145 , 150n25 , 175
consumer
76 , 78 , 81 , 105 , 132 , 166 , 187
demand
179
density
53 , 145 –147
dweller
36 , 113 , 178
economy
73 , 76 , 78 , 133 , 140 , 175 , 192 , 197 –198 , 212 , 218
expansion
103 , 108 , 146 , 149 , 212
planning
30 , 54 –55 , 62 , 69 , 147 , 156 , 174 , 191
poor
59 , 140 urban:poverty
population
2 , 108 , 111 , 175 , 179 , 197
poverty
99
provisioning
See
see provisioning
scarcity
See
see scarcity:urban
transformation
102 , 149 , 153n30 , 175 , 182
USAID
121
vegetable.
See
see fresh fruits and vegetables (FFVs)
vineyard
149 , 157 , 159 bağ
vulnerability
47 , 89 , 89n21 , 110n8 , 175
walnut
151
war
62 , 66 , 66n4
“Great War”
, 1 –2 , 87 , 98
Balkan Wars
64 , 67
Korean War
98 , 104
World War I
31 , 57 , 62 –67 , 78 , 84
World War II
2 , 4 , 24 , 31 , 64 , 74 , 78 –79 , 92 , 95 , 98 –100 , 103 “Great War”
wheat
, 38 –39 , 41n4 , 43 , 43n7 , 49 , 52n20 , 57 , 64 , 66n3 , 68 , 73n9 , 75 , 77 , 79n16 , 82n18 , 84 , 101
wholesale port
106 , 130 , 140n16 , 142 –143 , 157n33 , 160 , 165 –166 , 168 , 190 , 194 hal
wool
51 , 52n21 , 73n9 ,
World Bank (WB)
138 , 194 –195 ,
Ziraat Bankası (Bank of Agriculture)
133n6