Abbreviations
| AB |
Anchor Bible |
| AfO |
Archiv für Orientforschung |
| AHw |
Soden, Wolfram von. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1965–1981 |
| AJSL |
American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |
| ANESSup |
Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement |
| ANET3 |
Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament. Edited by James B. Pritchard. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969 |
| AramB |
The Aramaic Bible |
| BASOR |
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |
| BASORSup |
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Supplemental studies |
| BC |
Biblischer Commentar |
| BDB |
Brown, Francis, S.R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1906 |
| BHS |
Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia |
| Bib |
Biblica |
| BK |
Biblischer Kommentar |
| BO |
Bibliotheca Orientalis |
| Brenton |
Brenton, Lancelot C.L. The English Translation of the Septuagint Version of the Old Testament. London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1844, 1851 |
| BS |
Ben Sira |
| BZAW |
Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft |
| CAD |
Gelb, Ignace J., et al., eds. The Assyrian Dictionary. 21 vols. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1956–2010 |
| CBQ |
Catholic Biblical Quarterly |
| cs / cpl |
common singular / common plural |
| D |
D stem = Doppelstamm (doubling verbal stem, also called ‘intensive’) |
| DATD |
Das Alte Testament Deutsch |
| DCH |
Clines, David J.A., ed. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. 9 vols. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic; Sheffield Phoenix, 1993–2016 |
| DJD |
Discoveries in the Judaean Desert |
| DRA |
Douay-Rheims (1899 translation of Latin Vulgate) |
| DSS |
Dead Sea Scrolls |
| EIN |
Einheitsübersetzung (German Bible translation 1980) |
| ELB |
Elberfelder (German Bible translation 1994) |
| ESV |
English Standard Version (2007) |
| fs / fpl |
feminine singular / feminine plural |
| G |
G stem = Grundstamm (basic verbal stem) |
| Ges18 |
Gesenius, Wilhelm. Hebräisches und Aramäisches Handwörterbuch. 18th edition. 7 vols. Berlin: Springer, 2013 |
| GK |
Gesenius, Wilhelm. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Edited by E. Kautzsch. Translated by A.E. Cowley. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 2006; orig. 1910 |
| HALOT |
Köhler, L., and W. Baumgartner. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated by M.E.J. Richardson. 5 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994–2000; 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2001 |
| ICC |
International Critical Commentary |
| IEJ |
Israel Exploration Journal |
| IOSCS |
International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies |
| IOSOT |
International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament |
| JAOS |
Journal of the American Oriental Society |
| JBA |
See Sokoloff, A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic |
| JBL |
Journal of Biblical Literature |
| JBQ |
Jewish Bible Quarterly |
| JJS |
Journal of Jewish Studies |
| J-M |
Joüon, P. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Translated and revised by T. Muraoka. Rome: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 1993 |
| JPA |
See Sokoloff, A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic |
| JPS |
Jewish Publication Society Bible translation (1917) |
| JSOT |
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament |
| JSOTSup |
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement |
| JSS |
Journal of Semitic Studies |
| JTS |
Journal of Theological Studies |
| KAI |
Donner, H., and W. Röllig. Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften. 5th ed. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2002 |
| KAT |
Kommentar zum Alten Testament |
| KJV/AV |
King James Version/Authorised Version (1611) |
| KTU3 |
Dietrich, Manfried, Oswald Loretz, and Joaquín Sanmartín. Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani und anderen Orten. 3rd ed. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2013 |
| LBA |
La Biblia de las Américas (Spanish Bible translation 1986) |
| LSJ |
Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised by Henry Stuart Jones. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968. |
| LSG |
Louis Segond (French Bible translation 1910) |
| LXX |
Septuagint |
| ms / mpl |
masculine singular / masculine plural |
| MT |
Masoretic Text |
| NAB |
New American Bible (2010) |
| NASB |
New American Standard Bible (1977, 1995) |
| NBK |
Norsk Bokmål (Norwegian Bible translation 1988) |
| NETS |
Pietersma, Albert, and Benjamin G. Wright, eds. A New English Translation of the Septuagint. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007 |
| NIDOTTE |
VanGemeren, Willem A. New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. 5 vols. Carlisle: Paternoster, 1997 |
| NIV |
New International Version (1984) |
| NJB |
New Jerusalem Bible (1985) |
| NJPS |
Jewish Publication Society, new Bible translation (1985) |
| NRSV |
New Revised Standard Version (1989) |
| R95 |
Reina Valera Update (Spanish Bible translation 1995) |
| RA |
Revue d’ Assyriologie et d’ archéologie orientale |
| RB |
Revue Biblique |
| Rev. LUT |
Revidierte Lutherbibel (German Bible translation 1984) |
| RQ |
Revue de Qumrân |
| RST |
Russian Synodal Text of the Bible (1917) |
| RSV |
Revised Standard Version (1952) |
| Š |
Š stem (causative verbal stem) |
| SBL |
Society for Biblical Literature |
| SCH |
Schlachter (German Bible translation 1951) |
| SOTS |
Society for Old Testament Study |
| SSS |
Songs of Sabbath Sacrifice |
| TDOT |
Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Translation of TWAT by John T. Willis, Geoffrey W. Bromiley, and David Green. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974–2006 |
| THAT |
Jenni, Ernst, and Claus Westermann. Theologisches Handwörterbuch zum Alten Testament. 2 vols. Munich: Chr. Kaiser Verlag; Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 1971–1976 |
| TOB |
Traduction œcuménique de la Bible (French Bible translation 1988) |
| TUAT |
Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments |
| TWAT |
Botterweck, G. Johannes, George W. Anderson, and Helmer Ringgren. Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament. 10 vols. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1970–2000 |
| TWOT |
Archer, Gleason L., R. Laird Harris, and Bruce K. Waltke. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Chicago: Moody Press, 1980 |
| TWQ |
Fabry, Heinz-Josef, and Ulrich Dahmen. Theologisches Wörterbuch zu den Qumrantexten. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 2011 |
| UF |
Ugarit-Forschungen: Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas |
| VT |
Vetus Testamentum |
| VTSup |
Vetus Testamentum Supplement |
| WBC |
Word Biblical Commentary |
| ZAW |
Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft |
| ZDMG |
Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft |