Figures
1.1 Reconstructed summer temperatures from the Russian Altai (a) and the European Alps (b), together with estimated volcanic forcing (c). Horizontal bars, shading and stars refer to major plague outbreaks, the rise and fall of empires, large-scale human migrations, and political turmoil. Black broken lines represent the long-term reconstructed mean of the Common Era (after: Büntgen et al. 2016) 24
1.2 The relation between (a) the features of the environment determining the kind of economically exploitable resources (light grey), (b) ‘sociobiological variables’ (dark grey), (c) further natural, economic and cultural conditions (bold text) and (d) resultant demographic and sociological phenomena (after: Przybyła 2014) 27
1.3 A girl with valuables from her dowry displayed as decoration of her head covering. Vicinity of Bethlehem, about 1920 (after: Czas przeszły dokonany … 2016) 38
1.4 A – Boundary features as a function of the nature of consensus; B – A processual model of the making and unmaking of ethnic boundaries (after: Wimmer 2008) 50
4.1 Age-depth model for the Kołczewo profile and graphs showing the ranges of calibrated 14C dates 149
4.2 Age-depth model for thte Lake Racze profile and graphs showing the ranges of calibrated 14C dates 155
4.3 Age-depth model for the Lake Suminko profile and graphs showing the ranges of calibrated 14C dates 161
4.4 Age-depth model for the Lake Czyste profile and graphs showing the ranges of calibrated 14C dates 166
4.5 Age-depth model for Lake Szurpiły profile and graphs showing the ranges of calibrated 14C dates (after: Kinder et al. 2013) 175
4.6 Age-depth model for the BIA/318C profile and graphs showing ranges of calibrated 14C dates 180
4.7 Pollen-based relative changes in human impact on vegetation (indirect indicator of settlement dynamics) in the 1st millennium AD according to the 4-grade scale; the presence of scattered cereal pollen in the phase of potential demise of settlement is shown by an asterisk; the pollen data represent selected sites with good age/depth models 197
5.1 The late phase of the Younger Roman Period in the Wielbark Culture (after: Godłowski 1970) 205
5.2 The early phase of the Migration Period (D1) in the Wielbark Culture (after: Godłowski 1970) 206
5.3 Phase C3 in the Chernyakhiv Culture (after: Gorokhovskiy 1988) 211
5.4 Phase D1 in the Chernyakhiv Culture (after: Gorokhovskiy 1988) 212
5.5 Phase C3 in the Wielbark Culture: 1 – Pruszcz Gdański, Gdańsk district, site 5, grave VII; 2 – Węgrowo, Grudziądz district, grave 2; 3 – Pruszcz Gdański, site 5, grave 12A; 4 – Szelków Nowy, Maków district, grave 130; 5 – Nowy Targ, Sztum district, grave 154; 6 – Węgrowo, grave 34; 7 – Malbork-Wielbark, Malbork district, grave 245; 8 – Cecele, Siemiatycze district, grave 100B; 9 – Grzybnica, Koszalin district, grave 91; 10 – Cecele, Siemiatycze district, grave 359; 11 – Pruszcz Gdański, site 5, grave 18 217
5.6 Phase C3 in the Wielbark Culture: 1 – Pruszcz Gdański, Gdańsk district, site 5, grave 17; 2 – Pruszcz Gdański, site 7, grave 150 218
5.7 Phase C3 in the Wielbark Culture: 1 – Kleszewo, Pułtusk district, grave 884; 2 – Niedanowo, Nidzica district, grave 520; 3 – Pruszcz Gdański, Gdańsk district, site 5, grave VII; 4 – Węgrowo, Grudziądz district, grave 56; 5 – Pruszcz Gdański, site 5, grave 26; 6 – Kleszewo, grave 884; 7 – Kozłówko, Nidzica district, grave VI; 8 – Pruszcz Gdański, site 5, grave IV; 9 – Brulino-Koski, Wysokie Mazowieckie district, grave 24 219
5.8 Phase C3 in the Wielbark Culture: 1–2 – Cecele, Siemiatycze district, grave 491A; 3–4 – Węgrowo, Grudziądz district, grave 31; 5 – TM 2a; 6 – TM 3; 7 – TM 8; 8 – TM 30a; 9 – TM 57; 10 – TM 91a; 11 – TM 93a; 12 – TM 107; 13 – TM 126; 14 – TM 128; 15 – TM 135; 16 – TM 136; 17 – TM 149; 18–19 – TM 388; 20 – TM 389; 21 – TM 429; 22–23 – TM 430; 24 – TM 465; 25 – TM 469; 26 – TM 470; 27 – TM 471a; 28 – TM 471b; 29 – TM 471c; 30–32 – TM 471d; 33–34 – TM 471e; 35 – TM 471f; 36 – TM 471g; 37 – TM 471h; 38 – TM 471i; 39 – TM 471k; 40 – TM 471l; 41 – TM 471m; 42 – TM 471n; 43 – TM 499a 222
5.9 Phase D1 in the Wielbark Culture according to new finds: 1 – Pruszcz Gdański, Gdańsk district, site 5, grave 23; 2 – Pruszcz Gdański, site 5, grave 29; 3 – Węgrowo, Grudziądz district, grave 18–19; 4 – Pruszcz Gdański, site 5, grave 24; 5 – Pruszcz Gdański, site 5, grave 41 223
5.10 Phase D1 in the Wielbark Culture according to new finds: 1 – Pruszcz Gdański, Gdańsk district, site 5, grave 24; 2 – Pruszcz Gdański, site 5, grave 15; 3 – Cecele, Siemiatycze district, grave 285; 4 – Węgrowo, Grudziądz district, grave 18–19; 5 – Nowy Targ, Sztum district, grave 467; 6 – Cecele, grave 502A; 7 – Pruszcz Gdański, site 5, grave 24; 8 – Pruszcz Gdański, site 5, grave 15; 9 – Cecele, grave 502A; 10 – Cecele, grave 502A; 11 – Pruszcz Gdański, site 5, grave 23; 12 – Pruszcz Gdański, site 5, grave 29; 13 – Cecele, grave 502A 224
6.1 A – The most characteristic motifs for artefacts typical on the North Pontic/Danubian areas and West Ukraine; B – the most characteristic motifs of Scandinavian artefacts 231
6.2 Finds of North Pontic/Danubian provenance having some Scandinavian traits: 1–8 – detector finds from western Ukraine (after: https://auction.violity.com/61476644-kompleks-zhrica-cy-ranneslavyanskoj-kultury); 9–10 – Kachin, Volyn district; 11 – Bar Raion, Vinnytsya district (after: Levada 2011) 238
6.3 1 – Strap-end from Jakuszowice, Kazimierza Wielka district (after: Menghin 1987); 2 – strap-end from Finnestorp, Västergötland (after: Åberg 1918) 242
6.4 Sheet brooches: 1 – Świelino, Koszalin district; 2–5 – Trzebiatów, Gryfice district; 6 – Dębczyno, Białograd district, site 3, feature 300 (after: Werner 1981) 244
6.5 The sheet brooch from Kiełpino, Kartuzy district (after: La Baume 1934) 245
6.6 One-piece brooches with a short spring and solid catchplate: 1–2 – Siedlików, Kalisz district (after: Petersen 1944); 3 – Ostružnica, Belgrade district (after: Bóna 1991); 4 – Tiszacsege, Hajdú-Bihar district (after: Bóna 1991); 5–6 – Kšinná, Bánovce nad Bebravou district; 7 – Selce, Banská Bystrica district (after: Kolník 1984) 247
6.7 Elements of the Zamość Hoard, d Zamość district loco (after: Menghin [ed.] 2007) 250
6.8 1 – Jerzmanowice, Kraków district; 2 – Nemce, Banská Bystrica-Sásová district, Kaplanka Cave; 3 – Sulejów, Piotrków district, site 4a (after: Madyda-Legutko 2011) 251
6.9 A – Grave 1 at Pruszcz Gdański, Gdańsk district, site 5 (after: Petersen 1936); B – Grave 24 at Pruszcz Gdański, Gdańsk district, site 5 (after: Pietrzak, Cymek, Rożnowski 2015) 252
6.10 Items decorated in the Polychrome Style, stone inlays in separated cells: a – pendant-head decoration, Verkhne-Yablochnoe, Volgograd district, Lower Volga (after: Zasetskaya 1975); b – mounts, Novogrigorevka, Zaporozhe district, Lower Dnepr (after: Zasetskaya 1975); c – a pair of brooches, Airan/Valmeray, Moult district, Normandy (after: Pillet 2008) 256
6.11 Items decorated in the Polychrome Style, the cloisonné technique: a – mount and buckle, Muslyumovo, Aznakayevsky district, Upper Volga (after: Zasetskaya 1975); b – buckle, Apahida I, Cluj district, Transylvania (after: Wieczorek, Périn [eds] 2001); c – a pair of brooches, Pocking-Inzing, Passau district, Bavaria (after: Bertram 2007) 257
6.12 Airan/Valmeray, Moult district, finds from a grave (after: Wieczorek, Périn [eds] 2001) 262
6.13 Selected parallels to finds from Jakuszowice: a – Sovkhoz Kalinina, district, Crimea (after: Kazanski, Mastykova 2009a); b – Cibilium, district northern Caucasus (after: Kazanski, Mastykova 2009a); c – Piatigorsk, Stavropol’ district, northern Caucasus (after: Mastykova 2009); d – Siniavka, district, Lower Don (after: Mastykova 2009); e – Fürst, Traunstein district, Bavaria (after: Wieczorek, Périn [eds] 2001) 266
6.14 A buckle from Taman Peninsula – parallel to the Jędrzychowice find (after: Menghin [ed.] 2007) 267
6.15 Selection of diadems (1–7, 15) from different locations in North Pontic area and Volga basin (after: Kazanski, Mastykova 2009a) 269
6.16 1 – Gold neckring from Wrocław-Rędzin (after: Grempler 1901); 2 – 19th-century copy of the neckring (after: Bursche, Kowalski, Rogalski [eds] 2017) 270
6.17 Tumiany (formerly Daumen), Olsztyn district, stray find (archive of Kurt Voigtmann, Prussia-Archiv, Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin) 272
6.18 Fragment of a gilt silver brooch with cells for the stone inlay from Dobre, Radziejów district (after: Bursche, Kowalski, Rogalski [eds] 2017) 273
6.19 Set of late Roman chip-carved bronzes from Cuxhaven-Sahlenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany (after: Böhme 1986a, 26) 275
6.20 Chip-carved belt buckle of bronze from Enns-Lauriacum, Linz-Land district, Austria 4th/5th c. AD, L 11,3 cm (after: Haseloff 1981, pl. 1) 276
6.21 Hoard find from Kiełpino, Gdańsk district, with two brooches, beads and other items, 5th c. AD (after: La Baume 1934, 149, fig. 72) 279
6.22 Nydam Style gilt silver belt buckle from Zagorzyn, Kalisz district, with chip-carving and niello inlays (after: Hilberg 2009, 141) 282
6.23 Examples of chip-carved brooches with lozengiform feet and three or five knobs: a – Janków Drugi-Oszczywilk, Kalisz district (after: Abramowicz et al. [eds.] 1959, pl. 14,2); b – Poznań vicinity, in similar shape (after: Petersen 1936, fig. 28); c – fragment of brooch from Dobre, Radziejów district, with five knobs (after: Petersen 1936, fig. 26); d – brooch from Skowarcz, Gdańsk district, “Olsztyn Group” (after: Petersen 1936, fig. 52) 283
6.24 The hoard from Konarzew, Łęczyca district. It consists of a precious silver belt buckle (above) and several other objects with chip-carving as well as other items of bronze, silver and gold (after: Mączyńska 1999b, 29, fig. 14, with photo from Petersen 1940) 288
6.25 Konarzew, Łęczyca district, drawing of the plate decorations of the silver buckle, L 10.3 cm (after: Haseloff 1981, 698) 289
6.26 Konarzew, Łęczyca district, tongue of the buckle with an animal (quadruped) head on the left and a bird’s head with small beak on the right (after: Klindt-Jensen 1957, 106) 290
6.27 Two gilt silver buckles as parallels to Konarzew piece: a – Gyula, Békés County, Hungary, L 11.4 cm; b – Vecciazano, province Siena, Italy, with garnet inlays in the centre of the plate and in the roundels, L ca. 15.5 cm (after: Bierbrauer 1975, pl. 80 and 47) 290
6.28 Two gilt silver buckles from graves as parallels to the Konarzew buckle. 1 – Aquasanta, province Genova, Italy, L 16.3 cm; 2 – Aquileia, province Udine, Italy, L 14.3 cm (after: Bierbrauer 1975, pl. 4 and 40) 291
6.29 Nordic type cast silver brooches in Animal Style I with gilt surfaces and decoration in chip-carving. a – Gummersmark, Zealand, Denmark (note the four quadrupeds at the edges, and the animal heads and a humanoid figure within a lozengiform frame), L 15.9 cm (after: Haseloff 1981, pl. 23 and 43); b – Möllebacken, Bornholm, Denmark, L 8.9 cm (after: Haseloff 1981, pl. 23); c – Szolnok-Szanda, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county, Hungary, L 10.7 cm (after: Haseloff 1981, pl. 43); d – Nordendorf, Landkreis Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, L 10.8 cm (after: Salin 1904, 63) 292
6.30 Selection of heads in side view from brooches and buckles (after: Salin 1904, 222) 293
6.31 A typical Style I – quadruped; a – in crouching position and made from the five components: b – head, c – neck, d – shoulder with foreleg, e – back/belly and f – hip with hind leg (after: Haseloff 1979, 18) 293
7.1 Migration Period settlements in Western Pomerania. A. Lubieszewo, Gryfice district, site 2: 1 – concentrations of daub; 2 – hearths; 3 – utility pits; 4 – kilns or furnaces; 5 – pits in above-ground structures; 6 – above-ground structures; 7 – sunken features; 8 – concentrations of stones; 9 – post-holes (based on Wołągiewicz 1970, developed by H. Machajewski); B. Dębczyno, Białogard district, site 3. Key: 1 – trench boundary; 2 – hearths; 3 – utility pits; 4 – kilns or furnaces; 5 – aboveground structures; 6 – sunken features; 7 – post-holes (after: Machajewski 1992c) 304
7.2 A Migration Period settlement in Central Poland (Kamień, Bełchatów district, site 2) and a refuge settlement in Upper Silesia (Podzamcze, Zawiercie district, site 1). A. Kamień, Bełchatów district, site 2: a – sunken-featured buildings; b – above-ground buildings; c – area of the calcite quarry; d – wells; e – stone pavement; f – storage vessels; g – lime kilns; h – hearths inside features; i – outdoor hearths; j – rotary querns after: Pajor 2010, with a functional division of the settlement as presented by Skowron 2014, 128, fig. 78 and a generalized overview of the settlement according to H. Machajewski); B. Podzamcze, Zawiercie district, site 1 (Góra Birów): elevation map of the mondanock showing the site of discovery of traces of occupation after: Muzolf 1994a) 306
7.3 A Migration Period settlement in Kujawy (Inowrocław, Inowrocław district, site 95) and a settlement in Central Poland (Toporów, Wieluń district, site 1). A. Inowrocław, district loco, site 95: a – features from the Younger pre-roman Period; b – features from the Early Roman Period; c – features from the older phase of the Late Roman Period; d – features from the younger phase of the Late Roman Period and early phase of the Migration Period; e – reconstructions of above-ground structures; f – wells; g – post-holes; h – animal burials (after: Bednarczyk 1987). B. Toporów, Wieluń district, site 1: 1 – concentrations of stones; 2 – concentrations of pottery; 3 – above-ground structures; 4 – sunken-featured buildings (after: Skowron 2014, 151, fig. 93) 307
7.4 A Migration Period settlement in the Middle Warta basin (Konarzewo, Poznań district, site 5): 1 – area covered by investigation; 2 – longhouses; 3 – houses; 4 – granaries; 5 – water wells; 6 – bath-houses; 7 – sunken-featured buildings (“pit houses”); 8 – other features; 9 – concentrations of pottery; 10 – cuts; A, B C – domestic enclosures (based on Kaczor 2002, supplemented by H. Machajewski) 309
7.5 A Migration Period settlement in the Middle Warta basin (Poznań- Nowe Miasto, district loco, site 41): 1 – area covered by investigation; 2 – longhouses; 3 – houses; 4 – granaries; 5 – wells; 6 – sunken-featured buildings (“pit houses”); 7 – kilns or furnaces and hearths; 8 – other features; 9 – cuts; A, B – identified as domestic enclosures (research of P. Pawlak associated with the archaeological studio of Henryk Klunder in Poznań, supplemented by H. Machajewski) 315
7.6 Types of sunken constructed features documented in Western Pomerania: 1 – dark brown sand with burnt matter; 2 – dark brown sand; 3 – burnt matter; 4 – clay; 5 – brown sand; 6 – brown sand and daub; 7 – solid clay; 8 – wattle stake-holes; 9 – stones; 10 – wood (after: Machajewski 1992b) 316
7.7 Types of longhouses in the Middle Warta basin: Konarzewo, Poznań district, site 5 (after: Schuster 2012) 317
7.8 Types of houses and granaries in the Middle Warta basin: Konarzewo, Poznań district, site 5 (after: Michałowski 2011, 193–195, 207–209) 318
8.1 Żerniki Wielkie, Wrocław district: 1–3 – inhumation graves (after: Mączyńska 1992, 266–268); Opatów, Opatów district: 1–7 – layered grave 299 (after: Madyda-Legutko, Rodzińska-Nowak, Zagórska-Telega 2011b, 111–112); pink dot – find of uncertain typology 338
8.2 Baborowo, Szamotuły district: plan of cemetery showing inhumation and cremation graves, and the cremation layer (after: Pietrzak 2013, 77) 340
8.3 Ługi, Góra district: the grave furnishing of a warrior and horse burial (after: Petersen 1934) 341
8.4 Obłaczkowo, Września district: cremation grave attributed to the Przeworsk Culture with selected grave goods: 1 – bone objects; 2–3 – fragments of glass vessels(?); 4–8 glass beads (after: Pawlak 2013, 320–321, phot. 11–12) 342
8.5 Pruszcz Gdański, Gdańsk district, site 5, grave no. 12 A: burial of two women, phase C3/D (after: Pietrzak, Cymek, Rożnowski 2015, 22–23) 345
8.6 Pruszcz Gdański, Gdańsk district, site 5, grave 26: inhumation burial from phase D (after: Pietrzak, Cymek, Rożnowski 2015, 31–32) 346
8.7 Pruszcz Gdański, Gdańsk district, site 5, grave 15: inhumation burial from phase D (after: Pietrzak, Cymek, Rożnowski 2015, 23) 347
8.8 Gródek, Hrubieszów district, grave 58: inhumation burial from phase C3/D; grave 62: inhumation burial from phase C3/D (after: Kokowski 1993, 55, 65, fig. 45 and 52) 348
8.9 Węgrowo, Grudziądz district, site 11, grave 2: cremation burial in situ, bustum type, from phase C3/D (after: Kurzyńska 2013, 17) 350
8.10 Dębczyno, Białogard district, site 2, grave 5: inhumation burial from phase C3/D (after: Machajewski 1992b, 199, pl. XI); Kowalki, Białograd district, site 1, grave 6: inhumation burial from phase D (after: Machajewski 1993, 162, pl. XXIV) 353
8.11 Janków Drugi-Oszczywilk, Kalisz district: selected grave goods (not to scale). Grave 1: 1–6; grave 3: 7–16 (after: Fitzke 1934) 360
8.12 Grave goods from Główczyce, Słupsk district; not to scale: 1 – sword; 2 – vessel (ceramic); 3 – shield boss; 4–6 chapes of sword scabbards; 5 – spearhead (after: Eggers, Stary 2001) 365
8.13 Dress-accessories from the cemeteries of Brzyno, Puck district (1–5; after: Strobin, Machajewski 2017) and Czarnówko, Lębork district (6–11; after: Schuster 2015a) 367
9.1 Jakuszowice, Kazimierza Wielka district. The location of archaeological sites: 1 “princely” grave, 2 – settlement (drawing J. Pikulski) 373
9.2 Jakuszowice, site 1, Kazimierza Wielka district. Selected grave goods from the “princely” burial (drawing U. Socha) 375
9.3 Jakuszowice, site 1, Kazimierza Wielka district. Selected grave goods from the “princely” burial (drawing U. Socha) 376
9.4 Jakuszowice, site 1, Kazimierza Wielka district. Selected grave goods from the “princely” burial (drawing U. Socha) 377
9.5 Jakuszowice, site 1, Kazimierza Wielka district. Selected grave goods from the “princely” burial (drawing U. Socha) 378
9.6 Jakuszowice, site 1, Kazimierza Wielka district. Fragment of sheet gold from a sword scabbard, Archaeological Museum in Krakow (photo A. Susuł) 381
9.7 Jakuszowice, site 1, Kazimierza Wielka district. Amber sword bead decorated with a garnet, Archaeological Museum in Krakow (photo A. Susuł) 382
9.8 Jakuszowice, site 1, Kazimierza Wielka district. Sheet gold plates from the reflex bow, Archaeological Museum in Krakow (photo A. Susuł) 383
9.9 Jakuszowice, site 1, Kazimierza Wielka district. Gold artefacts decorated in the Polychrome style, Archaeological Museum in Krakow (photo A. Susuł) 386
9.10 Jakuszowice, site 1, Kazimierza Wielka district. Gold appliqué, Archaeological Museum in Krakow (photo A. Susuł) 390
9.11 Jakuszowice, site 1, Kazimierza Wielka district. Horse bridle fittings with an impressed decoration, Archaeological Museum in Krakow (photo A. Susuł) 391
9.12 Przemęczany, Proszowice district. The inventory from a warrior burial (after: Godłowski 1995) 397
9.13 Juszkowo, Gdańsk district. Selected grave goods from the warrior burial (after: Dyrda, Kontny, Mączyńska 2014) 398
9.14 Jędrzychowice, Strzelin district. Sacrificial deposit, possibly grave goods (after: Krause 1904) 399
9.15 Razová, Bruntál district, Czech Republic. Fragment of a Hunnic cauldron interpreted as a sacrificial deposit (after: Tejral 2000a) 401
9.16 Lichnov, Bruntál district, Czech Republic. Fragment of a Hunnic cauldron interpreted as a sacrificial deposit (after: Bříza, Janáková 2010) 402
9.17 Podłoziny, Poznań district. Iron ring buckle recovered from a Przeworsk Culture settlement (after: Makiewicz 2003) 404
9.18 Cecele, Siemiatycze district. Triangular iron arrowhead recovered from a Wielbark Culture cemetery (after: Jaskanis 1996) 405
10.1 Two the of seven bracteates from Karlino, Białogard dictrict, representing the two C-bracteate dies in the find. Scale: 2:1; (after: IK) 415
10.2 Four members of design family (Formularfamilie) C12. IK 4 Åkarp; IK 30 Bolbro; IK 53 Fjärestad/Gantofta; IK 587 Uppåkra. Scale: 2:1; (after: IK and Heizmann, Axboe [eds.] 2011) 417
10.3 IK 211 and IK 386 from Wapno, Wągrowiec district. Scale: 2:1; (after: IK) 419
10.4 Four members of design family (Formularfamilie) C6. IK 115 Lundeby; IK 186 Tjusby and IK 202 Vä (both without their broad punched border zones); IK 221 Bostorp. Not to scale (after: IK) 420
10.5 Four members of design family (Formularfamilie) C14. IK 55 Fjärestad/ Gantofta; IK 152 Schonen (III); IK 185 Tjurkö (II)/Målen; IK 587 Gadegård. Scale: 1:1; (after: IK and Heizmann, Axboe [eds] 2011) 424
10.6 Bracteates IK 20 and IK 217 from Zagorzyn, Kalisz district. Scale: 2:1; (after: IK) 427
10.7 Four members of design family (Formularfamilie) C1: IK 91 Killerup, IK 95 Kjøllergård, IK 215 Aversi, IK 244 Fredrikstad. Scale: 2:1; (after: IK) 428
10.8 Four members of design family (Formularfamilie) B1: IK 39 Dänemark (X); IK 51,1 Fakse; IK 165 Skovsborg; IK 595 Sorte Muld II/Fuglsang. Scale: 2:1; (after: IK and Heizmann, Axboe [eds] 2011) 429
10.9 Bracteates IK 619 from Suchań, Stargard district and IK 153,1 from Scania, which is die-identical with the Suchań bracteate IK 153,2. Not to scale (after: IK) 431
11.1 Babi Dół-Borcz, Kartuzy district. A cemetery with barrow burials and stone circles 435
11.2 Materials from the late phase of the Dębczyno Group (after: Machajewski 1992b) 438
11.3 Pruszcz Gdański, Gdańsk district, site 5. Grave 1 (after: Pietrzak, Cymek, Rożnowski 2015) 440
11.4 Pruszcz Gdański, site 5. Brooches of phase D1 from different grave assemblages (after: Pietrzak, Cymek, Rożnowski 2015) 441
11.5 Pruszcz Gdański, site 5. Grave 29 (after: Pietrzak, Cymek, Rożnowski 2015) 442
11.6 Pruszcz Gdański, site 5. Grave 24 (after: Pietrzak, Cymek, Rożnowski 2015) 443
11.7 Węgrowo, Grudziądz district. Graves 18 and 19 (after: Kurzyńska 2013) 444
11.8 Młoteczno, Braniewo district (after: Cieśliński 2008) 445
11.9 Młoteczno, Braniewo district (after: Menghin [ed.] 2007) 447
11.10 Świelino, Koszalin district (after: Bursche, Kowalski, Rogalski 2017) 448
11.11 Frombork, Braniewo district (after: Peiser, Kemke 1914) 449
12.1 Jakuszowice, Kazimierza Wielka district (after: Kaczanowski, Rodzińska-Nowak 2008) 454
12.2 Świlcza, Rzeszów district (after: Bursche, Kowalski, Rogalski [eds] 2017; photo P. Nycz) 455
12.3 Kroczyce-Okupne, Zawiercie district, Hanging Man Cave (after: Bursche, Kowalski, Rogalski [eds] 2017; photo Marcin Rudnicki) 456
12.4 Podzamcze, Zawiercie district, Góra Birów (after: Mączyńska 1999b) 457
12.5 Pyszków, Sieradz district (after: Bursche, Kowalski, [eds] Rogalski 2017; photo R. Sofuł) 458
12.6 Siedlików, Kalisz district (after: Bursche, Kowalski, Rogalski [eds] 2017; photo P. Silska) 459
12.7 Zagorzyn, Kalisz district (after: Bursche, Kowalski, Rogalski [eds] 2017; photo S. Miłek) 459
12.8 Wtórek, Kalisz district (after: Bursche, Kowalski, Rogalski [eds] 2017; photo A. Kędzierski) 460
12.9 Jakuszowice, Kazimierza Wielka district (after: Rodzińska-Nowak 2006) 462
12.10 Sietesz, Przeworsk district (after: Bursche, Kowalski, Rogalski [eds] 2017; photo T. Otulak) 463
12.11 Radziejów, district loco (after: Kontny 2016a) 464
13.1 1. – Brooch, group West Heslerton/Weimar/Brunnhem from Radziejów, district Radziejów; (after: Gabałówna, Nowakowski 1964, fig. 28: 2); 2. – A relief brooch from Radziejów; (after: Kontny 2016a, fig. 2); 3–4. – Brooches from Biskupin, Żnin district; (after: Kostrzewski 1938, fig. 49: 4, 5) – not to scale; 5. – Brooch, type Ramersdorf from the vicinity of Sławsko Wielkie, Inowrocław district; 6. – Fragment of a beak-shaped strap-end found at Gąski-Wierzbiczany, Inowrocław district; 7. – Sheet brooch from Gąski-Wierzbiczany; 8. – Brooch with a semicircular head, from Gąski-Wierzbiczany; 9. – Fragment of a brooch with a semicircular head from Łącko, Inowrocław district; 10. – Unfinished bronze brooch, Gąski-Wierzbiczany; 11. – Brooch, type Nagornoe-Gąski-Wierzbiczany, from Gąski-Wierzbiczany; 12. – Brooch, type Viminacium from the vicinity of Zakrzewo, Aleksandrów Kujawski district; 13. – Brooch with a lozenge-shaped foot and caterpillar bow from the vicinity of Kruszwica, Inowrocław district; 14. – Brooch, type Krefeld, from Ułomie, Radziejów district; 15. – Strap-end with a schematic animal-head terminal, from the vicinity of Sławsko Wielkie, Mogilno district; (5–15, drawing E. Pazyna) 472
13.2 1. – Brooch, type Monsheim, from Ostrowo, Inowrocław district; 2. – “pincer” brooch from Kościelec Kujawski, Inowrocław district; 3. – Fragment of a brooch, type Monsheim (?), from Ostrowo, Inowrocław district (photo Marcin Rudnicki); 4. – Head of a silver brooch, type Csongrád, from Ostrowo; 5. – Brooch found in the vicinity of Radziejów; 6. – Bronze buckle with a rectangular frame from Gąski-Wierzbiczany; 7. – Foot of a silver brooch with an animal-head terminal found in the vicinity of Rzeszynek, Mogilno district; 8. – Bronze S-shaped brooch from Cieślin, Inowrocław district (drawing N. Timoshenko, photo Mirosław Rudnicki); 9. – Bronze foot of a bow brooch, group IIC from Gąski-Wierzbiczany; 10. – Bronze equal-armed brooch from Gąski-Wierzbiczany; 11. – Bronze equal-armed brooch, group VIIB, variant 1b from the vicinity of Radziejów; (1, 2, 4–7, 9–11 drawing E. Pazyna) 477
13.3 1. – Brooch with a semicircular head from grave no. 26 in the cemetery at Kvassheim, Rogaland; (after: Lillehammer 1996, fig. 6:a) – not to scale; 2. – Fragment of a brooch with a semicircular head from Ringelsdorf, Gänserndorf district; (after:) – not to scale; 3. – Brooch with a semicircular head from grave no. 7 in the cemetery at Eschborn, Kreis Main-Taunus; (after: Ament 1993, fig. 9:1) – not to scale; 4. – Brooch, type Nagornoe- Gąski-Wierzbiczany, from grave no. 88 found in the cemetery at Nagornoe 2, Odessa district; (after: Gudkova, Schultze 2017, fig. 77:2); 5. – Chain terminal from the Cluj-Someșeni Hoard; (after:); 6. – Pincer brooch from Praha-Podbaba, National Museum – Historical Museum (Archeological collections), inv. no. H1-51290; (photo Lenka Káchová) 478
13.4 1. – Solidus of Theodosius II (408–450); (photo Marcin Rudnicki); 2. – Solidus of Leo I (457–474) found near Gąski-Wierzbiczany; (photographer unknown); not to scale 483
13.5 Inventory of grave 69 in the cemetery at Great Chesterford, Essex; (after: Evison 1994, fig. 36) 488
13.6 S-shaped brooches, type Rácalmás – Cividale-Gallo: 1–2. – Mohács, Baranya district; (after: Horváth 2012) and 3–5. – inventory of grave 388 in the cemetery at Petting, Traunstein district; (after: Haas-Gebhard, Weindauer 2013) 493
13.7 Inventory of grave Vc, barrow XV, in the cemetery at Stara Boćwinka (formerly Alt Botschwinken), Gołdap district (after: Bitner-Wróblewska, Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz, Nowakiewicz 2011, 73) 496
14.1 Elements of scabbards (1–3) and belts (4–13) from Kujawy (drawing E. Pazyna) 504
14.2 Military belt fittings from Gąski-Wierzbiczany, Inowrocław district (1–3, 6–9: photo M. Bogacki; 4–5: photo Marcin Rudnicki) 507
14.3 Elements of belt pouch fasteners from Gąski-Wierzbiczany, Inowrocław district (drawing E. Pazyna) 515
14.4 Elements of horse-riding gear from Gąski-Wierzbiczany, Inowrocław district (drawing E. Pazyna) 523
14.5 Elements of horse-riding gear from Gąski-Wierzbiczany, Inowrocław district (1–2, 5: photo M. Bogacki; 3–4: photo Marcin Rudnicki) 524
15.1 The hoard from Łubiana, Kościerzyna district; (photo J. Strobin) 540
16.1 Coins from Karsibór now in the National Museum in Szczecin (photo G. Solecki, A. Piętak) 543
16.2 Solidus of Theodosius II, 430–440; Constantinople mint; in the National Museum in Szczecin (photo G. Solecki, A. Piętak) 548
16.3 Solidus of Theodosius II, 430–440; Constantinople mint, pierced; in the National Museum in Szczecin (photo G. Solecki, A. Piętak) 548
16.4 Solidus of Theodosius II, 441–450; Constantinople mint; in the National Museum in Szczecin (photo G. Solecki, A. Piętak) 548
16.5 Barbarous imitation of a solidus of Valentinian III; in the National Museum in Szczecin (photo G. Solecki, A. Piętak) 549
16.6 Solidus of Leo I, 462 or 466; Constantinople mint; in the National Museum in Szczecin (photo G. Solecki, A. Piętak) 549
16.7 Solidus of Zeno, 474–475; Constantinople mint; in the National Museum in Szczecin (photo G. Solecki, A. Piętak) 549
16.8 Solidus of Zeno, 474–475; Constantinople mint; in the National Museum in Szczecin (photo G. Solecki, A. Piętak) 550
16.9 Solidus of Anastasius I, 508–514; Constantinople mint; in the National Museum in Szczecin (photo G. Solecki, A. Piętak) 550
17.1 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18. Location of the site and archaeological trenches (drawing S. Messal, B. Rogalski) 568
17.2 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18. Photographs taken from a hang glider; 1: view of the site and surrounding area, a – approximate location of the deposit, b, c – wellsprings; 2: field no. 366 after ploughing, a – approximate location of the deposit (photo M. Dąbski, M. Bogacki) 569
17.3 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18. Aggregate plan of the site (drawing I. Sukiennicka, B. Rogalski. A. Ryś) 573
17.4 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18. Archaeological features – plans and sections; 1: feature 2/2007, Roman Period pit; 2: feature 38, Oksywie Culture hearth; 3: feature 33, Oksywie Culture pit-hut; 4: feature 41, Oksywie Culture slag pit of an iron smelting furnace; 5: features 18 and 19, Roman Period/ Migration Period pit, feature 20, a pit of uncertain date; 6: feature 22, Roman Period pit; 7: feature 36, Oksywie Culture pit containing burnt material (drawing B. Rogalski, I. Sukiennicka) 574
17.5 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18. Archaeological finds; 1–27: Oksywie Culture pottery; 28–29, Roman Period pottery; 30–31: Roman Period/ Migration Period pottery; 32–34: small finds; 29: feature 4/2007; 31–32: feature 18; 30: feature 19; 6, 12–15, 17, 19–22, 24–25, 33: feature 33; 3–4, 9–10, 16, 26–27, 34: feature 36; 5, 8: feature 41; 1–2, 7, 11, 18, 23, 28: arbitrary layers; 1–31, 34: pottery, 32–33: bone (drawing I. Sukiennicka, A. Ryś) 575
17.6 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18: C-bracteate IK 619,1 (photo M. Dąbski, M. Bogacki) 577
17.7 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18: C-bracteate IK 153,2 (photo M. Dąbski, M. Bogacki) 580
17.8 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18: gold ring (photo M. Dąbski, M. Bogacki) 582
17.9 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18: gold circular pendant no. 1 (photo M. Dąbski, M. Bogacki) 583
17.10 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18: gold circular pendant no. 2 (photo M. Dąbski, M. Bogacki) 584
17.11 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18: gold circular pendant no. 3 (photo M. Dąbski, M. Bogacki) 586
17.12 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18: bronze cruciform brooch (photo I. Sukiennicka, A. Ryś) 588
17.13 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18: bronze Thuringian bow brooch (photo Sukiennicka, A. Ryś; drawing I. Sukiennicka) 589
17.14 Suchań, Stargard district, site 18: the gold hoard (photo M. Dąbski, M. Bogacki) 590
18.1 Brooches from the hoard found at Wtórek, Ostrów Wielkopolski district (drawing P. Szymański) 594
18.2 Brooch from the Wtórek hoard, Ostrów Wielkopolski district, without scale (photo S. Miłek) 596
18.3 Brooch from the Wtórek hoard, Ostrów Wielkopolski district, without scale (photo S. Miłek) 598
18.4 Selected brooches with a bow wrapped in wire from central Poland: a. Zakrzew, Sieradz district (drawing E. Pazyna); b. Janków Drugi-Oszczywilk, Kalisz district (drawing B. Sadowska); c. Zakrzew, Sieradz district (drawing E. Pazyna) 603
18.5 Finds from: a – b: Janków Drugi-Oszczywilk, Kalisz district (drawing B. Sadowska); c: Kamień, Kalisz district (drawing E. Pazyna) 606
18.6 Brooch from Janków Drugi-Oszczywilk, Kalisz district, without scale (photo S. Miłek) 606
18.7 Finds from Jastrzębniki, Kalisz district (drawing J. Teske) 609
18.8 Buckle plate fragment from Kalisz-Piwonice, site 1, Kalisz district, without scale (photo S. Miłek) 610
18.9 Buckle from Kalisz-Piwonice, site 3, Kalisz district, without scale (photo S. Miłek) 611
18.10 Buckle from Janków Drugi-Oszczywilk, Kalisz district (photo S. Miłek) 611
18.11 Buckle from Janków Drugi-Oszczywilk, Kalisz district (photo S. Miłek) 611
18.12 Brooch fragment from Janków Drugi-Oszczywilk, Kalisz district, without scale (photo S. Miłek) 613
18.13 Strap-end from Janków Drugi-Oszczywilk, Kalisz district, without scale (photo S. Miłek) 614
18.14 Finds from Jedlec, Pleszew district (drawing E. Pazyna) 614
18.15 Brooch from Jastrzębniki, Kalisz district, without scale (photo A. Kędzierski) 615
18.16 Buckle from Jastrzębniki, Kalisz district, without scale (photo S. Miłek) 616
18.17 Strap end from Jedlec, Pleszew district, without scale (photo A. Kędzierski) 616
18.18 Brooch fragment from Jedlec, Pleszew district, without scale (photo S. Miłek) 618
18.19 Mount from Kalisz-Wydarte, Kalisz district, without scale (photo S. Miłek) 620
18.20 Buckle from an unknown site near Kalisz, without scale (photo S. Miłek) 621
18.21 Solidus of Valentinian II from Stawiszyn (photographer unknown) 622
19.1 Schematic maps of the layouts of the central-place sites at Sorte Muld, Gudme and Uppåkra, compared with the more rural settlements of Vorbasse and Drengsted. The asterisk marks the position of hall buildings and adjacent areas of cult activities or buildings (based on plans by Hambro Mikkelsen, Nørbach 2003; Watt 2009; Axboe 2012) 635
19.2 The Gudme hall (47 x 10 m) and a neighbouring smaller building, interpreted as a cult building, 4th–5th c. AD (after: Pesch 2011b) 637
20.1 Grave 357 from the latest stage of the cemetery at Weklice, Elbląg district (after: Kontny, Natuniewicz-Sekuła 2008) 650
20.2 Bell-shaped comb from Gronowo Górne, Elbląg district, stray find (after: Anger 1880) 651
20.3 Pruszcz Gdański, Gdańsk district, site 5, grave 1 (after: Petersen 1939) 652
20.4 Inhumation weapon grave from Juszkowo, Gdańsk district (after: Kontny, Mączyńska 2015) 653
20.5 Migration Period finds from the vicinity of Puck, Puck district. 1 – disc-on-bow brooch (Bügelknopffibel) from the harbour area in the Puck Bay (after: Szulta 1993); 2 – brooch with rung-shaped widenings on feet (Schlusskreuzfibel) from Puck (after: Kontny, Szymański 2015); 3 – frames of plank boats from the harbour area in the Puck Bay (after: Ossowski 2010) 654
20.6 Janów Pomorski, Elbląg district: star-foot brooch of Bitner-Wróblewska type II (after: Jurkiewicz, Machajewski 2012) 657
20.7 Typical forms of the Elbląg Group: 1 – rung-shaped brooch from Nowinka, Elbląg district, grave 85; 2 – shield fibula from Nowinka, grave 120; 3 – strap-end from Nowinka, grave 17; 4 – belt buckle and fitting from Nowinka, grave 17; 5 – bridle bit from Nowinka, grave 17; 6 – clay flask from Nowinka, grave 149 (photo M. Bogacki, M. Dąbski); 7 – horse grave from Nowinka, grave 114 (after: Kontny, Okulicz-Kozaryn, Pietrzak 2011) 660
20.8 Reconstruction of head gear from Nowinka, Elbląg district: 1 – grave 78; 2 – grave 118 (after: Kontny, Okulicz-Kozaryn, Pietrzak 2011) 661
20.9 Elbląg Group graves furnished with Scandinavian imports: 1 – Nowinka, grave 38, 2 – Nowinka, grave 41 (after: Kontny, Okulicz-Kozaryn, Pietrzak 2011) 664
20.10 Finds from grave 37 at Pasłęk, Pasłęk district (after: Jakobson heritage) 665
20.11 Finds from grave 40 at Podgórze, Braniewo district (after: Jakobson heritage) 669
20.12 Finds from grave 27 at Pasłęk, Elbląg district (after: Jakobson heritage) 676
20.13 Finds from features 20 and 91 at Młoteczno, Braniewo district (after: Ziemlińska-Odojowa 1991) 677
20.14 Krefeld group brooches from Podgórze, Braniewo district stray finds: 1, 3, 4a – brooch with animal head-foot; 2, 4b, 5 – brooch with straight foot (1, 2 – after: Jakobson heritage; 3, 5 – after: Peiser 1919b; 4 – after: Åberg heritage) 679
20.15 Miniature pincer-shaped brooches (kleine Zangenfibeln) of type Rathewitz (1), Phöben-Maria Ponsee (2–4) and Straß (5–6): 1 – Bernhardstahl; 2 – Sanne; 3 – Lochenice, grave 3; 4–5 – Drösing; 6 – Lužec (1–6 – after: Bemmann 2008); 7 – Pasłęk (7 – after: Ehrlich 1923) 681
20.16 Finds from grave 31b at Pasłęk, Elbląg district (after: Jakobson heritage) 684
20.17 Finds from grave 40 at Podgórze, Braniewo district (1 – after: Jakobson heritage; 2 – after: Jankuhn heritage) 686
21.1 Type Mülhofen brooches and their imitations (after: Hilberg 2004, fig. 14) 695
21.2 Waplewo (formerly Waplitz), Olsztyn district, grave 22 (after: Bitner-Wróblewska et al. 2008, fig. 10) 699
21.3 Artefacts recovered during scatter pattern studies and excavations at Kosewo (formerly Kossewen III), Mrągowo district (after: Jaremek 2015, pl. II: 8–10; III: 6, 8, 9) 700
21.4 Window urn from Tumiany (formerly Daumen), Olsztyn district; Museum of Warmia and Masuria in Olsztyn (after: Bitner-Wróblewska, Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz 2016, fig. 7) 702
21.5 Hollow-footed beaker from Kosewo (formerly Kossewen III), Mrągowo district, grave 219; Museum of Warmia and Masuria in Olsztyn (after: Bitner-Wróblewska, Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz 2016, fig. 8) 703
21.6 Tumiany (formerly Daumen), Olsztyn district, grave 37 – gilt silver brooch imported from Scandinavia (after: Adlung, Carnap-Bornheim et al. [eds.] 2005, 101) 704
21.7 Crossbow brooch decorated with rings from Tumiany (formerly Daumen), Olsztyn district, grave 108a (after: Bitner-Wróblewska et al. 2008, fig. 4b) 705
21.8 Buckle with a cruciform tongue from Tumiany (formerly Daumen), Olsztyn district: a – Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin, inv. no. V, 95, 7363; b – a card from the files of Kurt Voigtmann, archive of the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin (after: Reich, Menghin 2008, fig. 10, 11) 708
21.9 Lancet-shaped fitting of a spur strap from Tumiany (formerly Daumen), Olsztyn district, grave 19 (9/69; after: Bitner-Wróblewska, Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz 2016, fig. 33) 709
21.10 Elements of a ceremonial horse bridle from Tumiany (formerly Daumen), Olsztyn district, horse burial no. XVII (after: Baranowski 1996, fig. 50) 710
21.11 Pottery vessel from the settlement at Skomack Wielki-Ostrów (formerly Skomatzko-Werder am Arys See), Ełk district, feature 14 (photo M. Bajkowska) 712
21.12 Tumiany (formerly Daumen), Olsztyn district, grave 25 (23/69) – gilt silver brooch with early Style II decoration, eastern Frankish import (after: Bitner-Wróblewska, Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz 2016, fig. 41) 715
21.13 Buckle from Kosewo (formerly Kossewen), Mrągowo district, grave 386, and other Olsztyn Group finds exhibited at the Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts (after: Valujev 2008, fig. 9) 717
21.14 Type Daumen/Tumiany brooch from Tumiany (formerly Daumen), Olsztyn district, a stray find (after: Hilberg 2009, fig. 9.25) 719
21.15 Brooch, type Gîmbas-Pergamon from Tumiany (formerly Daumen), Olsztyn district, grave 26 (13/69; after: Bitner-Wróblewska, Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz 2016, fig. 40) 720
21.16 Wólka Prusinowska (formerly Pruschinowen Wolka), Mrągowo district, grave 10 (after: Bitner-Wróblewska 2011a, fig. 4) 721
21.17 Beaker of type Snartemo from Pervomayskoe (formerly Warnikam), Bagrationovsk district (after: Valujev 2008, fig. 10) 725
21.18 Finds from a destroyed burial at Shosseynoye, Gur’evsk district (after: Skvortsov 2013, fig. 5): 1 – fragment of silver saddle fittings; 2, 4 – gilt bronze mountings; 3 – gilt silver bow brooch; 5 – gilt bronze pendant; 6, 7 – iron spear-heads 726
21.19 Sudota, Lithuania, barrow 30, grave 4 (after: Bliujienė 2013, fig. 368) 729
22.1 Viytenky cemetery, Kharkiv district, inventory of burial no. 102 (without pottery; photo K. Varacheva) 740
22.2 Viytenky cemetery, Kharkiv district, inventory of burial no. 117 (without pottery; photo K. Varacheva) 738
22.3 Kantemyrivka vicinity, Poltava district, barrow burial inventory from kurgan no. 1 (without pottery; after: Rudins’kyy 1930, pl. II, fig. 8; Oblomskiy 2002, fig. 91) 742
22.4 Barrow burial grave-assemblages: I – Mospins’ka, Donetsk district (after: Oblomskiy 2002, fig. 93: 2–8); II – kurgan 13 at Dmukhaylivka, Dnipropetrovsk district (after: Simonenko 2001, fig. 8: 10, 12, 14) 743
22.5 Artefacts from the incomplete grave-assemblage found near Zolochiv, Kharkiv district: 1 – fragment of bone comb; 2 – fragment of needle holder; 3 – resin; 4 – bronze buckle; 5 – fragment of iron knife; 6 – iron spearhead; 7 – iron sword (after: Shramko, Golubyeva, Zadnіkov, Pelyashenko 2009, fig. 191:2, 192) 748
22.6 Pottery from the incomplete grave-assemblage found near Zolochiv, Kharkiv district: 1–4 – jars; 6–7 – bowls of an “open type”; 5, 9 – bowls of a “closed type”, 8 – one-handled jug (after: Shramko, Golubyeva, Zadnіkov, Pelyashenko 2009, fig. 187–191: 1) 749
22.7 Silver vessel from Zhyhaylivka, Sumy district, from the exhibition of the Sumy Local History Museum (photo М. Lyubichev). No scale 752
22.8 Grave goods and stray finds dated to mid-5th–6th c. from the forest-steppe zone of eastern Europe: 1–3, 11, 12 – burial near Lyubivka, Kharkiv district; 4 – Velyka Danylivka, Kharkiv district; 5, 13 – Vidmedivka, Poltava district; 6, 14 – Moshenka, Chernyhiv district; 7 – Lazukivka, Kharkiv district; 8 – Eastern Bil’sk hillfort, Poltava district; 9, 10, 15 – Konstantynivhrad, Kharkiv district; 16 – Haydary, Kharkiv district; 17 – Tokari, Sumy district; 23 – Oleksandrivs’kyi, Kharkiv district; 20, 21 – Maksymivka, Poltava district; 22, 24 – Sumy/Sad, Sumy district, burial no. 4; 18, 19, 25–27 – Volobuyivka, Kharkiv district (1–3, 11, 12 – after: Radzіyevs’ka, Shramko 1980, fig. 4: 2–6, Ga, fig. 22: 1–5; 4 – after: Zaytsev, 1964, Gavritukhin 2007c, fig. 22: 6; 5–10, 13–17, 20, 21, 23 – after: Gavritukhin 2007c, fig. 22; 22, 24 – after: Nekrasova 1985; 18, 19, 25–27 – after: Sibilev 1926) 757
22.9 Artefacts assigned to the mid-5th–6th c. found in the forest-steppe zone of East Europe: 1 – the burial at Nichiteni, Moldova; 2 – Chyhyryn, Cherkasy district; 3 – Kaniv county; 4–10, 15 – grave from Romankivtsi, Chernivtsi district; 11 – Chulakivka, Kherson district; 12 – Kardashinka, Kherson district; 13, 14 – Kuchuhury, Chernyhiv district; 16–45 – cemetery at Botoşani-Dealul Cărămidăriei, Botoşani district (after: Kazanski 2010b). No scale 759
23.1a–b Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Mezőkövesd district, NE-Hungary, female grave and reconstruction of the female dress (after: Lovász 2005) 782
23.2a–c Tiszalök, Tiszavasvári district, NE-Hungary, grave goods of an isolated female grave. M = 1:1. Hungarian National Museum (photo A. Dabasi) 784
23.3 Hajdúnánás, Hajdúnánás district, NE-Hungary, cemetery from the Gepidic Period (after: Rácz 2016) 786
23.4 Hajdúnánás, Hajdúnánás district, a female grave dated to second half of the 5th c. of the Gepidic Period cemetery (after: Rácz 2016) 787
23.5 Balatonszemes, Siófok district, W-Hungary: a – grave goods from the cemetery, second half of the 5th c. (after: Bondár et al. 2007); b – reconstruction of the female dress (after: Bondár et al. 2007) 788
24.1 Typical spectrum of Migration Period brooches from Boizenburg, Ludwigslust-Parchim district, in Western Mecklenburg. various sites (photo Landesamt für Kultur und Denkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Landesarchäologie) 805
24.2 Brooches of type Perdöhl/Pritzier (Mecklenburgische Dreiknopffibel): 1 – Güstrow, Rostock district, grave 394 (after: Kurze Fundberichte 2011, fig. 87); 2 – Krien, Vorpommern-Greifswald district, grave 6 (after: Kurze Fundberichte 2008, fig. 81) 806
24.3 Cruciform brooch from Werle, Rostock district, Mecklenburg (after: Kurze Fundberichte 2012, fig. 90) 808
24.4 Bow brooches with a rectangular head-plate: 1 – Groß Pankow, Prignitz district, Mecklenburg (after: Voß 2008, fig. 16); 2 – Waltersdorf, Dahme-Spree district, Brandeburg (after: Govedarica 2002, fig. 31) 809
24.5 Bow brooches with pelta-like head-plate. 1 – Badow, Nordwestmecklenburg district, Mecklenburg (after: Kurze Fundberichte 2014, fig. 105); 2 – Striggow, Rostock district, Mecklenburg (after: Kurze Fundberichte 2012, fig. 83) 809
24.6 Niemberg-type brooch from Friedland, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, grave 25, length 6,9 cm. (photo B. Suhr) 810
24.7 Rachow-type brooches. 1 – Krusenkrien, Vorpommern-Greifswald district, Vorpommern (after: Kurze Fundberichte 2012, fig. 73); 2 – Herzsprung, Uckermark district (after: Schuster 2004, fig. 63); 3 – Rachow, Rostock district, Mecklenburg (after: Schuster 2004, fig. 63); 4 – Grünow, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, Mecklenburg (after: Schuster 2004, fig. 63) 811
24.8 Brooch from Pasewalk, Vorpommern-Greifswals district, grave 249, length 5,4 cm (after: Kurze Fundberichte 2010, fig. 96) 812
24.9 Brooch from Bredenfelde, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, grave 13 (photo Landesamt für Kultur und Denkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Landesarchäologie) 812
24.10 Friedland, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, grave 61 (after: Schmidt 1986, fig. 3) 815
24.11 Zangenfibeln from Friedland, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, grave 74 – cremation and Schwanbeck, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, object 959 – inhumation grave (after: Voß 2008, fig. 17:1–2) 816
24.12 Sword equipment from the River Oder near Friedrichsthal, Uckermark district, (after: Eggers, Stary 2001, pl. 378) 817
24.13 Helmet of Baldersheim type and its fragments: A – Gammertingen, Sigmaringen district, Baden-Württemberg (after: Fingerlin 1997, fig. 28); B – Todendorf, Rostock district (after: Kurze Fundberichte 1996, fig. 84:b); C – Demmin, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district (after: Schoknecht 1991) 818
24.14 Gilt bronze disc brooch from Glasow, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, grave 47 (photo Landesamt für Kultur und Denkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Landesarchäologie) 820
24.15 1 – Bracteate from Weltzin, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district; 2 – filigree pendant from Blankenförde, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district (photo Landesamt für Kultur und Denkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Landesarchäologie) 822
24.16 Scandinavian brooches from Vorpommern: 1 – Penkun, Vorpommern-Greifswald district; 2 – Usedom, Vorpommern-Greifswald district; 3 – Nehringen, Vorpommern-Rügen district 823
24.17 Fragments of late bow brooches from 1 – Rossow, Vorpommern-Greifswald district (after: Schoknecht 1966a, fig. 2); 2 – Anklam, Vorpommern-Greifswald district (photo Landesamt für Kultur und Denkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Landesarchäologie) 824
24.18 Bow brooches: 1 – Berlin-Britz; 2 – Berlin-Rosenthal; 3 – Phöben, Potsdam-Mittelmark district (all after: Müller 1962, fig. 8; 11; 19) 828
24.19 Fittings of the 6th c.: 1 – Michaelisbruch, Ostprignitz-Ruppin district (after: Biermann 2004, fig. 1); 2 – Wildberg, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district (photo Landesamt für Kultur und Denkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Landesarchäologie) 829
25.1 East Germanic artefacts in northern and eastern Gaul: 1–6 – Trier, Rheinland-Pfalz; 7 – Polch-Ruitsch, Rheinland-Pfalz; 8 – Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen district; 9, 10 – Wiesbaden, Hessen district; 11 – Kaiseraugst, Rheinfelden district; 12, 13 – Alzey, Rheinland-Pfalz; 14 – Eisenberg, Rheinland-Pfalz; 15, 16 – Bad Kreuznach, Rheinland-Pfalz; 17 – Herten, Nordrhein-Westfalen district; 18 – Mungolsheim, Baden-Württemberg; 19 – Oberwinterhur, Oberwnterhur district; 20 – Strasbourg, Bas-Rhin district; 21, 22 – Saône Valley; 23 – Marne district; 24 – Basel, Basel-Stadt; 25, 26 – possibly Eastern France; 27 – Wiesbaden; 28 – Ebersberg, Zürich district; 29, 35 – Baudemont, Saône-et-Loire district; 30 – Rihmberg, Luxemburg; 31 – Dalheim, Remich district; 32, 33 – Trier, Rheinland-Pfalz district; 34 – Ruppertsberg, Rheinland-Pfalz district (1–16, 18, 20–28, 30–34 after: Kazanski 1993; 17 after: Garscha 1970; 19 after: Windler 1995; 29, 35 after: Kasprzyk 2011) 834
25.2 Artefacts from graves in northern and eastern Gaul: 1–4 – Nouviоn-en-Pinthieu, Somme district, grave 54; 5, 6 – Troyes, Aube district, the cemetery of Saint-Jacques, grave 2; 7 – Troyes, Aube district, the cemetery of Saint-Jacques, grave 4; 8, 9 – Reims, Marne district, the cemetery of Fosse-Jean-Fat; 10–15; Krefeld-Gellep, Nordrhein-Westfalen district, grave 4607 (1–4 after: Piton 1985; 5–7 after: Riffaud-Longuespé 2003; 8, 9 after: Kazanski 1986; 10–15 after: Kazanski 1993) 836
25.3 Radiate-headed brooches from northern Gaul. А – Brooches from Cholet and Nijmegen and their probable prototypes: 1 – Burk, Bautzen district; 2 – Kuhbier, Brandenburg district; 3 – Nijmegen, Gelderland district; 4 – Cholet, Main-et-Loire district (after: Koenig 1982 and Kazanski 1990–1991). В – Radiate-headed brooches from Angers, Maine-et-Loire district: 1 – grave 134; 2 – grave 155; 3 – grave 156; 4 – grave 159 (after: Brodeur, Morteau, Yvinec 2001) 838
25.4 East Germanic and Alano-Sarmatian finds from southern Gaul and Spain: 1 – Beaucaire-sur-Baïse, Gers district; 2 – Séviac-Montréal-du-Gers, Gers district; 3 – Bapteste, Lot-et-Garonne district; 4 – Sainte-Baselle, Lot-et-Garonne district; 5 – Canet, Dordogne district; 6 – Duratón, Segovia district; 7 – El Hinojal, Badajos district; 8 – Casa de la Zua, Albacente district; 9 – Badajoz, Badajos district; 10 – Cacabelos, Castro Ventosa, Léon district; 11 – Jonzac, Charente-Maritime district; 12– Quarante, Hérault district; 13 – Rodelle, Aveyron district; 14 – Aspiran, Hérault district; 15 – Roujan, Hérault district; 16 – Vindrac, Tarn district; 17 – Montmirat, Gard district; 18 – Coimbriga, Coimbra district; 19 – Mireval-Laurgais, Aude district; 20 – Villeneuve-sur-Lot, Lot-en-Garonne district 841
25.5 East Germanic artefacts from southern Gaul and Spain: 1 – Sainte-Baselle, Lot-et-Garonne district; 2 – Canet, Dordogne district; 3 – Séviac-Montréal-du-Gers, Gers district; 4 – Beaucaire-sur-Baïse, Gers district; 5, 6 – Bapteste, Lot-et-Garonne district; 7 – Quarante, Hérault district; 8 – Rodelle, Aveyron district; 9 – Duratón, Segovia district; 10 – Aspiran, Hérault district; 11 – Roujan, Hérault district; 12 – El Hinojal, Badajos district; 13 – Casa de la Zua, Albacente district; 14 – Vindrac, Tarn district; 15 – Montmirat, Gard district; 16 – Cacabelos, Castro Ventosa, Léon district; 17 – Badajoz, Badajos district (1, 2, 4 after: Kazanski 1999b; 3, 5, 6 after: Kazanski, Lapart 1995; 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15 after: Kazanski 1994b; 9 after: Molinero Perez 1948; 12, 13, 16 after: Pérez Rodriguez-Aragón 1997; 17 after: Koenig 1980) 843
25.6 East Germanic artefacts from Italy: 1 – Sacca di Goito, grave 215; 2 – Sacca di Goito, grave 210; 3 – Sacca di Goito, Mantova district, grave 206; 4 – Varese, Varese district (1–3 after: Sannazaro 2006; 4 after: Werner 1961) 848
25.7 East Germanic artefacts from Raetia: 1, 2 – Abusina-Eining, Niederbayern district; 3, 4 – Regensburg-Niedermünster, Oberpfalz district; 5 – Neuburg-an-der-Donau-Stadtberg, Oberbayern district; 6 – Gross-Umstadt, Hessen district; 7–9 – Götting, Bad-Aibling district (1, 2 after: Fischer, Spindler 1984; 3, 4 after: Schwarz 1972–1973; 5 after: Keller 1979; 6 after: Kühn 1974; 7–9 after: Keller 1971) 850
25.8 Chernyakhiv brooches and some associated finds from Britain: 1 – Saint Albans, Hertfordshire; 2–8 – Traprain Law, East Lothian; 9–14 – Kingsholm, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, grave B1 (1, 9–14 after: Böhme 1986b; 2–8 after: Curle 1923) 852
26.1 The manuscript Scythica Vindoboniensia, Vind.hist.gr. 73, Vienna, the Austrian National Library (after: Martin, Grusková 2014b) 859
26.2 Kroczyce-Okupne Massif, Zawiercie district, archaeological deposits from Hanging Man Cave dated to phase C3–D1 (photo Marcin Rudnicki) 861
26.3 Stare Marzy, Świecie district, northern Poland, a hoard of silver and silver-gilt objects dated to phase C3–D1 (photo Marcin Rudnicki) 864
26.4 Aarslev, Funen, Denmark, grave-assemblage dated to phase C3 (photo L. Larsen, the National Museum of Denmark) 865
26.5 Mjelda Midtre, Osterøy, Hordaland, Norway, gold imitation of a Roman medallion dated to the 4th c. (photo: S. Skare, University Museum in Bergen / CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) 866
26.6 Gothic gold coins, a. Bila Tserkiv, district Kyyiv, Ukraine, with an image of an eight-legged horse on the reverse (after: O. Anokhin); b. Brenderup, Funen, Denmark, with an image of an eight-legged horse on the reverse (photo R. Holst Nielsen, the National Museum of Denmark / CC-BY-SA); c. Ukraine (?), with a runic inscription on the obverse (photo Sz. Bereska) 867
26.7 Gold-foil pendants from Cherniakhiv Culture contexts: 1, 2 – Kyyiv district, UA; 3 – North of Chișinău, Moldova; 4 – Western provinces of Ukraine; 5, 9 – Khmelnytskyi district, Ukraine; 6 – Kam’yanets-Podolsky region, Ternopil district, Ukraine; 7 – Chernivtsi district, Ukraine; 8 – Kropyvnytskyi district, Ukraine; 10 – Ukraine (unknown location), without scale (after: Myzgin 2019) 868
26.8 Brangstrup, Funen, Denmark, gold-foil pendants form the hoard of gold finds dated to phase C3 (photo J. Lee, the National Museum of Denmark) 869
Maps
0.1 Historical provinces and geographical regions of Poland 2
0.2 Archaeological sItes mentioned in the Introduction and the river network: 1 – Biskupin, Żnin district; 2 – Gąski, Inowrocław district; 3 – Karsibór, Świnoujście district; 4 – Kroczyce-Okupne, Zawiercie district; 5 – Łubiana, Kościerzyna district; 6 – Suchań, Stargard district; 7 – Trąbki Małe, Braniewo district 3
4.1 Location of palynological sites; red dots – ‘primary sites’ (category A), white dots – ‘secondary sites’ (category B); site numbers as in Table 4.1 147
4.2 Arboreal (AP – brown) to non-arboreal pollen (NAP – yellow) ratio in the sections of particular profiles representing the Roman Period, Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages (up to the 10th c.); all sites 185
4.3 Arboreal (AP – brown) to non-arboreal pollen (NAP – yellow) ratio in particular profiles according to selected time-windows; ‘primary sites’ 186
4.4 Proportions of anthropogenic-indicator pollen in the sections of particular profiles representing the Roman Period, Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages (up to the 10th c.); all sites 187
4.5 Proportions of anthropogenic-indicator pollen in particular profiles according to selected time-windows; ‘primary sites’ 188
4.6 Proportions of cereal pollen in the sections of particular profiles representing the Roman Period, Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages (up to the 10th c.); yellow dots with “?” – lack of adequate information; all sites 189
4.7 Proportions of cereal pollen in particular profiles according to selected time-windows; ‘primary sites’ 190
4.8 Proportions of Secale pollen in the sections of particular profiles representing the Roman Period, Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages (up to the 10th c.); yellow dots with “?” – lack of adequate information; all sites 191
4.9 Proportions of Secale pollen in particular profiles according to selected time-windows; yellow dots with “?” – lack of adequate information; ‘primary sites’ 192
5.1 The cultures of the Younger and the Late Roman Period in Poland: 1 – Dębczyno Group; 2 – West Balt cultures; 3 – Luboszyce Culture; 4 – Wielbark Culture; 5 – Przeworsk Culture 209
6.1 The zoomorphic motifs of the Sösdala-Untersiebenbrunn Style (based on the database in: Przybyła, Bitner-Wróblewska, forthcoming) 233
6.2 A–B: Sösdala-Untersiebenbrunn Style, the elements common to the Scandinavian and North Pontic/Danubian products: 1 – Feldmark Hyby, Skåne (after: Strömberg 1961); 2 – Zamość, district loco (after: Levada 2011); 3 – Nydam, Sønderborg district (after: Jørgensen et al. 2003), 4 – Szabadbattyán, Fejér district (after: Levada 2011); 5 – Belyaus, Avtonomna Respublika Krym (after: Levada 2011); 6 – Nydam, Sønderborg district (after: Bemmann, Bemmann 1998a) 235
6.3 Star motifs: A – Variants occurring more frequently in Scandinavia; B – Variants occurring more frequently in the West Balt cultures (based on the database used in: Przybyła, Bitner-Wróblewska, forthcoming) 239
6.4 A – The occurrence of buckles of type Strzegocice-Tiszaladány-Kercz modelled upon artefacts decorated with rosettes composed of almond-shaped motifs: 1 – Bar comm., Vinnytsya district; 2 – Bârlad-Valea Seacă, Vaslui district, gr. 507; 3 – Cecele, Siemiatycze district, gr. 407; 4 – Dunaújváros (Intercisa), Fejér district, gr. 1993; 5 – Hungary; 6 – Juszkowo, Gdańsk district, site 10, gr. 60A; 7 – Kalisz-Piwonice, Kalisz district; 8 – Kerch (Pantikapaion), Avtonomna Respublika Krym, 1905; 9 – Kerch (Pantikapaion), Avtonomna Respublika Krym, gr. 154/2; 10 – Komárom (Brigetio), Komárom-Esztergom district; 11 – Kraków-Kurdwanów, Kraków district; 12 – Lengyeltóti, Somogy megye; 13 – Lubljana (Emona); 14 – Mokra, Kłobuck district; 15 – Nedvigovka (Tanais), Rostov district; 16 – Podzamcze, Zawiercie district; 17 – Pyszków, Sieradz district; 18 – Strzegocice, Dębica district; 19 – Szabadbattyán, Fejér district, 1927; 20 – Tiszaladány, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén megye; 21 – Turík, okr. Ružomberok; 22 – Vas district; 23 – Yalta, Avtonomna Respublika Krym; 24 – Zamość, district loco; 25 – Závod, Malacky district (after: Madyda-Legutko 1978; Bóna 1991, 261–262, fig. 66; Koch 1999 and Kontny, Mączyńska 2015); B – Examples of buckles of type Strzegocice-Tiszaladány-Kercz: 1 – Strzegocice, Dębica district (after: Werner 1981); 2 – Dunaújváros (Intercisa), Fejér district, gr. 1993 (after: Koch 1999); 3 – Tiszaladány, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén district (after: Koch 1999) 249
7.1 Migration Period settlement sites investigated on a larger scale through excavation (H. Machajewski). List of sites at the end of the text 303
7.2 Zone of occurrence of similar two- and three-aisled longhouses in the territory of Barbaricum during the Migration Period (after: Nüsse 2014, 272, fig. 261, finds from Poland – H. Machajewski) 327
8.1 Cemeteries and graves from the early phase of the Migration Period (H. Machajewski). List of sites at the end of the text 334
8.2 Przeworsk Culture cemeteries with cremation layer burials dating to phases C1a–C3/D (after: Błażejewski 2007, 310, map 9, supplemented). List of sites at the end of the text 339
8.3 Distribution of newly established burial places of the 5th c. (blue dots: late first half of the 5th c.; red dots: second half of the 5th c.–beginning of the 6th c.): 1 – Brzyno, Puck district; 2 – Czarnówko, Lębork district; 3 – Główczyce, Słupsk district; 4 – Głuszyno, Slupsk district; 5 – Górzyno, Słupsk district; 6 – Witkowo, Słupsk district; 7 – Juszkowo, Gdańsk district; 8 – Janków Drugi-Oszczywilk, Kalisz district; 9 – Przemęczany, Proszowice district; 10 – Jakuszowice, Kazimierza Wielka district; 11 – Spiczyn, Łęczna district (grave?) 355
8.4 Distribution of graves furnished with two-edged swords from phases D2 and D2/D3 (after: Tejral 2015a) 1. – Juszkowo, Gdańsk district, 2. – Jakuszowice, Kazimierza Wielka 358
8.5 Distribution of type Ramersdorf brooches (after: Schuster 2015a); 1. – Brzyno, Puck district (added by J. Schuster); 2 – Pasłęk, Elbląg district (uncertain); 3 – Gora Velikanov, Kaliningrad Oblast (added by B. Kontny) 361
8.6 Distribution of three-knob-bow brooches with chip-carved spiral decoration (after: Hilberg 2009); 1. – Janków Drugi-Oszczywilk, Kalisz district 362
8.7 Distribution of type Nydam-Porskær scabbard suspension loops (after: Bemmann 2006 and Łuczkiewicz 2008); 1. the find from Spiczyn 363
10.1 Distribution map of the principal series of gold bracteates, with the find spots in Poland in the south-eastern corner (map: A. Pesch, K. Göbel, ZBSA Schleswig) 412
10.2 Find spots of members (red) and bastards (green) of design family C12, related to IK 100 from Karlino, Białogard district (map: A. Pesch, K. Göbel, ZBSA Schleswig) 418
10.3 Find spots of members (red) and bastards (green) of design family C6, related to IK 211 from Wapno, Wągrowiec district (map: A. Pesch, K. Göbel, ZBSA Schleswig) 421
10.4 Find spots of members (red) and bastards (green) of design family (Formularfamilie) C14, related to IK 386 from Wapno, Wagrowiec district and to IK 619 from Suchań, Stargard district (map: A. Pesch, K. Göbel, ZBSA Schleswig) 424
10.5 Find spots of members (red) and bastards (green) of design family (Formularfamilie) C1, related to IK 217 from Zagorzyn, Kalisz district and IK 367 from Karlino, Białogard district (map: A. Pesch, K. Göbel, Schleswig) 425
10.6 Find spots of members (red) and bastards (green) of design family (Formularfamilie) B1, related to IK 20 from Zagorzyn, Kalisz district (map: A. Pesch, K. Göbel, ZBSA Schleswig) 430
11.1 Wielbark Culture and “neighbours” in phase B2/C1 and C1a (after: Bierbrauer 1994a). 1 – Dęczyno Group; 2 – West Balts; 3 – Luboszyce Culture; 4 – Wielbark Culture; 5 – Przeworsk Culture 436
11.2 Chernyakhiv and Sântana de Mureş Culture (after: Bierbrauer 1994a) 437
11.3 Late 4th and early 5th c. sites in Pomerania. A – grave finds, B – settlements, C – hoards, D – stray finds (based on Godłowski 1980; Machajewski 2006; supplemented) 439
11.4 Finds of solidi in Pomerania (after: Godłowski 1980; Ciołek 2010) 444
12.1 Archaeological discoveries dated to the second half of the 5th and first half of the 6th c. recorded in southern and central Poland: a – single finds, b – settlements, c – graves, d – hoards: 1 – Aleksandrowice, Kraków district; 2. – Biskupin, Żnin district; 3 – Bogdanowo (?), Oborniki district; 4 – near Busko Zdrój, loco district; 5 – Dobre, Radziejów Kujawski district; 6 – Gajew, Kutno dostrict; 7 – Gąski-Wierzbiczany, Inwrocław district; 8 – Górzec, Strzelin district; 9 – Gródek nad Bugiem, Hrubieszów district; 10 – Jakuszowice, Kazimierza Wielka district; 11 – Jedlec, Pleszew district; 12 – Kobylniki, Inowrocław district; 13 – Konarzew, Łęczyca district; 14 – Łukawica, Lubaczów district; 15 – near Nisko, Nisko district; 16 – Janków Drugi-Oszczywilk, Kalisz district; 17 – Piwonice, Kalisz district; 18 – Podzamcze, Zawiecie district; 19 – Radosiew, Czarnków-Trzcianka district; 20 – Radziejów Kujawski, loco district; 21 – Spiczyn, Łęczna district; 22 – Teptiuków Kolonia, Hrubieszów district; 23 – Wapno, Wągrowiec district; 24 – Zagorzyn, Kalisz district 465
13.1 Distribution of 1–6. – “pincer” brooches with an oval-shaped foot and square panel on the head; (after: Bemmann 2008, supplemented) and 7–17. – type Csongrád; (after: Hilberg 2009, supplemented). 1. – Lochenice, Hradec Králové district; 2. – Lužice, Hodonín district; 3. – Praha-Podbaba; 4. – Stößen, Burgenland district; 5. – Weimar, Cranachstraße, Stadt Weimar; 6. – Kościelec Kujawski, Inowrocław district; 7. – Basel-Kleinhüningen, Basel-Stadt district; 8. – Sisak, Sisak-Moslavina district, 9. – Stößen, Burgenland district; 10. – Csongràd-Kettőshalom, Csongràd district, 11. – Tiszaroff, Jàsz-Nagykun-Szolnok district; 12. – Tumiany, Olsztyn district; 13. – Kosewo, Mrągowo district; 14. – Leleszki, Szczytno district; 15. – Tałty, Mrągowo district; 16. – Ostrowo, Inowrocław district; 17. – Czerwony Dwór, Olecko district 486
16.1 Finds of solidi from Pomerania (drawing I. Jakubczyk) 552
18.1 Location of sites: 1. Janków Drugi-Oszczywilk, Kalisz district; 2. Jastrzębniki, Kalisz district; 3. Jedlec, Pleszew district; 4. Kalisz-Piwonice, Kalisz district; 5. Kalisz-Wydarte, Kalisz district; 6. Kamień, Kalisz district; 7. Koźminek, Kalisz district; 8. Siedlików, Ostrzeszów district; 9. Stawiszyn, Kalisz district; 10. Tursko, Pleszew district; 11. Wtórek, Ostrów Wielkopolski district; 12. Zagorzyn, Kalisz district 593
19.1 Names of inhabitants of southern and central Scandinavia listed in Jordanes’ Getica, (chapter III, 22–24). Mapped on the basis of medieval and modern district and folk names (based on Svennung 1965; 1967; Søby Christensen 2002; Brink 2008) 632
20.1 The Elbląg Group area: A – cemeteries; B – settlements; C – Nowinka cemetery (after: Kontny, Pietrzak 2013) 659
20.2 Distribution of the Balt type seaxes: blue circles – early forms, red circles – developed forms, green circles – chapes alone (after: Kazakyavichyus 1988; Kontny 2013a; Kontny 2017b) 662
20.3 Distribution of Schönwarling/Skowarcz type brooches (after: Bitner-Wróblewska 2001) 667
20.4 Distribution of Dollkeim-Kovrovo type brooches (after: Bitner-Wróblewska 2001) 668
20.5 Distribution of star-foot brooches of Bitner-Wróblewska type II (after: Bitner-Wróblewska 2001) 670
20.6 Distribution of spurs of Sambian (1–6, 8–18) and Leuna type variety D (21–25) in the central Europe (7, 19, 20 – attribution uncertain): 1–3 – Kovrovo/Dollkeim, grave 370 (pair) and stray find; 4 –ex-Cojehnen, grave XVII; 5 – Povarovka/Grebieten, grave S.108; 6 – Lyublino/Serappen), grave 13; 7–8 – Kotel’nikovo/Warengen, grave 44 (pair); 9–14 – Pervomayskoe/Warnikam), graves 30, 31 (pair), 49, 59 (pair); 15–19 – Plinkaigalis, grave 50 (pair), 59 and 79 (pair); 20 – Myślęcin/Meislatein, stray find; 21 – stray find from the collection of Theodor Blell; 22 – Dmochy-Rodzonki; 23 – Grudziądz-Rządz/Rondsen, grave 451; 24 – Gąski-Wierzbiczany; 25 – Kraków-Mogiła, stray find; 26 – Pełczyska – stray find; 27 – Povarovka/Grebieten, grave S.43; 28 – ex-Greibau, grave 211; 29 – Pašušvys/Poszuszwie 671
20.7 Distribution of lance-heads of Kazakâvičius type III: 1–3 – Kragehul, Assens district; 4 – Nydam, Haderslev district; 5 – Sorte Muld, Bornholm district; 6 – Balsmyr, Bornholm district; 7–8 – Nedergården, Bohuslän district; 9 – Skedemosse, Borgholm district; 10–11 – Dresden-Dobritz, Stadtkreis Dresden, grave 1; 12 – Gübs, Jerichower Land district; 13 – Uppåkra, Staffanstop district; 14–15 – Neravai-Grigiškės, Vilnius district, barrow 20, grave 2 and barrow 22, grave 4; 16 – Taurapilis, Utena district, barrow 5; 17–18 – Wilno/Vilnius, Vilnius district; 19 – Lapušiškė, Ignalina district, barrow 9; 20 – Kivyliai, Akmenė district, stray find; 21–22 – unknown site in Lithuania; 23 – Santaka, Vilnius district, barrow 4, grave 2; 24 – Chatyr Dag, Simferopol’ district, grave 2 (after: Kazakyavichyus 1988 and Iversen 2010; supplemented by the author) 673
20.8 Distribution of the brooches with rung-shaped widenings on feet (Schlusskreuzfibeln) from the beginning of the Late Migration Period (after: Kontny, Szymański 2015, supplemented by the author). A – finds of Schlusskreuzfibeln, B – sites known exclusively from the list of N. Åberg (1919, 121) Additions: no. 67 – Olkowo, Elbląg district, 2 items – personal commitment G. Stasiełowicz from the Archaeological-Historical Museum in Elbląg; 68 – Skomack Wielki, Ełk district, Site 16; lacking on the map (after: Hrynczyszyn 2016, fig. 3:1) 675
20.9 Distribution of brooches of group Krefeld (red circles) and its West Balt variety (after: Hilberg 2009; supplemented by the author) 680
20.10 Distribution of the miniature pincer-shaped brooches of types Rathewitz – blue; Phöben-Maria Ponsee – green; Straß – yellow; Burladingen – red (after: Bemmann 2008; supplemented by the author) 682
21.1 The Olsztyn Group and other archaeological Balt cultures: 1 – maximum extent of the Balt ecumene; 2 – Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture; 3 – Elbląg Group; 4 – Olsztyn Group; 5 – Sudovian Culture (after: Bitner-Wróblewska 2010, fig. 6) 690
21.2 The territory of the Olsztyn Group with sites mentioned in text. 1 – Babięta (formerly Babienten), Mrągowo district, 2 – Bartołty Wielkie, Olsztyn district, 3 – Burdąg (formerly Burdungen), Szczytno district, 4 – Jeziorko, Giżycko district, 5 – Kielary (formerly Kellaren), Olsztyn district, 6 – Kosewo (formerly Kossewen), Mrągowo district, 7 – Leleszki (formerly Lehlesken), Szczytno district, 8 – Łężany, Kętrzyn district, 9 – Miętkie (formerly Mingfen), Szczytno district, 10 – Olsztyn-Brzeziny, Olsztyn district, 11 – Paprotki Kolonia, Giżycko district, 12 – Pasym (formerly Passenheim), Szczytno district, 13 – Robawy, Kętrzyn district, 14 – Skomack Wielki-Ostrów, Ełk district, 15 – Staświny, Giżycko district, 16 – Stare Kiełbonki, Mrągowo district, 17 – Szestno-Czarny Las, Mrągowo district, 18 – Tałty, Mrągowo district, 19 – Tumiany (formerly Daumen), Olsztyn district, 20 – Waplewo (formerly Waplitz), Olsztyn district, 21 – Wólka Prusinowska (formerly Pruschinowen Wolka), Mrągowo district, 22 – Wyszembork, Mrągowo district, 23 – Zdory (formerly Sdorren), Pisz district (drawing J. Żabko- Potopowicz) 698
22.1 The archaeological situation in the forest-steppe zone of eastern Europe, 2nd half of the 4th c. (phase 4 of Gorokhovskiy; stage D1 of Petrauskas and Shishkin; phase 3 of Lyubichev): 1 – inhumation burials assigned to the Chernyakhiv Culture known from flat cemeteries; 2 – settlements of the Chernyakhiv Culture; 3 – barrow burials containing Chernyakhiv Culture artefacts. List of sites at the end of the text 734
22.2 The archaeological situation in the forest-steppe zone of eastern Europe, late 4th–early 5th c. (phase 5 of Gorokhovskiy; stage D1–D2 of Petrauskas and Shishkin; phase 4 of Lyubichev): 1 – inhumation burials assigned to the Chernyakhiv Culture known from flat cemeteries; 2 – settlements of the Chernyakhiv Culture. List of sites at the end of the text 735
22.3 Inhumation burials with weapons recorded in the territory of the Chernyakhiv/Sântana de Mureş Culture 746
22.4 “Princely burial” stage D2 (D2/D3) in the forest-steppe zone of eastern Europe: 1 – Zamost’ye, Volyn district; 2 – Kachyn, Volyn district; 3 – Borochytsi, Volyn district; 4 – Laskiv, Volyn district; 5 – Nezhyn, Sumy district; 6 – Rublivka, Potava district; 7 – Zhyhaylivka, Sumy district; 8 – Paniki, Kursk district (Russia); 9 – Velyky Kamyanets’, Kursk district (Russia); 10 – Volnikovka, Kursk district (Russia) 750
22.5 Single burials and stray finds dated to the second half of the 5th–6th c. in the forest-steppe zone of Eastern Europe: A – burials: 1 – Sumy/Sad, Sumy district, burial no. 4; 2 – Lykhachivka, Poltava district; 3 – Lyubivka, Kharkiv district; 4 – Volobuyivka, Kharkiv district; 5 – Maksymivka, Poltava district; B – stray finds: 1 – Konstantynivhrad; 2 – Haydary, Kharkiv district; 3 – Velyka Danylivka, Kharkiv district; 4 – Tokari, Sumy district; 5 – Babychi, Kyiv district; 6 – Martynivka, Kyyv district; 7 – Kyyv oblast, 8 – Chulakivka, Kherson district; 9 – Eastern Bil’sk hillfort, Poltava district 755
22.6 Distribution of Roman coins of middle quarters of the 4th c. (after: Gavritukhin 2005a, fig. 1, with additions and corrections by K. Myzgin) 763
22.7 Distribution of Roman coins of late 4th–5th c. (after: Gavritukhin 2005a, fig. 3; 4, with additions and corrections by K. Myzgin): 1 – solidi of the Theodosian dynasty; 2 – bronze issues of the Theodosian dynasty; 3 – solidi of the dynasty of Leo 766
23.1 The Carpathian Basin in the 5th c. AD: the most important archaeological sites 776
24.1 Distribution of the latest Roman and Early Migration Period brooches: blue – type Nydam; red – type Niemberg (after: Rau 2010a, fig. 56–57; Bemmann 2003c, fig. 4, modified and with additions) 804
24.2 Distribution of Bügelknopffibeln of Nemerow and Leipferdingen types; pink dot: attribution uncertain (after: Rau 2010a, fig. 73; Rau 2010b, 10ff., with additions): 1 – Louisenfeld, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district (after: Kurze Fundberichte 2015, 270, fig. 121); 2 – Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district (Kurze Fundberichte 2013, 43, fig. 60); 3 – Raden, Rostock district (Kurze Fundberichte 2014, 284, fig. 129); 4 – Schlemmin, Ludwigslust-Parchim district (Kurze Fundberichte 2014, 285, fig. 133:4); 5 – Zettemin, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district (Kurze Fundberichte 2015, 283, fig. 149 807
24.3 Distribution of Bredenfelde type brooches (drawing J. Schuster). 1 – Barth, Vorpommern-Rügen district; 2 – Bredenfelde, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district; 3 – Glewitz, Vorpommern-Rügen district; 4 – Praha-Podbaba 813
24.4 Distribution of Baldersheim-type helmets (after: Steuer 1987, fig. 1, with addition of finds: 1 – Demmin and 2 – Todendorf) 819
24.5 Distribution of conical glass beakers of Kempston type on the Continent (after: Koch 1987, fig. 47, with addition 1 – Niendorf, Güstrow district) 820
24.6 Latest Roman and Early Migration Period inhumation graves between the Rhine and Oder: red – graves of the so-called Niemberg group; blue – contemporary graves (after: Bemmann 2000, fig. 6, with the addition of Baborowo, Szamotuły district, in north-western Greater Poland) 826
24.7 Distribution of so-called Asian spathae with iron rhomboid cross-guards of Werner type I (after: Kontny, Mączyńska 2015, fig. 8, with the addition of the iron cross-guard from Gröben, Teltow-Fläming district) 827
25.1 East Germanic and Alano-Sarmatian finds in northern and eastern Gaul: 1 – Baudemont, Saône-et-Loire district; 2 – Angers, Maine-et-Loire district; 3 – Andord, Maine-et-Loire district; 4 – Oberwinterhur, Oberwnterhur district; 5 – Herten, Nordrhein-Westfalen district; 6 – Nouviоn-en-Ponthieu, Somme district; 7 – Reims, Marne district; 8 – Troуes, Aube district; 9 – Ebersberg, Zürich district; 10 – Kaiseraugst, Rheinfelden district; 11 – Basel, Basel-Stadt; 12 – Strasbourg, Bas-Rhin district; 13 – Mungolsheim, Baden-Württemberg; 14 – Ruppertsberg, Rheinland-Pfalz district; 15 – Eisenberg, Rheinland-Pfalz; 16 – Bad Kreuznach, Rheinland-Pfalz; 17 – Alzey, Rheinland-Pfalz; 18 – Wiesbaden, Hessen district; 19 – Polch-Ruitsch, Rheinland-Pfalz; 20 – Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen district; 21 – Trier, Rheinland-Pfalz; 22 – Rihmberg, Luxemburg; 23 – Dalheim, Remich district; 24 – Flins-sur-Seine, Yvelines district; 25 – Krefeld-Gellep, Nordrhein-Westfalen district; 26 – Trebur, Hessen district 833
25.2 Blades with two notches near the handle, discovered in Gaul: 1, 2 – Villeneuve-sur-Lot, Lot-et-Garonne district; 3 – Flins-sur-Seine, Yvelines district (after: Lebedynsky 2012) 842
26.1 Findspots of Abritus horizon aurei, a – c. precise localities, d. & e. approximate localities: a. & d. coins of Trajan Decius; b. & e. coins of Philip the Arab and Gordian III; c. the Stara Wieś hoard (drawing K. Myzgin) 856
26.2 Gothic gold coins made with dies of Alexandria Troas from Ukraine: 1 – Illintsy, Vinnytsya district; 2 – Vinnytsya district; 3 – Lesovody, Khmelnytskyi district; 4 – Lyniv, Rivne district; 5 – Ternopil district (drawing K. Myzgin) 857
Diagrams
4.1 Selected percentage pollen data for Kołczewo; lithology units: 1 – ombrogenic Sphagnum peat with diverse admixture of Eriophorum, Molinia and Ericaceae (after: Latałowa 1992) 150
4.2 Selected percentage pollen data for Lake Racze; lithology units: 1 – silty detritus gyttja with a varied admixture of sand, 2 – detritus gyttja with an admixture of silt and fine sand, 3 – detritus gyttja with a low proportion of mineral matter (after: Bloom 2015) 156
4.3 Selected percentage pollen data for Lake Suminko; lithology units: 1 – calcareous gyttja with partly preserved annual lamination (after: Pędziszewska et al. 2015) 162
4.4 Selected percentage pollen data for Lake Czyste; lithology units: 1 – silty calcareous gyttja, 2 – silty-organic gyttja, 3 – silty-calcareous gyttja, 4 – silty gyttja (after: Noryśkiewicz 2013) 167
4.5 Selected percentage pollen data for Lake Gopło; lithology units: 1 – calcareous gyttja (after: Jankowska 1980) 171
4.6 Selected percentage pollen data for Lake Szurpiły; lithology units: 1 – annually laminated calcareous gyttja (based on data worked out by Kupryjanowicz, publication in preparation) 176
4.7 Selected percentage pollen data for BIA/318C; lithology units: 1 – herbaceous peat with admixture of detritus gyttja, 2 – herbaceous peat (after: Zimny 2014) 181
18.1 Chronological distribution of Roman denarii from hoard I found in Wtórek, Ostrów Wielkopolski district 595
18.2 Chronological distribution of Roman denarii from hoard II found in Wtórek, Ostrów Wielkopolski district 595
26.1 The chronological distribution of aurei finds from Ukraine (drawing K. Myzgin) 857
Tables
4.1 List of pollen sites used in the study; sites category A (primary sites), sites category B (secondary sites); EPD – European Pollen Database 144
4.2 Radiocarbon dates and results of calibration (Kołczewo) 148
4.3 Radiocarbon dates and results of calibration (Lake Racze) 153
4.4 Radiocarbon dates and results of calibration (Lake Suminko) 160
4.5 Radiocarbon dates and results of calibration (Lake Czyste) 165
4.6 Radiocarbon dates and results of calibration (Lake Szurpiły) 174
4.7 Radiocarbon dates and results of calibration (BIA/318C) 179
5.1 Co-occurrence of chronologically diagnostic artefact forms in the Wielbark Culture in phases C2–D1 220
16.1 The discovery and subsequent fate of the coin finds from Karsibór, Świnoujście district 562
16.2 Catalogue of coins from the Karsibór hoard 564