Abbreviations and Conventions
Languages
| CoOk |
(Modern) Colloquial Okinawan |
| ENJ |
Early Modern Japanese |
| Lit |
Literary language |
| LitJ |
Literary Japanese (based on MJ; used in OS interlineations) |
| LitOk |
Literary Okinawan (based on MOk) |
| MC |
Middle Chinese |
| MJ |
Middle Japanese |
| MOk |
Middle Okinawan |
| NJ |
Modern Japanese |
| Nk |
Nakijin dialect of Modern Northern Okinawan |
| NOk |
Modern Okinawan (Shuri, Naha) |
| OJ |
Old Japanese |
| Ok |
Okinawan |
| OOk |
Old Okinawan (the language of the Omoro SÅshi), with later OOk being the language of the OS volumes compiled in the 17th century, and latest OOk referring to the language of the stone inscriptions |
| PJpc/PJ |
Proto-Japonic |
| PRk |
Proto-Ryukyuan |
Texts and Resources
| IFZ |
Ifa Fuyū Zenshū |
| KKKS |
KonkŠKenshū (Hokama) |
| KKKS2 |
KonkŠKenshū (Ikemiya) |
| KOS |
KÅhon Omoro SÅshi |
| MYS |
ManâyÅ-shÅ« |
| NKT |
NantÅ KayÅ Taisei |
| OKDJ |
Okinawa Kogo Daijiten |
| OKRKS |
Omoro KanshÅ: RyÅ«kyÅ« KoyÅ no Sekai |
| OS |
Omoro SÅshi |
| RGS |
Ryūkyū Gikyokushū |
| TOS |
Teihon Omoro SÅshi |
Dictionaries
| EOKJ |
Electronic Åbunsha Kogo Jiten |
| ENKDJ |
Electronic Nihon Kokugo Dai-Jiten |
| ESKR |
Electronic Shin-Kango-Rin |
| JDB |
Jidai-betsu Kokugo Dai-Jiten, JÅdai-hen |
| KJE |
KÅjien |
| NHJ |
Nakijin HÅgen Jiten |
| NHK |
NHK Nihon-go Hatsuon Akusento Jiten |
| ODHJ |
Okinawa Dai-Hyakka Jiten |
| OGJ |
Uemura (ed.) Okinawago Jiten |
| OGJ2 |
Uchima and Nohara (eds.) Okinawago Jiten |
| OSJS |
Omoro SÅshi Jiten SÅ-Sakuin, new edition |
| RGJ |
Ryūkyūgo Jiten |
| SÄchÄ |
SÅshi SÄchÄ |
| SNKDJ |
Seisen-ban Nihon Kokugo Dai-Jiten |
| SWEDJ |
Shin Wa-Ei Dai-Jiten |
Grammar Terms
Case and Adjunct Marking
| -â |
a way of marking locus of expected but non-appearing direct-object, indirect-object, subject, topic, or place particles, or copula |
| app |
applicative (= ditransitive / double-object) |
| appo |
appositional/appositive |
| com |
comitative: âwithâ, âandâ |
| do |
direct-object marker; with allomorphs -â , -yu, -qpËa [the latter with special usages, such as emphasis or the object of a causative] |
| gen |
genitive marker, with allomorphs -ga, -gya, -nu (Ë£-nyu) |
| instr |
instrumental case |
| io |
indirect object marker; any dative-like particle; includes zero-marking with âindirect-objectâ function (i.e. -â io) |
| kp |
kakari particle, corresponding to a particular ending in kakari musubi (qv) |
| loc |
locative |
| prp |
purposive: -g(y)a |
| qt |
quotative particle |
| sub |
subject, with allomorphs -ga, -gya, -nu, (Ë£-nyu) including zero-marking (i.e. -â sub) |
| top |
topic, with allomorphs -wa and -ya, including zero-marking (i.e. -â top) |
| trm |
terminative, until, as far as |
| voc |
vocative |
Conjugation Forms
| iz |
izenkei, non-subjunctive form, (definite) provisional form -i (cf. mr) |
| mr |
meireikei, imperative form -i (cf. iz) |
| mz |
mizenkei, irrealis form, subjunctive-like form -a |
| rt |
rentaikei, adnominal -u |
| ry |
renâyÅkei, adverbial, infinitive, nominalizer, with forms -yi, -y-, -â |
| ss |
shūshikei, sentence-ending form, with allomorphs -u, -yi |
Conjugation Types
Verbs
| 2g |
bigrade (name of set of verb classes) |
|
NOk |
OOk |
P-Rk |
< |
P-Jpc |
> |
OJ |
|| |
NOk |
OOk |
P-Rk |
< |
P-Jpc |
> |
OJ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
u1g+p |
u1g+p |
u2g |
< |
u2g |
> |
u2g |
|| |
(y)i |
yi |
*yi |
< |
*uCî |
> |
ï/i |
|
u1g+p |
u1g+p? |
u2g? |
< |
m2g1 |
> |
|| |
(y)i |
yi/i |
*yi/*ye/*e |
< |
*ôCî |
> |
ï/i |
|
|
u2g-[/+]p |
u1g-p |
l2g |
< |
m2g2 |
> |
|| |
(y)i |
i(, [y]i) |
*e |
< |
*öCî |
> |
ï/i |
|
|
u2g-[/+]p |
u1g-p |
l2g |
< |
l2g |
> |
l2g |
|| |
(y)i |
i(, [y]i) |
*e |
< |
*aCî |
> |
ë/e |
|
|
|||||||||
| u1g |
upper monograde / unigrade |
||||||||
| 4g |
quadrigrade (name of set of verb classes) |
||||||||
| 4ge |
derivational morpheme for secondary r-stem; ie quadrigrade formative = ·r- |
||||||||
| ki |
k-irregular |
||||||||
| si |
s-irregular |
Adjectives
| aa |
affective adjective formative |
| adj |
adjective |
| adj.stem |
adjective stem, such as kËyura- âbeautiful-â |
| af |
adjective formative |
| ads |
adjective derivational suffix |
| nds |
nominal derivational suffix |
| av |
adjectival verb / adjectival noun / adjectival nominative [three concurrent names for the same thing] |
| pa |
property adjective |
Auxiliaries
| aux |
auxiliary verb |
| eav |
exalting auxiliary verb {+(u)wa{r/s}+} |
| hav |
humilific auxiliary verb {+abir+} |
| opt |
optative |
Other
| adv |
adverb(ial) |
| agt |
agent suffix |
| art |
abbreviated rentai form / abbreviated adnominal form / tanshuku-kei gokan |
| be |
beautifying expression |
| caus |
causative |
| conc |
concessive |
| cop |
copula: â(A) is (B)â |
| dev |
deverbal |
| dim |
diminutive |
| dsd1 |
desiderative marker (1st person to self: âI want to â¦â) |
| dsd2/3 |
desiderative marker (1st- to 2nd/3rd-person: âI want you to â¦; I want her/him/them to â¦; would that you â¦; would that (s)he/they â¦â) |
| ep.y |
epenthetic y in vowel-verb forms |
| ex |
exalting, including prefixes, auxiliaries, verbs, and nouns |
| excl |
exclamation |
| ger |
gerund suffix, with allomorphs -tÊ°i, -di, -cÊ°yi, and -Ê£yi (see -ger/prfv) |
| ger/prfv |
gerund/perfective = {-tÊ°ee} in OOk (see ger; also g/p) |
| hms |
His Majestyâs Ship [running gloss for -tÊ°umyi or -dumyi, signifying a royal ship] |
| hum |
humilific/humble |
| ia |
inferential auxiliary |
| inf |
infinitive |
| inj |
interjection |
| int |
intensifier |
| iter |
iterative |
| km |
kakari musubi, a kind of focusing construction |
| lk |
linker (rentai-shi, e.g. -na-, -ra(-)) |
| mv |
middle voice |
| neg |
negative morph |
| nom |
nominalizer |
| p/p |
see prog/prfv |
| pass |
passive form |
| pass |
passive function |
| pl |
plural marker |
| pln |
place name |
| pn |
personâs name = personal noun |
| pot |
potential auxiliary |
| prft |
perfect (-ar-, attached to gerund {+tÊ°e+}) -tË-ar- ~ -cyË-ar- ~ -d-ar- ~ -Ê£y-ar- |
| prfv |
perfective (-cËɨ, attached to RY) Êar-yi-c-Ë-ɨr-u â ÊacËɨru (fossilized form) |
| prog/prfv |
progressive (âbe DO-ingâ) or perfective (âhave DOneâ) aspect, with -ya(a)r-, ultimately < *(-iry)-arstat-, or -yu(u)r-, ultimately < *(-iry)-worstat-; also written p/p |
| pst |
past: OOk -syi past: OJ -kî, -si, etc. |
| qp |
question particle |
| rh |
ra-hen = ra-gyÅ henkaku katsuyÅ âr-stem-irregular verb(s)â = verbs of existence |
| se |
stative extension (-u(u)(r)-; -a(r)-) |
| sfp |
sentence-final particle |
| skp |
sentence-final kakari particle |
| soft |
softener |
| stat |
stative |
| spon |
spontaneous passive function |
| T-form |
ger/prfv-derived forms |
| tmp/cnd |
temporal or conditional -baâalso written ât/câ or âif/whenâ |
| vb |
verb |
| vbz |
verbalizer |
| vi |
intransitiv{e verb/izing suffix} |
| vpfx |
verbal prefix |
| vt |
transitiv{e verb or suffix/izing suffix} |
| ynq |
yes/no-question marker |
Textual Conventions
| â¨xâ© |
(between angled brackets) âxâ is a conventional romanization of a piece of non-Roman script, typically OOk, but also OJ, MJ, MK, or Chinese |
| â¯x, x⯠|
linguistic ellipsis |
| â¦/⦠|
textual ellipsis |
| {+X} |
curly brackets signifying a morphophonemic-level form |
| {r/s} |
curly brackets with forward slash signifying a choice between the first and second part |
| - |
at the end of a line: a regular hyphen; at the beginning of a line: a morpheme boundaryâthe two types of hyphens do not overlap each other in distribution, so they may be used together in any text |
| " |
prefixed to a linguistic or transcriptional consonant: âthe following consonant is voicedâ: â¨"tâ© = â¨dâ©, "t = d, X-"-tY = XdY (in rendaku compounding) |
| â¨"â© |
a hiragana ditto character in the original text, delineated by angled brackets |
| â¨" "â© |
a double-hiragana ditto character in the original text (the horizontal version of ã³ãµ) |
| [X] |
âXâ has been added by editors in the process of creating a new text out of an older text, typically in a questionable manner |
| â¦X⧠|
âXâ may be deleted during the singing of a song or recitation of a poem in order to achieve metrical congruency between verses or lines |
| âªXâ« |
used for dictionary headwords X |
| A â B |
generally: A changes to B, but not by regular historical sound change; (in derivation) A rewrites as B; (in grammar) A precedes B; A semantically extends to B; (elsewhere) âseeâ |
| A â B |
(in derivation) A is a rewrite from B |
| A â B |
A is not the same as B, A and B are emically different |
| A :: B |
A corresponds to B |
| Arch |
archaic |
| chÅfuku |
duplicate [omoro] |
| hn |
headnote (to be found in Japanese-language text) |
| lit. |
literally |
| Lit. |
Literary (e.g. Literary Okinawan, Literary Japanese) |
| mo |
âmeaning obscureâ = mishÅgo |
| omoro |
this word is treated like an assimilated loan, with no italics: Ë£Omoro, Ë£omoro, Ë£Omoro; âthis omoroâ, âomoro scholarsâ, âthe omoro languageâ |
Phonological Conventions
| dig |
Destruction of Incommensurate Glides (yw â â ) |
| X* |
small raised asterisk, used to show voicing inferred from texts other than KOS, a TOS text-editing convention; see ââ â |
| X* |
see word* / morph* / segment* |
| Xâ |
identifies a voicing mark that relies on the most liberal interpretation of the textual material, used in TOS, e.g. â¨tu "tiâ feâ© or â¨tu diâ feâ© cËɨʣyi âacmeâ |
| X° |
graph is definitely voiceless, as shown in TOS; not an overt TOS convention |
| É´ |
non-labial mora nasal |
| á´ |
labial mora nasal |
| μ |
Greek letter âmuâ, standing for âmoraâ; e.g. 8μ: eight moras |
| Ê |
labial voiced mora obstruent |
| ɢ |
voiced velar mora obstruent |
| k, q |
voiceless velar and glottal mora obstruents |
| ËX, ËX |
mark placed before a Progressively Palatalizable segment that irregularly fails to be Progressively Palatalized: myi-ËkÊ°anasyi-ËkÊ°i âbeloved (fossilized rt)â; syiËna-yi/syiËne-e âobeying willinglyâ; -Ënu âgen/subâ; all cases are to some degree lexically/morphophonemically determined |
| XË |
indicates phonemically non-aspirated stop or affricate (also /Xʼ/) = [âasp] |
| Xʼ |
indicates phonemically non-aspirated stop or affricate (also /Xʼ/) = [âasp] (usually written XË) |
| [Xʼ] |
indicates phonetically non-aspirated stop or affricate |
| [XË] |
indicates phonetically non-aspirated stop or affricate |
| Vâ, Gâ |
indicates hiatus between preceding phonemic vowel or glide and following phonemic vowel or glide |
| [Vâ], [Gâ] |
indicates hiatus between preceding phonetic vowel or glide and following phonetic vowel or glide |
| XÊ° |
indicates phonemically aspirated stop or affricate (also /XÊ°/) = [+asp] |
| [XÊ°] |
indicates phonetically aspirated stop or affricate |
| [CV] |
(where âCâ is a voiceless stop or affricate:) the aspiration marking is unknown, or else the authors have failed to write-in the aspiration information |
| pp |
progressive palatalization |
| word˼ |
the word/morph is unaccented/atonic |
| wórd |
the word/morph is accented/tonic |
| wo˺rd |
the word/morph has a secondary (falling) accent |
| [w˹o˺rd] |
the word/morph has a rising/falling phonetic tone |
| *word / *morph / *segment |
unattested, but reconstructed |
| °word / °morph / °segment |
in comparisons, right or correct form or reconstruction; see below |
| ˣword |
in comparisons, wrong or incorrect form or reconstruction; unattested; does not exist |
| word* / morph* / segment* |
expected or predicted form, not necessarily unattested; differs from segment* = small raised asterisk (see above) |