Maps
1.1 China proper and part of the northeast, late Qing xxii
2.1 Early nineteenth century missionary routes into China 22
3.1 “Etablissements Catholiques de Pékin, 1950” 70
4.1 “Carte du Vicariat Apostolique de Pékin, 1900” 148
5.1 Tientsin (Tianjin), 1870 180
6.1 “Vicariat Apostolique de Peking,” ca 1930s 226
7.1 Zhuo (ecclesiastical) “district” and its principal sacred structures 288
7.2 The Zhuo County Seat and its important places, 1936 303
7.3 Close-up view of Catholic property sites 304
Figures
1.1 Beijing’s South Church (rebuilt in 1904) and sacred grotto 2
1.2 Sacred grotto at Housangyu, Beijing Diocese 4
1.3 The East Church, Beijing (rebuilt in 1905) 18
1.4 “Wedding-business” van at the Xian County church (Zhangjia cathedral) 19
2.1 Junks and a sampan of the type that transported missionaries in the southeast 27
2.2 The Imperial Way at Mei Gate (Meiling Pass) 28
2.3 Vincentian priest traveling by cart, North China, early twentieth century 31
2.4 Joseph-Martial Mouly, ca 1860s 33
2.5 Replica of the plaque that hung above the third North Church’s main entrance 46
2.6 “Tianzhutang” 47
2.7 House used as a chapel, Vicariate of Baoding, ca 1920s 49
2.8 “A Lasting Memorial” 54
2.9 Yangjialou church, Vicariate of Beijing, ca 1930s 55
2.10 Vincentian missionary inspecting bricks, Wenzhou area, Zhejiang, early twentieth century 56
2.11 Vincentian priest saying mass outside a villager’s home, southern Jiangxi, ca 1930s 58
2.12 Room in a residence used as an oratory, Youjia, Jiangxi 59
2.13 Women sitting on pews on the west side, Baoding cathedral 66
2.14 Same seating preference, Xiwanzi church 66
3.1 The second South Church, ink drawing, early eighteenth century 84
3.2 Undated sketch of the South Church’s grounds prior to 1785 84
3.3 The iron cross that stood on top of the South Church until 1900 90
3.4 Certificate of ownership (“deed”) for South Church, 1860 91
3.5 Drawing of the third South Church 94
3.6 The third South Church, ca 1870s–1880s 96
3.7 Details of South Church’s paifang and gate 97
3.8 Ruins of the South Church and the low Beijing skyline, 1901 98
3.9 The fourth South Church, ca 1920s–1930s 98
3.10 South Church, today 100
3.11 Pope Pius X’s coat of arms, South Church’s Façade 101
3.12 The fifth East Church, late 1890s 108
3.13 Ruins of the East Church, 1900 109
3.14 The sixth East Church, ca 1920s–1930s 110
3.15 Details of East Church’s Façade 111
3.16 A recent view of the East Church 112
3.17 Painting of the first North Church, ca 1760s–1770s 115
3.18 The second North Church, ca 1880s 120
3.19 The third North Church, late 1890s 124
3.20 Aerial view of North Church and grounds, 1899 125
3.21 Alphonse Favier, wearing his padded winter coat, late 1890s 126
3.22 The renovated third North Church, 1901–1902 129
3.23 The present-day North Church 130
3.24 The third West Church, late 1890s 134
3.25 The West Church, today 135
3.26 Beijing’s St. Michael’s Church (completed, 1905) as seen in 1948 140
3.27 St. Michael’s Church, a popular venue for pre-wedding picture staging 141
3.28 Present-day St. Michael’s 142
3.29 The second Nangangzi church, ca 1930s 144
3.30 The current Nangangzi church 145
3.31 “The Catholic Nangangzi Church’s Schedule of Important Activities” 147
4.1 Housangyu church and village, late 1910s–Early 1920s 152
4.2 Today’s Housangyu church 154
4.3 Yongning church, late 1910s–early 1920s 157
4.4 Yongning church, today 158
4.5 Old entrance gate to the Yongning church 160
4.6 Memorial stone for the Catholic fatalities of 1900 161
4.7 Built in 1897, the second Jiahoutuan church, ca 1930s 163
4.8 The third Jiahoutuan church, completed in 1986 164
4.9 The fourth Jiahoutuan church, built in 2007 167
4.10 Pingfang church and pastors, ca 1930s 169
4.11 Today’s Pingfang church and Our Lady of China pavilion 169
4.12 Lijiao church and pastor, ca 1930s 173
4.13 The Lijiao church, renovated and reopened 174
4.14 Changgou (Taihe) church and pastor, ca 1930s 177
4.15 The former Changgou church building 177
5.1 The first Wanghailou church, after the arson of 21 June 1870 189
5.2 Woodblock print of the attack on Westerners and the church 189
5.3 The second Wanghailou church and stele pavilion, 1897 200
5.4 Dignitaries in front of the stele pavilion, 21 June 1897 200
5.5 The third Wanghailou church, built 1904 203
5.6 Today’s Wanghailou church 206
5.7 Government memorial: “Site of Tianjin [Christian] Religious Case” 206
5.8 The Church of St. Louis, late 1890s 209
5.9 Façade details, prior to restoration 209
5.10 The restored Church of St. Louis 211
5.11 Historical plaque for Church of St. Louis 211
5.12 The Xikai cathedral, late 1910s 213
5.13 The cathedral during the Cultural Revolution, 1966–1976 215
5.14 View of the Xikai cathedral from Binjiang Street 216
5.15 Shops directly across from the cathedral’s entrance 216
5.16 The Xikai cathedral’s façade 217
5.17 Our Lady of China sacred grotto at the cathedral 217
5.18 Daughters of Charity Memorial Chapel, 1935 219
5.19 Memorial Chapel, today 220
5.20 Xiaohan church and pastors, ca 1930s 223
5.21 Today’s church at Xiaohan 225
6.1 Mengjiafen church, built in the early 1900s, renovated in the 1990s 231
6.2 Xuanhua church, ca late 1910s–early 1920s 234
6.3 The current church at Xuanhua 234
6.4 Xiwanzi’s West Church 245
6.5 Xiwanzi church, ca 1920s–1930s 246
6.6 The Xiwanzi church under construction 246
6.7 The recently completed church at Xiwanzi 248
6.8 The Xiheying church (built in 1887), ca late 1910s–early 1920s 250
6.9 The Xiheying church, today 252
6.10 The present-day church at Anjia 257
6.11 Church façade details 257
6.12 Baoding cathedral, 1912 261
6.13 Today’s Baoding cathedral with vendors and shops crowding its front 262
6.14 Façade of the Baoding cathedral 264
6.15 The Xin Village church and pastors, ca 1930s 267
6.16 Xin Village church, today 268
6.17 Zhangjia cathedral, ca 1920s 271
6.18 Former novitiate chapel at Zhangjia 273
6.19 The Daming church, ca 1930s 278
6.20 The present-day Daming church 280
6.21 Back-side view of the Daming church 281
6.22 The Bai Village church, its unfinished setting 283
6.23 Apartment buildings close to the church 284
6.24 The former main gate and front of the church 285
6.25 The Bai Village church’s interior 286
7.1 Zhuo County Seat church, war damaged, 1927–1928 292
7.2 Church at Zhuo County seat and pastors, early 1930s 292
7.3 Site diagram I, “residence” center of Zhuo County, 1928 305
7.4 Site diagram II, Josephinate center of Zhuo County, 1928 305
7.5 Shijiawu church and pastor, ca 1930s 306
7.6 Diagram of Shijiawu “residence” 307
7.7 Current condition of the Shijiawu church 308
7.8 Xigao church, ca 1930s 308
7.9 Diagram of Xigao “residence” 309
7.10 Xigao church, today 310
7.11 Ren Village church and pastor, ca 1930s 311
7.12 Diagram of Ren Village “residence” 311
8.1 Dakou church, Vicariate of Beijing, ca 1930s 319
8.2 Shiyaozi church, Zhangjiakou Diocese 319
8.3 Huangtuliang church, Zhangjiakou Diocese 320
8.4 Shizhu church, Dingxing County, Baoding Diocese 325
8.5 The Shizhu church after recent renovations 326
8.6 “Donglü, Altar of Our Lady of China” 335
8.7 Our Lady, four presentations 336
8.8 A popular version of Our Lady of China 337
8.9 New stained-glass of Our Lady of China, Beijing’s North Church 338
8.10 Donglü church, today 339
8.11 Pavilion for “Queen of Donglü” 340
A4.1 Stele of 1658 at Yongling, Liaoning Province 352
A4.2 The current condition of the South Church’s stele of 1657 353
A5.1 The North Church’s stele, ca late 1880s 360
A5.2 The top of the stele on the west side 361
A5.3 Today’s replica stele, east side 362
Tables
2.1 Chinese Catholics, estimates 41
2.2 Ecclesiastical divisions for Zhili/Hebei, 1690-1946 41
A1.1 Chinese Catholics, estimates (with added information) 345
A2.1 Apostolic Vicariate of Beijing and Zhili North (formerly, Apostolic Vicariate of Zhili North and Apostolic Vicariate of Beijing), 1899–1946 347
A2.2 Apostolic Vicariate of Baoding (formerly, Apostolic Vicariate of Zhili Central), 1924–1946 347
A2.3 Apostolic Vicariate of Zhengding (formerly, Apostolic Vicariate of Zhili Southwest), 1924–1946 348
A2.4 Apostolic Vicariate of Xian County (formerly, Apostolic Vicariate of Zhili Southeast), 1924–1946 348