Figures
- I.1aNumber of slaves exported from the Gold Coast, 1740â1860â7
- I.1bNumber of slaves exported from the Bight of Biafra, 1740â1860â7
- I.1cNumber of slaves exported from the Bight of Benin, 1740â1860â7
- I.2Price indices of the average costs for slaves in Brazil, Cuba and the US 1790â1870â18
- I.3Explanatory model for region-specific commercial transitionsâ21
- 2.1Scatter plot of required day-rations predicted by my baseline model versus actual observed number of day-rationsâ47
- 2.2Percentage share of total required kcal supplied by European provisions, voyages by nationality, 1681â1807â49
- 2.3Estimated kgs of maize/millet sold to Gold Coast slave ships 1760â1800â53
- 2.4Estimated number of yams sold to Biafran slave ships 1760â1800â54
- 2.5aIndex-series of slave purchasing prices (African coast) and slave provisioning prices (British stable), 1680â1800â56
- 2.5bSlave provisioning price as percentage share of average slave purchasing price, 1680â1800â56
- 2.6Estimates of the average annual value of African-sourced provisions compared to Eltis estimates, 1681â1807, in constant British £ of 1700â58
- 2.7aBritish prices of rice and wheatflour versus West African rice prices, pence per 2,000 kcalâ61
- 2.7bBritish prices of barley and beans versus West African prices of corn and yams, pence per 2,000 kcalâ61
- 2.8Monthly mentions of provisioning problems in RAC correspondence and monthly corn prices in gold ackies, 1680â1699â65
- 3.1Nominal market value, real value and prices of African commodity trade, 1737â1807â123
- 3.2Real value of West African commodity imports, 1737â1807â124
- 3.3Share of commodities in total trade, 1737â1807â125
- 3.4Real value of commodities and slave embarked, 1737â1807â126
- 3.5Price indices British trade with West Africa, 1737â1807â128
- 3.6Exports gold Akan territoriesâ135
- 4.1Number of ships reported arriving or passing Cape Coast Castle, 1789â1791 / 1800â1802 / 1810â1818 by nationalityâ150
- 4.2Estimated value of the trade in kola, gold + hypothetical slave exports and gold with a slave trade, 1808â1850â158
4.3Wealth and authority in Asante: a schemaâ166 - 5.1aEstimated nominal value of the slave and commodities trade at Bonny, 1795â1850â185
- 5.1bEstimated nominal value of the slave and commodities trade at Old Calabar, 1795â1850â186
- 5.2Estimated nominal value of customs at Bonney, 1797â1840â189
- 5.3Portuguese / Brazilian + Spanish / Uruguayan slave exports from the Bight of Biafra, 1830â1850â190
- 5.4Index of palm oil prices, 1770â1850â192
- 5.5Index of the volume of palm oil imported into Great Britain, 1770â1808â192
- 5.6Index of the volume of palm oil imported into Great Britain, 1770â1850â193
- 5.7Palm oil prices, 1818â1845â195
- 5.8Additional daysâ labour in the interior of the Bight of Biafra to produce palm oil for the British marketâ203
- 5.9Palm oil imports into Great Britain and slave embarkations from the Bight of Biafra with trend line, 1808â1850â205
- 6.1Percentage of slaves embarked by region, 1650â1730â221
- 6.2Nominal value of slave exports from the Bight of Benin, 1650â1730â222
- 6.3Income from slave sales at Whydahâ223
- 6.4Average price per slaves and ton of palm oil at Whydah, 1834â1878â225
- C.1Modified explanatory model for region-specific commercial transitionsâ250
Maps
- I.1Major coastal regions from which captives left Africa, all yearsâ9
- I.2Enlarged section from Postlethwaytâs 1755 map showing the three case study regionsâ10
Tables
- I.1Ships captured and condemned by the Royal Navy, 1808â1839, by region of captureââ14
- 1.1Royal Africa Company commodity ships by destination, 1679â1752â29
- 1.2Royal Africa Company slave ships by destination, 1679â1752â30
- 1.3Value of commodities bought by RAC ships by region of trade, 1721â1741 and number of observations in the sourcesâ31
1.4Average quantities of commodities purchased / Bristol ship by region, 1720â1734â32 - 2.1Sample of slave ship voyages by nationality (flag), 1681â1807â43
- 2.2Average share of provisions from Europe and Africa in 36 âfull dataâ voyagesâ44
- 2.3Average European kcal taken to regions of embarkation and percentage shares of European kcal of total requirements by nationality, 1681â1807â50
- 3.1Average import prices vs official prices, 1730sâ1810sâ119
- 3.2Observations of prices for African commodities, 1737â1816â120
- 3.3Observation of prices for British trade goods, 1768â1808â121
- 3.4Composition of commodity imports from Africa per new estimates, 1737â1808â131
- 3.5Sample ships gold exportsâ135
- 4.1Akan gold exports, 1651â1850â148
- 4.2British personnel and ordnance at Gold Coast forts, 1811 and 1816 (excluding Cape Coast Castle and Anomabo)â152
- 4.3Location of major Asante military campaigns, 1740â1816â169
- 5.1Nominal value of palm oil customs at Bonny, 1840â1842â188
- 5.2Parliamentary papers: Committee for trade: Statement of proposed duties on African imports, 1 December 1818â194
- 5.3Salt exports from Britain to Africa, 1780â1825â196
- 5.4Quantities of goods imported into the âGold Coastâ and âCoast South of the Rio Voltaâ regions, 1828â1832â208
- 6.1Percentage of slave embarkations from the Bight of Benin by nationâ228
- 6.2The number of late seventeenth / early eighteenth-century imported artefacts found at the Savi palace site and Huedan countryside / settlement centresâ232
- 6.3Estimated agricultural labour required to support Dahomean armed forcesâ245
Appendices
- 2.1Eltisâ estimates of the five-year average annual value of African-sourced provisions in the Atlantic slave trade, 1681â1807â68
- 2.2aSummary statistics of the sample of 187 voyagesâ70
- 2.2bSummary statistics of 36 âfull dataâ voyagesâ100
- 2.3Weights, measures and nutritional contentsâ106
- 2.4Average time spent on board a slave vessel per region of embarkation, 1681â1807, 20-year time intervalsâ107
- 2.5Price index of staple food basket (barley, beans, rice) on English and Dutch markets, 1681â1800â110
- 2.6Estimates of the five-year average annual value of African-sourced provisions in the Atlantic slave trade, 1681â1807â112
- 3.1Average quantity of commodities on Bristol slave ships 1790â1799â138
- 3.2Average quantity of commodities on Liverpool slave ships 1780â1799â138
- 4.1Estimates of the value of the kola trade at Salaga in the nineteenth century and estimated number of kola tress in Asante in the first half of the nineteenth century â175
- 4.2aEstimated per capita consumption of British imported goods into the Gold Coast regionâ176
- 4.2bSources on Asante populationâ176
- 5.1Number of slaving ships visiting the three case study regions 1770â1800â213
- 5.2Slave embarkations from the Bight of Biafra 1770â1838â213
- 5.3Slave exports Bight of Biafra + Slave prices West Africa and Angola 1798â1830â214
- 5.4Percentage fall in the value of the principle African commodities imported into Britain between 1814 and 1816â214
- 5.5Index of the quantity of goods imported into Great Britain from Africaâ215
- 5.6Average quantity of trade goods on Bristol ships trading in the Bight of Biafra 1790â1791â216
- 5.7Value of commodities from the two case study regions 1828â1832â217