Tables
1.1 Twelve characteristics of timekeeping methods, divided into three groups, that can be used to compare methodologies. 15
1.2 Concave sundials from ancient Egyptian cultural areas, including their identifiers in two databases. 23
4.1 Analyses of eleven roofed spherical sundials. 150
7.1 History of time measurement in Rome according to Pliny, Naturalis Historia 7, 212–215. 219
8.1 The “Egyptian terms” of the planets. 250
8.2 Greek horoscopes containing claims to accuracy. 256
8.3 Astronomical longitudes in P. Lond. 130. 259
9.1 The pattern of paroxysms experienced by the patient within the first five days of his illness, and Galen’s attribution of them to particular tertians. 278
9.2 The paroxysms of what Galen identifies as Tertian 1. 279
Figures
Sources for figures are in italics. If no source is given, the figure was constructed by the chapter author.
1.1 Arrangement of six attested hieroglyph shapes. (Hieroglyphs redrawn from Daumas 1995.) 18
1.2 Neugebauer and Parker’s geometric scheme for locating the “decanal belt.” (Based on figures from Neugebauer and Parker 1960.) 31
1.3 The problem of mixed-magnitude decans. 33
2.1 Different views of the outside decoration of the oldest preserved water clock from Karnak, bearing the names of Amenhotep III. (Neugebauer and Parker 1969, pl. 2 by kind permission of Brown University.) 59
2.2 Ceiling in the Ramesseum, showing the template of a water clock, with the Classical Sky Picture above and the king (Ramesses II) offering to the deities of the months below. (After Neugebauer and Parker 1969, pl. 5 by kind permission of Brown University.) 60–61
2.3 Interior of the Karnak clock with hour scales. (Desroches-Noblecourt 1976, 141) 64
2.4 Hour scales of the Karnak clock. 75
2.5 3-D-model of the clock in the Museo Barracco in Rome. 78
4.1 Seasonal hour-boundary points of a horizontal sundial for latitude 41°, computed for all solar declinations corresponding to the Sun’s entry into a zodiacal sign. 134
4.2 The hour-boundary points of Figure 4.1 superimposed on the grid of a horizontal sundial from Pompeii, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, inv. 2476. 134
4.3 The hour-boundary points of Figure 4.1 superimposed on the grid of a horizontal sundial from Pompeii, Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Pompei inv. 49725. 134
4.4 The grid of the east-facing sundial on the Tower of the Winds, Athens. 136
4.5 Grid for a roofed spherical sundial for latitude 48°, projected into the equatorial plane. 136
4.6 The central Mediterranean, with Rome, Catania, and the fictitious Para-Catania. (Source for map: http://d-maps.com/m/mediterranean/meditmin/meditmin03.svg.) 139
4.7 Grid of a horizontal sundial computed for the latitude of Catania (fine black lines) superimposed on a grid computed for Rome’s latitude (thick gray lines). 142
4.8 Orthographic image of the BSDP digital model of the dial surface of Pompeii Granario inv. 52789. 146
4.9 Digital model of the dial surface with planar slices removed. 146
4.10 Orthogonal image of the sliced model in a plane parallel to the slices, with concentric reference circles in black. 146
4.11 Orthogonal image of the sundial surface bisected along the meridian plane. 148
4.12 The orthogonal image from Figure 4.11 with lines traced for Tests 2 and 3. 148
4.13 Orthogonal image of the dial surface in the equatorial plane. 149
4.14 The dial surface as in Figure 4.12, with ideal grid for latitude 41° superimposed. 149
8.1 a) CIL IX.5808 (© Famiglia Leopardi Recanati). b) Graphic reconstruction (Mommsen 1883, 556). 245