Index
References to the notes are given with an n following the page number; b following the number indicates a reference to the background notes in the Appendix. Not all bibliographical references are taken up in the index.
Abortion legislation (§ 218)
Seismograph of the law’s humanity
107
Overview of legal aspects
119, 286b
History in Weimar Republic
110
‘Your body belongs to you’ 110; § 218 in NS
110 f
Immediate post-war change of policy
111
FRG and GDR concerns with population growth
112, 120, 121
Future of Roe v. Wade
129
Three trials:
a) Dohrn
118f. Attempted use of RGB § 14 119f
state’s interest in women’s fertility
120
Church attitudes
120
court’s clear opposition to sexual pleasure
122
b) Public campaigns in 1960s
125 f
Parliament offers solution 1974
125
sabotaged by BVerfG
76, 125 f
parliament’s second solution
126
c) Memmingen trial in 1994
127 f
Hypocrisy of judges
128
Abortion rights diminished for women from GDR
128
Action, direct
230 f
not seen as a democratic right of citizens
230
in context of anti-Atom protests
242, 247 f, 249 f
taken vs old Nazis
206 f
Adenauer, Konrad
Chancellor of the FRG 1949–1963
5, 12, 23, 56, 133, 267
Lack of interest in tackling NS crimes
147
impatience with ‘sniffing out Nazis’
284b
appointing NS compromised people to his staff
45
Threat of loss of face if A. did not act on Auschwitz
152
A.’s 1950 measure to exclude radicals from public service
198 f, 283b
BVerfG seen as a lackey of A.
62
A.’s hatred of KPD (Wesel’s theory)
56
Growing press suspicions of A. 80 A.’s
plan for state TV
channel thrown out by BVerfG 88, 283b
A.’s unfounded attack on Augstein in Spiegel Affair
140
Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund
113, 116 f
Ahlers, Conrad
131 f, 134, 141
Albrecht, Ernst
246
modifying scientific concept of safety
246
Allgemeines Landrecht (ALR)
Not superseded by new legislation in 1848
178 f
Allied Control Council
278b
Intervention in FRG law-making
21
Law no. 1, annulling NS laws
213
significance of Law no. 10 to IMT
3, 27, 157
Uneven application in RGB §14 case (eugenics)
119
Relation to StGB § 90a
82n
Intervention of Allies in arrest of Goebbels’ successor
278b
Amnesty
151 f, 284b
Statute of Limitation
first amnesty laws 1949
69
No will to tackle NS crimes
147
least of all from Adenauer who appoints NS compromised staff
45, 147n
Effect of amnesties on Auschwitz trial
151f
Bath-tub case
288b
Andersch, Alfred
‘Artikel 3,3’ poem claiming FRG as fascist state
209, 215
school experiences of proto-fascist authority
192
Anomalies, judicial
and historical inconsistencies
20–23
law moves more slowly than society
179
As a product of the structure of federal law
21
as result of banning of NS laws
21
Tillessen case
21 f
NS laws better than no laws
115
in legislation on sexual behaviour
119 f, 286b
in 1871 law used in Auschwitz trial
155, 168
C19 example
177 f
reawakening of archaic laws in Berufsverbot
193 f
anachronism in GG § 33.5 on civil service
197
reviewing of StGB § 90a taken from pre-1933 versions
220
later effect of
Strafrechtsänderungsgesetz
220
Anti-Communism
Long reach of Adenauer’s views
267
anti-communism of emergency legislation
284b
‘legalized anti-communism’
290b
of StGB § 90a
220
Widely used principle in w.r. and post-war period
29
Archives
282b
Arendt: Hannah
View of totalitarianism
147
banality of evil reporting on Eichmann trial
149
view of Oppenheim
169n
Arnau, Franz
102, 103
Arndt, Adolf
70, 72, 74
Army Exhibition
Vernichtungskrieg
148n
Arnau, Franz
103n
Arnold, Martin
256
Aschenauer, Rudolf
164
Asylum
1992 law and subsequent disunity
254, 260
Augstein, Rudolf
132 f, 140 f
Not accusing Strauss in Brühne affair
96
Auschwitz
Institution and structure of Auschwitz-Birkenau
150 f
difference to concentration camps on German soil
151
All levels of society implicit in the system which produced A.
147
A. Trial in Frankfurt
152–76
within context of international approaches to crimes against humanity and genocide
146, 152 f, 158
effect of BGH judgment in bath-tub case
169, 171, 288b
representing generational shift in public attitudes
148
Previous Polish trials of A.
personnel
151
Threat to Adenauer if he does not act, intensified by pressure from Eichmann trial
150, 152
Choice of legal code
154–58
failure in FRG to evolve suitable legislation for NS crimes
156
no lessons drawn from IMT
159
intended ‘class action’ affected by failure of catch-all concepts e.g. conspiracy, genocide
171 f
Handlungseinheit never wider than individual murder
171 f
Shortcomings with StGB § 211
155, 168
when related to anonymous and large-scale murder-machine
155
desk-top murderers
149
Place of trial
172
Bauer’s ambition for trial: education, not collective guilt
161; 162 f
Central role of IAK & recently founded ZSL
159 f
Poor quality of defence counsels
165, 167 f
Size
160 f
and representativeness of trial
153
numbers of witnesses
161 f
Was A. the product of an identifiable legal system?
156
Public effects of trial
174 f
Course of trial
163 f
Example 1 Boger
163 f
Example 2 Mulka
166 f
sentences
173 f
Comparison to later NSU trial
273
Außerparlamentarische Opposition (APO)
180 f
and trades-unions
180 f
Austrian Supreme Court
13
Baader, Andreas
210
Baader-Meinhof
see Terrorism, urban
Baer, Richard
154
Baldwin, Hanson W.
138
Barbie, Klaus
207
Basic Law (Grundgesetz)
early history
9, 12 f
GG part of FRG’s public image
79
‘teleological’ function
19, 72, 279b
elements of Weimar constitution in GG
12
View of political parties
51
GG § 3 Andersch poem
215
GG § 5
215
contrast to KPD ban & Berufsverbot
198
GG § 9
198 f
in Berufsverbot
204, 205
Pre-eminence over BGB explicitly asserted by BVerfG
71 f, 73
Implications of GG §§ 2,1 & 3.3 for citizens’ sexual orientation
114. § 101
on choice of judges
113
No explicit right to strike
61
No reference to freedom of the press in GG
75, 143
Role of GG §9 in Berufsverbot
60, 198 f
definition of civil service in § 33,5
197
No initial reference to environment
226
GG § 20a on environment
226 f
Guarantee of freedom of movement in § 11
250
Failure to vote on GG in united Germany
254
Claim of collective nature of GG
281b
Bath-tub case
details
288b
impact of BGB decision (Stachynskij) on Auschwitz trial
169, 171, 288b
Bauer, Fritz
116, 163, 175n, 288n
Clearing name of July 20, 1944 conspirators
159
Educative hope for Auschwitz trial
160 f
Auschwitz, Euthanasia, Homosexuality, RSHA
Doesn’t attend trial
168
Admiration for Radbruch
159
Identifies location of Eichmann
172
Bavaria
Rejection of GG
12 f, 135
Typified in Strauss
135
Early liberality of B. legislation
21
Abolition of RGB § 14
119
prosecution of Hitler
192
chances of legal appeals
97n
No protection for press sources
135
Role in Offergeld case
188 f
Place of religion in B. education
188 f
Crucifix vs. Kopftuch
254
Hostility to migration
260
Political Parties / CSU
Benn, Gottfried
67
Berufsverbot
177–203
Documentation
289
Victims
64, 288b
historical overview
289b
Early experience with Adenauer’s 1950 measure to exclude radicals
199, 283b
Not mentioned in some histories
201
Legal basis, structure and administration
185 f
typical unfolding of cases
186, 288b
Case 1 Silvia Gingold
187 f
Case 2 Rüdiger Offergeld
188 f
rejoinders to legal arguments
192 f
Case 3 Christine Nieß-Mache
189
Clarification of legal training dilemma
289b
Tabooed radical causes
189
Unchallengeable role of security service evidence
100, 198, 202
Conflict of BVB practice with GG §3 and usefulness of GG §9 in banning political groups
191
BVerfG judgment
195 f
non-involvement in assessing personal applications
198 f
(did that include war-records on c.v.? 199) dissenting judges
199 f
Final assessment
201
Rare defences of measure
289
‘Youthful indiscretions’
203n
Distracting security forces from serious work
265
BGB
70n
BGH see Federal Court of Justice
Bhopal
227
Bickel, Alexander
63, 76
Biddis, Michael
24
Bismarck, Otto v.
50, 81
Blasius, Dirk
5, 212
Boehringer & dioxin
232 f
Boger, Wilhelm
158, 163, 173
Böhnhardt, Uwe
256, 269n, 274
Böll, Heinrich
10, 148
on Auschwitz trial
150
as opponent of BILD
82, 213
as ‘sympathizer’
214 f
trying to get differentiation into 1970s
218, 295b
Börner, Holger
238
Boock, Peter-Jürgen
207
Boulgarides, Theodoros
256
Boycott
70
counterproductive effects
71
Bracher, Karl Dietrich
24n, 51n, 192
Brandt, Tino
266
Brandt, Willy
25, 159, 182
‘more democracy’
7
act of contrition in Warsaw
161
in exile
163
& vilified by Strauss
163
triumph & resignation
125
election
183
& turning on the left
183 f
Braun, Werner v.
29
Brecht, Bert
153, 253
Britain (England)
Brexit iv
Comparison with legal system of FRG
16 f
negative experiences with expert witnesses
90
Echoes of Christine Keeler scandals
93, 104
Miscarriages of justice
285b
Different approach to human rights
75n
Use of D-Notices
139 f
military expertise in British press
142
Lohan affair
137, 287b
Anthony Verrier’s revealing of military secrets
287b
Politicians’ frustration with press
287b
Threatened prosecution of Pinochet in rejection of ‘state function’ defence
170
British neo-Nazis operating in FRG
261
Parallels between Stephen Lawrence scandal and NSU investigation
264
British security forces in N. Ireland, cf with BfV in NSU
266n, 271
specific cases
266n
Wolfenden Report
117
Brokdorf
29
BVerfG judgment
249 f
Brückner, Peter
217, 223
Brühne trial
Political sex-scandal
95 f
rumours of involvement of Strauss
96 f
insensitivity of judge
96
Brüning, Heinrich
13, 221
KPD attack on, equating B. and Hitler
58
can’t reverse emergency legislation
204
Buback, Siegfried
10n, 210, 211 f, 222
Bürgerinitiativen Citizens’
initiatives
239, 250, 251
differentiation from B-M
229
and from populism
251
Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV) see Security forces
Burnham, James
47
BVerfG see Constitutional Court
Capote, Truman
103
Caroline, Princess of Monaco
77 f
Carson, Rachel
227
Chapeaurouge, Edmund
191
Chernobyl
227
Churches
80, 106
General geographical distribution in FRG
107
confessional differences Munich / Hamburg
134 f
Role of religion in FRG re §§ 175 & 218
112
militant ‘Volkswartbund’
112
Roman Catholic: opposition to § 218
120n
Schumacher’s view of R.C.
46n
Church’s role in Offergeld case
188 f
‘Re-Catholicizing’ of FRG
112
Bismarck’s ban on R.C.
50
Protestant:
120n
Churches’ role in pressing for amnesty for NS criminals
282b
Role in CASTOR protests
248
Citron, Rodger
43
Civil Service
Broad definition of civil servants in FRG
44, 185
Required loyalty of civil servants to the state
193
situation under Hitler
193
GG traditional definition of service
197
BVerfG reference to ‘the civil service of Adolf Hitler’
193
Not supposed to fight for environment
230
Judge and jury in safety measures
247
generally Berufsverbot
Clapham, Andrew
43, 156
Claßen, Isabella
83
Cohn-Bendit, Daniel
177
Collective Guilt
Not among Bauer’s guide-lines in Auschwitz trial
161
Collings, Justin
16, 142n
COMECON
258
Common Law
Contrast to statute law
16 f
Conspiracy
27, 37, 41, 98, 269
in Flick
34 f, 172
Conspirators of July 20, 1944
44
Bauer’s rehabilitation of them
159, 262n
Remer
Constitutional Court (BVerfG)
279b
Founding and early history
13 f
Non-appellate
13
power of court
14
place in politics
15
nomination of judges
14
cf. to us Supreme Court
62 f
overwork
17
delays in delivering judgement: KPD
60
Lüth
71
image in 1950s
72 f
judges’ self-understanding
19, 72 f
early insistence on unanimity of judgment
19
belated introduction of minority judgments
134
Personal appeal to court
(Verfassungsbeschwerde)
17
Judicial review
18 f
Exclusive right to ban political parties
51
judgment on KPD
56–59
refuses judgment on NPD
59, 270 f
View of constitution’s relation to statute law
63, 74
A lackey of Adenauer?
62
balance of judgments
283b
blocking Adenauer’s plans for state tv channel
283b
critique of phone-tapping perhaps as balance device for court
275
More positive image in 1950s
65
Chancellor Schmidt accuses BVerfG of overreaching itself
76
Prestige drawn from opposition to NS legacy
77
Challenge on natural justice
102
exception in view of § 175
114 f
Intervention on § 218 and unacceptable, ‘arrogant’ outcome
118, 125
BVerfG view of Spiegel-Affair
142 f
Judgment on Berufsverbot
195 f
Conflict with BGH on civil service
197
Ambiguous judgment of parties
198 f
dissenting judges on Berufsverbot
199 f
Brokdorf judgment seen as arrogant
250
Natural focus of court tends to ignore administrative issues
144, 200
General cf. with us Supreme Court
126
Election funding judgment
65
Crimes against humanity
27 f, 40
Ground on which Harlan is charged
69
used in IMT but not Auschwitz trial
157
Sands’ account
281b, 288b
see Lauterpacht, also Arendt
Croissant, Klaus
290
Culpability for war-crimes
36
IMT, retroactive legislation, and superior orders defence
white collar crimes
37
Wharton
39, 162
Ordinary citizens left out of IMT
30
Asymmetry of responsibility and actual action
154
Need under German law for accused to know something is a crime
156
Dahrendorf, Ralf
6
Dainow, Joseph
20
Democracy
Passim
Need for democratic law after ns
4 f
Defence of democracy by undemocratic means
61, 204
‘militant’ democracy
77, 197, 198, 202, 204, 220
Mauz asks what democratic justice means in practice
99 f
Demonstrators, rights of
249 f
Denazification
Failure of process for legal profession
278b
US questionnaire
51
Rare Allied interventions
278b
Harlan’s easy route through process
68 f
Failure to re-frame StGB § 90a
220 f
Denunciation
Part of the spirit of 1950s
158
Globke denouncing colleague
158
Desk-top murderers
In Flick trial
37, 44, 46
Supra-individual nature of Auschwitz
149, 155 f
GDR desk-top killers at frontier
254, 281b
Eichmann
Detective story
Function in popular understanding of the law
80 f
Hettche’s re-working of Hetzel case
102 f
Interest of law reformers in genre
81
Wulffen
80, 102n
Crime story/crime link in Sweden
285b
Spy fiction’s enlightenment function
139 f
Diestelkamp, Bernhard
9
Differentiation
Of terminology in order to break polarization, e.g. relating to violence by Glotz
217 f
and to fascism
161n, 205, 215
terrorism differentiation
207, 217 f
Ambition of Sympathizers
213 f
Böll on need for differentiation
218
Cheapening of political language
219
Dix, Rudolf
36, 38n
D-Notice
139, 140, 287b
Dönitz, Großadmiral Karl
31, 88n (here claim of Tu quoque)
Dohrn, Axel
118-24, 118n, 221
Dreher, Eduard
Consistent critic of BVerfG
9, 14, 46, 76, 77, 248
Drenkmann, Günter von
10n
Dreyfus, Affair
25, 85, 99, 137
Importance stressed by Wesel
85n
Brühne affair compared to
95
Dutschke, Rudi
183 f
Dworkin, Ronald
64 f, 83
Easter Marches
247
EDC
14n, 54, 89
EDIFICIA
237
Eichmann, Adolf
E. trial & execution
43, 149 f, 282
Arendt’s reading of trial
147n
E.’s claim to have liked Jews and to have killed no-one
154
Bauer informs Israel of E.’s
whereabouts
172
& wanted E. trial to be held in Germany
161
Einsatzgruppen
37, 46
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
31
Elias, Norbert
20
Eliot, Thomas Stearns
252
Emergency legislation
Anti-communist background
284n
Insistence on passing e. legislation in 1967
181
emergency legislation as cheap justification of security measures in fight against B-M
268
Carl Schmitt’s view
208
Spiegel-Affair prepares public hostility to emergency legislation
144 f
Brüning’s situation illustrates problems
204, 221, 268
Trades-union engagement in opposing
284b
Environmental Law
National and international focus
291b
Environmental law aims to prevent, not punish environmental crime
234, 235
financial drawback to preferred system of self-regulation
235 f
Complex relationship between state, community and polluter
236, 243, 245
Papadakis on ‘circularity’ of this relationship
237
Difficulty of law keeping up with scientific opinion
237, 243
Scientific and political understanding of safety
245, 246n
Individual cases:
a) situation in C19 as reflected in Raabe’s novel and ecology in the work of Alexander von Humboldt
224 f
b) forests, and destruction of forests (Waldsterben)
importance of forests in German mind
231
acid rain
228
c) slow emergence of national legislation in this field
226
no initial legal reference to environment
226
GG § 20a on environment
226 f
importance of NS law on environment
226
d) immediate post-war neglect of environment in FRG & GDR
228 f
e) shifts in world opinion & major industrial accidents
227
f) role of European legislation, cf. Sands and Parr
227 f, 291
g) German cultural obsession with environment and forests
228 f
h) links with politics, rise of the Greens
229
i) protests at Frankfurt airport
230 f
j) nationalism and the environment
231, 242
k) dioxin pollution
231 f
accident at BASF Ludwigsburg
232
USA accidents and Soveso
232
waste-dump in Hamburg
232 f
solutions too expensive to carry through, view commented by Sands & Peel
233
dioxin in food chain
234 f
boomerang effect of pollution
234
l) EMAS
235 f
m) Grube Messel: waste dump or nature reserve
237–43
regional vs. local planning
238, 241
state gives in
241
n) radioactivity
243–51
popular protests
245 f, 248 f
Allied view of a nuclear FRG
243
internal security fears: Traube affair
244
DWK
244, 246
Gorleben
229, 244, 245
closeness to GDR
245
‘G. is everywhere’
245; 249, 250
Gorleben Hearing & coincidence with 3-Mile Island accident
243, 245, 246, 292b
fast breeder
246
BVerfG on Atom Law in Kalkar judgment
246 f
new assessment of risk
246n
Wackersdorf
247, 248
CASTOR transports
245, 250
interrupted by Lüneburg court judgment
249
rights of demonstrators eventually settled by Brokdorf judgment
249 f
Erhard, Ludwig
180, 283b
Erminger, André
271, 274
Eschenburg, Theodor
135, 138
Eulenberg, Prinz v. E.-Hertefeld
108
EURATOM
243
European Court of Human Rights
Tailpiece to Lüth
77 f
non-involvement on §§ 175 & 218
128
Euthanasia trials
112, 175, 288b
Bauer’s failures
163
Perennial interest of theme
288b
see Loewy et al. (1996)
Expert witness
in Hetzel trial
90, 92, 100
in Rohrbach trial
96
conspiracy of silence
98
Extreme right
classification of
255
Fallex
NATO exercise
131
Federal Court of Justice
(Bundesgerichtshof, BGH)
Post-war FRG’s most senior appellate court
14
Controversial pension judgment
187, 214, 217, 279n, 284b
Defence of civil service
152n
Use of natural law
106
in justifying ns
279b
View taken of Spiegel-Affair
134
Negative effects of notorious Stachynskij judgment (bath-tub case)
169, 171, 288b
contradicting Nuremberg Principle
169
Judgment in StGB 90a
221
Hostility to ZSL
14n
Federal Republic of Germany
General history
277b
sequence of generations
1
Political pressures from geopolitical situation
5
acceptance of democracy
6
state of the country after 1945
6 f
a) political
8
b) economic
8, 46 f, 283b
‘Economic Miracle’
226, 283b
economic miracle leaves real problems behind
226, 232
IMT means there are no economic crimes
40 f, 226n
social market economy
283b
c) Cultural problems
8 f
the Stunde Null
9, 277b
Low priority of legal reform after 1945
88
‘Restoration’ rather than new beginning
11, 46
Role of the law in stabilizing the country
49
Adenauer’s insistence on West orientation & the EU
54
Legal aspects of remilitarizing
14
Obsession with the danger from the left
24
Smug materialism in late 1950s
124
‘Re-Catholicizing’ of Germany
112
Domestic and international political scene 1956–1962
130 f
Failure to adopt legal code suitable for trying genocide
172
despite support for international law
55
Divisions and crises in late 1960s
180 f
alienation of younger generation
216
Grand Coalition
180 f
Visit of Shah
181 f
Brandt’s détente in foreign policy
183
Munich Olympics
184, 210
‘German Autumn’
215, 269, 291b
Single party rule: CDU
58
SPD
212
Possible inflexibilities in handling terrorism
207
Shift of power from parliament to executive
208
Was FRG a fascist state?
147, 204, 209 f
Problems with right-wing extremism
292
mob-violence vs. migrant communities
257
Kohl and fortuitous unification
252
Possible disappointment with re-unification
252
yet unification seen as victory for FRG
201
Difficulties for Chancellor Merkel
256, 268 f
specifically in security forces’ failure to handle NSU murders properly
269
Nazi past
Fekete, Liz
264
Fibag Affair
136
Flick Trial
26-48; 169, 192, 254, 282b
Trial details
32 f
charges
33
subsequent political scandals with Flick money
33, 268n
IMT court procedures
35
failure of conspiracy charges
37, 41
US hostility to trusts
32
sentencing
39 f and response 41 f
law’s attitude to ‘economic crime’
40 f
‘Fiasco’ for Telford Taylor
39 f
Forest, dying
(Waldsterben) On account of pollution 228, 231
Frank, Hans
29, 44
Freedom of thought
Fears for
72
Frei, Norbert
9, 11
Freisler, Roland
44
Fried, Erich
220
Fromm, Heinz
Head of BfV resigns
270
Führer principle
Replacing legal hierarchy?
156
effect on retroactive legislation
157
Fukushima
227
Galay, John Ford
75, 144
Gerlach. Holger
271
Genocide
In IMT preparations
43, 281b
Inapplicable concept in Auschwitz trial
170 f
German Democratic Republic
Post-war demontages
49, 283b
Regular critique of FRG judges
49 f
using Auschwitz trial to denounce FRG
161 f
Falling behind FRG economically
54
Early changes of policy on §218
112
RGB § 14 quickly annulled
119
view of abortion
128n
Source of independent expert witness in Hetzel trial
101
GDR seen as militaristic by FRG
141
Relation to Baader-Meinhof
182n
Careless of environment
227
nuclear dump at Morsleben
248
Trial of Honecker does not take place
253
trials of those responsible for shootings on the German-German frontier
253 f
Particular circumstances of that anti-migrant racism which originates in GDR
257 f
inexperience of multi-ethnic society
259
Methods of the Stasi in NSU investigations
265
Gierth, Magdalena
89 f
Gingold, Silvia
187 f, 195, 204. Cf.
see Kahl (1978)
Globke, Hans
147n, 284b, 288b
Protected by Adenauer
148
denouncing friend
158
Protecting NS criminals
288b
Glotz, Peter
217, 255n
Goethe’s sexual practices
A new norm
101
Gollwitzer, Helmut
214 f
Göring, Hermann
28, 31, 34
Gorleben
see Environmental Law, section n: radioactivity
Götzl, Manfred
254n, 271, 272n
Grabner, Maximilian
164, 165
Grand Coalition
Formation
180
and emergency legislation
181
Possible effect on political extremes
259
Involvement of many parties means all are implicated in government mistakes
268
Grass, Günter
148
Grimm, Dieter
15, 64, 71 f, 75
Groenewold, Kurt
11, 212
on Stammheim
290b
Gross, Fritz
100, 101
Grosser, Alfred
192
Guantanamo Bay
Shared torture methods with Auschwitz
164
Guillaume, Günter
190, 212
Habermas, Jürgen
38n
Hallstein Doctrine
54, 148
implies FRG to be ‘successor state’ to ns
8
Halsey, Mark
231, 242
Hannover, Heinrich
11, 75n, 278b, 288b, 290b
‘friend-foe’ thinking in legal establishment
207n
Hariman, Robert
68 f
Harlan, Veit
68 f
denazification process
69 f
then riding post-war antisemitic wave
71
Harmon, Louise
42n
HeideGGer, Martin
67
Heinemann, Elisabeth
91n, 101
Heinemann, Gustav
Reforming minister of justice, then president of FRG
107, 117,125, 195
Henne, Thomas & Arne Riedlinger
74
Herbert A.P.
20n
Herzog, Dagmar
109, 117, 128
Hettche, Thomas
102 f
Hetzel Trial
Trial details
89 f, 122, 285b
Press and official sensationalism
90
role of expert witness
90, 92, 96, 100
sexual inhibitions in the conduct of case
91, 101
Efforts for a retrial
97 f
involvement of Der Spiegel
98 f
Picked up by Hettche into novel
102 f
echoes of Wulffen
102n
Heuß, Theodor
President of FRG
14, 71, 89
Heydrich, Reinhard
46
Himmler, Heinrich
41, 67, 109, 192
Hirschfeld, Magnus
117
Historikerstreit (historians’ public debates on nature of ns)
38n, 159n, 277b
Sonderweg
6, 209, 277b
History, academic
Nietzsche’s view of history
24 f, in cf.
see to law
25
Level of historical understanding of NS in
1947 30 f
court role for historians
23
in Flick trial
30, 47
recognition of historians’ role in founding ZSL
158 f, 159n, 168
Bracher’s influence on Berufsverbot – ‘self-destruction of liberalism’
192
Fears of history repeating itself
178
Historical justification of Berufsverbot countered by Offergeld
192
Irish parallels in Foyle Fisheries Case
24n.
Archives
Hitchcock, Alfred
103n
Hochhuth, Rolf
174
Hoeness, Uli
252 f
Höss, Rudolf
29, 151
Holocaust
287b
Holocaust deniers
261
Auschwitz, Eichmann
Homosexuality (§175)
Issue acting as seismograph to indicate the humanity of a legal system
107
Relationship to ‘natural’ justice
44
A little C19 background
108 f, 286b
Artistic homosexuality
108n
§175 under ns
109 f
NS origin of anti-gay groups in FRG
110
Student movement frees up debate on homosexuality
110
Conservative hostility to Kinsey report’s view
110
A judge who loves sentencing gays
113
Adorno & Bauer’s
counterarguments
116 f
Frankfurt homosexuality trials
112 f
BVerfG judgment on §175
114 f
Heinemann’s liberalization
117
Honecker, Erich
253
Human Rights legislation
5, 11, 43
KPD trial context
51, 52. 190, 215, 272
BVerfG diagnoses GDR’s respect for
254
Galay’s critique: general
75 f
in context of Spiegel-Affair
144
in context of Berufsverbot
200
GG §5,
Humboldt, Alexander von
225
Hussein, Saddam
130
IAK
International Auschwitz Committee
159 f
International Military Tribunal
(IMT – Nuremberg Trials)
281b
IMT opens the post-war period
8
Influence on future of war-crimes legislation
26, 29 f, 43
challenging view that international law does not tie individuals
36
Nuremberg Principle
36, 169, 281b
contradicted by BGH
169, 171, 288b
Trials’ legitimation for Allies
27, 38
pre-history – Allied differences
27
formal legal issues
282b
Follow-up cases
28 f
military
31
industrialists
31 f
lawyers
44
No role for victims in IMT
30 f
different role in Eichmann & Auschwitz trials
146; 161
lack of interest in homosexual victims
40
Ignoring role of ‘ordinary’ NS members
29
Flick case
26–48
Less than water-tight legal basis of IMT
156
Continuing relevance of IMT list of suspects
44n
IRA
Activity in FRG
210; 216, 266n, 285b
Ireland
British use of undercover agents
267n, 271
Referenda on same-sex marriage and abortion
128
Inexperience with multi-ethnic society
159 f
Israel, State of
Effect on NS trials
31
kidnapping & trial of Eichmann
149, 175
Lüth’s desire for improved relations with
74
FRG payments to Israel
152
Emigration to Israel takes away potential trial witnesses
69
Bauer informs Israel of Eichmann’s whereabouts
172
Jackson, Robert H.
26, 29, 32, 39
Jäger, Herbert
117
Johnson, Uwe
286b
Johst, Hanns
67
Judges
and denazification
16, 278b
Status and attitudes
7, 17
conservatism
7
sociology of
280b
Applying rather than developing law in BVerfG
18, 19, 72
Judges identify with civil servants
44 f
attitude to women shown in Brühne case
96
Responding to relaxation of formality after 1968, then reversing policy
194 f.
Circularity of judges’ arguments to establish fairmindedness of judgments
221 f
Time allowed for written judgement
254
New generation of lawyers
10, 45, 109, 133, 148, 206
Jud Süß (film)
68 f
Jünger, Ernst
67
Jurisprudence
history of
271b
English-language history
277b, 280b
General history in FRG
18, 280b
writing its history
1, 3, 6 f
in relation to other history
3
Introduction to system of German law
284b
traditional idea of the Rechtsstaat
17, 280b
Statute and common law
17 f, 280b
Federal structure of law in Germany
16, 21
Legal positivism in German system
18
legal education not case-work based
18
non-adversarial trial structures
82 f
Need for popular involvement and understanding of law
7
Law and politics
4 f
New generation of lawyers untouched by NS
45
Strafrechtsänderungsgesetz (1951)
23, 61, 65, 220
FRG support for international laws
55
Law’s resistance to change, yet forced to cope with radical changes in German society
7, 179, 207 f
Miscarriages of justice
102
law on appeals
97
Meaning of ‘democratic justice’
99 f
educational function of trials (Auschwitz)
160
Gustav Heinemann’s liberal policies in 1960s
107, 117, esp. in preventing further repression in E162 107
Failure to adopt legal code suitable for trying genocide
172
failure of catch-all concepts e.g. conspiracy, genocide
171
Handlungseinheit never more than individual murder
172
Liberalization at end of 1960s: kleine Strafreform
290b
then accelerating backlash in BVB
184, 194, 201, 206
tightening of terror laws
207
difficulties for defence counsels
208
hardening of prison conditions
208 f
Stammheim
291b
End of heroic period of German law
252
Judges, NS Justice, Anomalies, Marxism
Kachelmann, Jörg
253
Kalkar
Fast breeder
229
BVerfG judgment
246 f
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst
29n, 31
Kaul, Friedrich
In KPD trial
56
in Auschwitz trial
161 f
Keeler, Christine
93, 104
Keitel, Feldmarschall Wilhelm
31
Kessler, Heinz
254
Khrushchev, Nikita
53
Kiesewetter, Michèle
256, 270
armoury of NSU
261n
Kiesinger, Kurt Georg
180, 183, 206
Kiliç, Habil
256
Kinsey Report
Back-up for liberalization in Hetzel case
101
ideological hostility to
110, 122
attacked by Schelsky
116n
Kirchheimer, Otto
278b, 279b, 280b
Kisch, Egon Erwin
83n
Klarsfeld, Beate
206 f
Kleist, Heinrich v.
81n
König, René
121n
Kogon, Eugen
11n
Kohl, Helmut
Chancellor 1983–1998
1, 130, 159n, 250, 252
Korean War
220
Krupp, Alfred & Gustav
31, 32 f, 160
Kubaşik, Mehmet
256
Kuby, Erich
104
Kurras, Karl-Heinz
182
Labour Court (Arbeitsgericht)
Role in Berufsverbot trials
83, 196
exemplary procedures
196
Contrast to us labor courts
192
Langbein, Hermann
174, 287b
Laternser, Hans
168
Lauterpacht, Hersch
169, 281b
Lawrence, Stephen
260
Lemkin, Raphael
42, 281b
Lesbianism
126 f, 286b
Ley, Robert
28
Limitation, Statute of (Verjährung)
45, 46, 152, 281b, 282b
Amnesty
Lisinski, Stefan
285b
Lochner, Louis
32n
Lockheed Starfighter
World-wide scandal and implication for FRG
136, 144
Lohan Affair
137, 287b
Luhmann, Niklas
6
Lüth trial
70–78
Contrast to KPD trial
96
Background
68 f
calling for boycott of Harlan
70
Verdict & retrospective view of BVerfG judge
71 f
wider implications
74 f
taken up in ECHR
77
relevance to Spiegel-Affair
142
positive link to ‘militant democracy’
197 f
Relevance to Berufsverbot judgment in minority opinion
200
argument used in Brokdorf judgment
250
Mahler, Horst
11
Maihofer, Werner
ix
resignation over Traube affair
244
Mann, Heinrich
85 f, 102
Marburg resolution
On abortion
111
Maron, Monika
227
Marschner, Rolf
274, 279b
Marxism
Revival in 1960s
10 f
Suspicions of GG
54
view of the law
10
class justice
279b
in FRG
10 f
continuing problem
253
also in Mescalero
223
view of Flick judgment
41
Marxism as action not philosophy
57
Analysis of fascism prevailing at the time of IMT
31
attempted use by Kaul in Auschwitz trial
162
Marx & Schöffel
178
Mauz, Gerhard
98 f
Not accusing Strauss in Brühne affair
96
McAdams, James
254
McCarthyism
Anti-communism in West
29
as label for BVB
65, 190
Idea of ‘Communist sympathizer’
212 f
affects spirit of follow-up IMT trials
29
see Anti-communism
McNamara, Robert
131
Meadows. Donella H. & Dennis L.
The Limits of Growth
227
Meinecke, Friedrich
25
Meinhof, Ulrike
Justification of violence
205
Mescalero
An article and its consequences
211 f
consequences for other ‘sympathizers’
212 f, 217 f
punishment of student unions
217
involvement of academic staff
217
Inappropriate use of StGB § 90a at trial in Berlin
219 f
Courts finally decide article to be ‘deradicalization’
223
‘Migrant’ communities
Chancellor Merkel’s difficulties exacerbated by NSU trial
256, 268 f
Court judgments on head-scarf
254
dual nationality of many ‘migrant’ communities
254
deliberate targeting of ‘migrants’ by NSU
256 f
politicizing of migrant question through the sharing-out of migrants across the federal states
260
GDR inexperience with ethnic diversity
259
Bavarian objections to migrants
260
Milch, Feldmarschall Werner
35
‘Militant democracy’
Commitment of law to the upholding of democracy
77, 78
Berufsverbot in comparison to Lüth
197, 198, 202, 204, 220
Mitterand, François
191
Moral Order
Conservative appeal for law to replace shaken moral order post-war
11
BGB appeals to it in § 826
70
difficulty of identifying moral consensus in Hetzel case
91
same difficulty for BVerfG re § 175 45, & re § 218
120, 123
and in Dohrn case
121
Difficulty of converting moral judgment into legal judgment: Flick
54 f & Auschwitz 154
Historical nature of moral order not recognized
123
Morgenthau, Henry
27
Mosaic theory
of secret information
140 f
Müller, Hermann
27
Müller-Meiningen, Ernst
88n
Mulka, Robert
154, 166 f, 173
Mundlos, Uwe
256, 269n, 274
NATO
14n, 54
in Spiegel-Affair
130 f, 139; 202, 243
Natural Justice
Differing responses to IMT in US and FRG
43 f; 74, 106, 114, 124
Applied to §§ 218 and 175
107n
BGH as upholder of natural justice
106
view fundamentally challenged by BVerfG
106
Concept used in assessment of insults to state
221
overlap with judges’ search for ‘fairmindedness’: two cases
219
Dangers of natural justice in environmental cases
231
Weinreb’s view
44
Nazi Justice
Overview
278b, 286b
On sexual matters
285b
Utter failures of NS justice
4 f, 9
Volksgerichtshof
9, 44
NS view of homosexuality
109 f
Attempted use of NS laws in Dohrn case
119
uneven removal of § 14 from statute books in British Zone
119 f
View of § 90a
219, 220
Reichsnaturgesetz
226
Anomalies
Nazi Past
Bias in judging NS criminals
278b
NS past makes democratizing of law absolutely essential
4 f
Adenauer & NS past
278b
Allied involvement in de-nazification
278b
overlaps with post-war policies, e.g. anti-communism
29 f
Blood and Soil
231
Nuremberg Race Laws
9, 191
Röhm Putsch seen as anti-homosexual measure
109
Adenauer’s appointing of ex-Nazis
45
Difficulties of dealing with NS artists and intellectuals
67
Film in NS
68
Slave labour
34, 39 f
Demonizing of NS convenient way to avoid general responsibility
149
Shifts in public opinion in dealing with NS crimes
71
Not seen as a danger to FRG
24, 267
NS law ‘better than no law’
115
Claimed by Burnham as equivalent to Soviet Union (also in Historikerstreit) & US New Deal
47 f
Neo-Nazism
292b
Established in middle-classes
258
in East and West Germany
260
Particular circumstances in GDR
257 f
hatred of FRG even among former opponents of GDR
258
‘Second wave’ of right-wing extremism
293
‘third wave’
292b
previous events of right-wing violence
257
mob violence against migrants
257n
Cult of Hitler
261
international dimensions in GB and USA
261
Fluid cell-structure similar to that of Baader-Meinhof
261 f
Various neo-NS groups banned
262
Neo-NS politicans attending NSU trial
272
Damage to FRG reputation abroad
272
Stolpe cf. with Auschwitz
257
Parliamentary commissions of enquiry
Neumann, Franz
30, 47
Neurath, Otto
69
Nieß-Mache, Charlotte
189, 196
Nietzsche, Friedrich
24 f, 201, 255
Nipperdey, Hans Carl
83n, 196n
Nitribitt trial
92 f.
N.’s celebrity clients and similarities with Christine Keeler
93
personal life history
94
General suspicion of cover-up
93
Northcliffe, Lord (= Alfred Harmondsworth)
80
NSU trial
292b, 293b
Neo-Nazism
Opening
255 f
list of murders
256
conduct of trial
270 f, 271 f, 293
Götzl judge
271, 254n, 272n
Information excluded from trial by BfV
274
Arms cache of NSU
261n
Cf. to Auschwitz trial
273
Legal view of use of agents
59, 262, 270
influence of agents on trial
265, 274
Nuclear plants in Germany
292
Oberländer, Theodor
147n, 148
Offergeld, Rüdiger
187 f, 192, 204
Ohlendorf, Otto
37
Ohnesorg, Benno
181, 201, 212
date
182
Oppenheim, Lassa F. L.
International Law
169
Orwell, George (=Eric Blair)
47 f, 73, 123, 196
Osborn, John
252n
Ossietzky, Carl v.
82n, 83n, 134
Ottwalt, Ernst (=Ernst Gottwalt Nicolas)
87 f
Overy, Richard
43
Özüdoğru, Abdurrahim
256
Packard, Vance
73
Papadakis, Elim
229n, 237
Parliamentary commissions of enquiry into NSU
. 264 f, 268
lack of commission in Hessen
268n
Parliamentary Council
Prior to founding of FRG
12 f, 19
KPD membership of pc
12
Effect of civil service membership of pc
197
Peel, Jacqueline
229, 233, 292b
Pendas, Devin
155n, 287b
Petereit, David
272
Petschek expropriation
Flick’s antisemitic crime untouched by IMT
34, 40, 282b
Pfeil, Sigurt
125
Pincher, Chapman
142
Pinochet, Augusto
170
Pitival
C18 text
2, 80
Pius XII
174
Police
278b
Close links to NS police & Gestapo
45, 275n
Recruitment from ranks and officers of NS police
263
Perhaps less conservative than their duties require
10
Possible effects on NSU trial
265, 274
Incompetence in Praun murder
95 f
and in Spiegel-Affair
138
Schumacher’s view of police
46n
Political Parties
GG view of parties in contrast to Weimar
51
Individual parties:
AfD
260
CDU Adenauer
CDU & Flick scandal
45
Brief decline in late 1960s
180
end of shabby compromises
183
Established in the former GDR
262
Dominance in BVerfG nominations
76
CSU
Attitude to Spiegel-Affair
133
to migrants
260
DKP
52, 59
‘with a touch of pink’ (Wesel)
204
S. Gingold
187, 189, 202
Nieß-Mache
189
Why the BVerfG never banned it
195 f, 198
DP
52, 284b
DVU
255, 262
FDP
260
Actively recruiting old NS members
52, 262
Dreher a member
14
Attitude to § 218
121
Attitude to Spiegel-Affair
133
Spiegel’s tendency towards party
135
only opposition during Grand Coalition
180
re-entering coalition
238
Greens
229
in Hamburg
233
in Hessen
238 f
in Lower Saxony
248, 254 f
KPD
ban
49–66; 184, 198, 270
Opposition to Hitler
50, 53, 54 f, 57 f
Arrogance
58
Adenauer’s hatred of KPD
56, 283b
Relationship to SPD and trades-unions
55
as a unity party
57
freedom to stand in national elections post-unification
57
no longer believing in own programme (Wesel)
203n.
NPD
38, 180
Part of move to right
255
not seen as a threat
270n
BVerfG refuses to ban as for KPD
59, 262, 270
activity of BfV agents in party
271
PDS
258
REP
262
SED
258, 262
FDJ banned
60, 283b
SPD
early attitude to BVerfG
19
attitude to Flick
33
Slow on NS crimes on amnesty
20n
Bad Godesberg reforms
11, 133, 180, 183
Kept informed after 1958 on emergency legislation
290b
First entry into government
180
Ambiguity towards NS crimes
147
Attitude to Spiegel-Affair
133
General disappointment with SPD
186
Talking tough with BVB
289b
Offergeld’s membership
187 f
Overtaken by Greens on ecology
231, 233
shifting attitudes to atomic power
248 f
working with Greens on dual-citizenship arrangements
254
yet individuals critique migration policy
260
SRP
ban
52, 60, 255, 262
Ponsold, Albert
90. 92. 100. 202
Ponto, Jürgen
210
Potsdam Agreement
56
Porch, Douglas
Counter-insurgency
60n, 266n
Praun, Otto
95, 96
Press and Media
General history of court-reporting
80, 277b
involvement of media in law
79 f
No reference to freedom of the press in GG
75
Pitival
80
and modern detective stories as part of knowledge of law
82 f
courtroom dramas
81
Shortcomings of press in post-war period
88
exceptions Gerhard Mauz
98 f
& Ernst Müller-Meiningen
88n
Implications of Hetzel trial for role of media
90, 97, 98 f
Press suspicions of Adenauer
148
expressed generally in wake of Nitribitt murder enquiry
93 f
Adenauer’s plan for state TV channel
88
Limited military expertise in German press
141 f.
attitude of press to Spiegel-Affair
164
uneven press reporting of Auschwitz trial
174
press response to Mescalero
212
Böll vs. BILD-Zeitung
82, 213 f
Student protest at Springer press power
182
general intellectual opposition to Springer
182
Patchy reporting of Berufsverbot
190
Cheapened reporting of NSU through ethnic stereotypes
264n
Prokop, Otto
101
Proportionality
56, 59, 217, 242
Protest, right to
Rights of demonstrators settled by Brokdorf judgment
250
Raabe, Wilhelm
224 f, 231
Radbruch, Gustav
81n, 85, 86n, 109
Bauer’s admiration for
159
Radikalenerlass see Berufsverbot
Raeder, Großadmiral Erich
24
Ratzinger, Joseph
188
Rauschning, Hermann
31, 47
Realism, legal
Superseded in USA through IMT experience
43, 106, 296b
Dworkin
43, 280b
Rechtsstaat
2, 11, 17, 18, 280b
Different public perceptions of law in Rechtsstaat
24, 82
Reichsgericht
12, 192
Judgment on § 218
110
Reichsfront
Section of SRP
52
Remer, General Otto Ernst
262n
Requate, Jörg
9, 154
Restoration
As a consequence of Rechtsstaat
11
Harlan as its cultural symbol
69
Retroactive legislation
Issue in Flick trial
36
Secrecy legislation essentially retroactive
141
retroactivity in Berufsverbot practices
198
effort to avoid retroactivity in setting up Auschwitz trial
156 f
attempt to avoid retroactivity in dealing with German-German border shootings
254
Richter, Thomas (=Corelli)
269
Riedlinger, Arne
72n
Riefenstahl, Leni
68
Rinken, Alfred
64 f
Robertson, Geoffrey
207
Rohrbach, Maria
96, 102
Ronimi, Kurt
114
Rosenberg, Alfred
67
Rosenberg, Ethel & Julius
138
RSHA
45, 152n
Trials
149, 152, 193, 267
Desk-top murderers
46 f
bad publicity from failure of trial
153
problems with StGB § 211
191
Ulm trial
152, 158 f
Vulnerability to same type of charge as in Berufsverbot
193 f
Rückert, Joachim
81
Rühe, Volker
260
Rupp-von-Brünneck, Wiltraut
125, 195, 200
Russell Tribunal
& other international protest movements
190, 289b
Sack, Peter G.
75n
Safety, environmental
246
Reflection on risk following BVerfG judgment
246n
Sands, Philippe
170, 226, 244, 281b, 292b
Satō, Hiromi
169, 281b
Schacht, Hjalmar
38
Scharf, Bishop Kurt
214
Schelsky, Helmut
116
Schilly, Otto
11, 290b
Schleyer, Hanns-Martin
210
Could have been saved by negotiation
207, 291b
Schmidt, Helmut, Chancellor of FRG
76, 125, 134
Schmidt, Johannes
171
Schmitt, Carl
156, 208. Cf.
see Mehring (2009)
Schöffel, Adolf
178 f, 219
Schönert, Jörg
81n
Schröder, Gerhard, Chancellor of FRG
254, 260
Schubart, Alexander
230
Schulze, Carsten
271, 274
Schumacher, Kurt
46 f, 59, 220
Views on police and on Catholic church
46n
Secrecy
Ambiguous post-war international view of military secrecy
137-42, 287b
Peculiarities of FRG secrecy legislation
138 f, 140 f
relation to freedom of expression
137
‘mosaic’ theory
140 f
essentially retroactive material/formal understandings of secrecy
141
Transparency in military procurement
138, 143 f
Security forces
Praun’s relationship to BND
95
BND has no objection to Spiegel-Article
131 f
BfV’s role in the Berufsverbot, and simultaneous failure on national security
190, 199
Unchallengable nature of their evidence
187
BfV’s role in NSU trial
265 f, 274
shredding of material damaging to itself
266
possible explanation of behaviour
59, 266 f
use of paid informants & placing agents in Neo-Nazi groups
265
practice rejected by BVerfG
271
Self-justifying reference to emergency
268
Non-collaboration with police
267
resignation of BfV heads
270
Lack of government control
272
Discrediting in Traube affair
244
Seehofer, Horst
260
Sendler, Horst
237
Sexuality
General attitudes to sexuality
285b
‘The’ sexual revolution
94
Mixture of repression and
commercialization of sexuality
91, 92, 101
sex scandals and murders
90, 92 f, 95 f
public views of sexuality
115, 285b
Courts’ general dislike of subject in Dohrn case
123
CDU plans for further repressive
legislation, criminalizing adultery in Plan E162
107n, 116, 117
protests from intellectuals
116 f
NS views of sexuality
286b
legal aspects of §§ 175 & 218
110 f
Millennial ‘new sexual conservatism’ (Herzog)
128
Seymour-Ure, Colin
287b
Sherlock Holmes
81
Shortt, Linda
1
Şimşek, Enver
256
Skuse, Frank
190
Sling (Paul Schlesinger)
86 f, 99, 206
Snowdon, Edward & secrecy
137
Social Media
Law’s difficulty countering power of
253
Sonderweg
6, 209, 277b
Soveso
227
Soviet Union
Withdrawal from Control Commission
5n
Stabilizing effect on post-war Europe
49
Role in IMT
6, 27, 34, 37, 38, 47
Role in GDR
8
Popular Front
55, 189
role of su in KPD
53, 54 f
Possible influence on Flick trial
282b
Attitudes to homosexuality and abortion
109
Cold War
130, 134
Budapest
286b
Prague Spring
181
Legacy of Soviet bloc states to post 1989 world
255
Speer, Albert
39n
Spiegel-Affair
130–145, 287b
The Spiegel-magazine
134 f
Strauss’ previous attacks on Spiegel
136
Lüth & freedom of expression in Affair
137, 143
Offending article by Ahlers
131 f
Spiegel’s habitual lack of interest in military matters
141
Imprisonment of editor & journalist
132 f
Peculiarities of secrecy legislation
137 f, 140 f
‘mosaic’ theory
140 f
material/formal understandings of secrecy
140 f
Augstein’s appeal to BVerfG
(Verfassungsbeschwerde)
142 f
BVerfG view of Sp.-Affair
134, 142 f
Surprising intervention of BGH
judge
133 f
BGH’s formal place in case
142 f
Parliamentary debate & Adenauer’s attack on Augstein
133
General effects of the Affair
133 f, 144 f
dangerous overlap of Affair with Cuban crisis
130 f
Springer press and Spiegel
287b
Spilsbury, Bernhard
90
SS (Schutzstaffel)
Membership of SS seen as punishably criminal in Flick case
39, 41
not so in Auschwitz trial
157
challenge to view of inflexible hierarchy in which individuals could not avoid participating in crimes against humanity
172 f
Stalin, Josef
27, 30, 52 f, 87, 161n, 208
Steinbacher, Sibylle
92, 109
Steinbrinck, Otto
35, 41
Stoll, Peter
211
Stolleis, Michael
4, 18
English-language short history of jurisprudence post 1945 277b Gödecke (2008)
Stolpe, Manfred
257
Stolting, Hermann II
167 f
Strafrechtsänderungsgesetz
23, 61, 65, 220
Strauss, Franz-Josef (political influence)
Head of CSU. minister president of Bavaria
Debasing of political language with populism
219, 220
playing with regionalism
135
Attacks on opponents of ns
163
Rumours of involvement of in Brühne affair not shared by Mauz & Augstein
95
Strauss grants Brühne early pardon
96
see Spiegel-Affair
Streicher, Julius
27, 31, 69n, 157
Streletz, Fritz
254
Student revolt May 1968
Radicalized by Spiegel-Affair
144 f
Search for contact with the masses
182, 183, 216
Tactic at its end
183
effect of repression & unemployment
205
Threats to archaic structures of university
18, 182 f, 200, 217
SDS
183
Widening of horizons from the narrowly political & materialistic
202, 251
Frees up debate on homosexuality
110
Superior orders defence
Offending against the ‘Nuremberg Principle’
130, 162, 169, 170
but successful for Harlan
68 f & partially for Flick
Wharton
39, 162
further development in State function defence, example Pinochet
170
re-legitimation of defence in BGH’s Stachynskij judgment
169, 170, 171 f
contrast with Kaltenbrunner’s defence on grounds of irresistible ‘hypnotic power of ns
171
Sympathizers
212-15
Taşköprü, Süleyman
256
Taylor, Telford
26, 32n, 42, 82n, 281b
Temme, Andreas
272
Tergit, Gabriele (=Elise Reifenberg)
3, 86 f, 93, 98, 104 f
Terrorism, urban
Baader-Meinhof
; 289b
Corresponding radicalization of the law
184
Alleged rationale of terrorism
. 205
Spiral of violence in 1970s
206
murders of Siegfried Buback, Jürgen Ponto & Hanns-Martin Schleyer
210
trivializing of violence
206
participants behaving as in an action film
215
Reactions on the left
201 f
Using trials as attack on state
207
On defence counsels of terrorists
208, 290b
dilemma of over-reaction in counter- t. measures
207
cf. with British counter-terrorism problems cf. Porch (2013). Relation to Berufsverbot victims
205
Conservative efforts to smear SPD and FDP with links to terrorism
214
Böll insists on his distance to b-m
214
2nd June talisman
182
Model for neo-Nazi structures
262
Teufel, Fritz
206
Thälmann, Ernst
278b
Theissen, Horst
127 f
Three Mile Island
227
Tillessen, Heinrich
21 f
Tito, Marshall
70, 225
Totalitarianism
147, 209
Trades-Unions
GEW, ÖTV in Offergeld case
188n, 192
role in constitution
55, 61, 181
View of emergency legislation
290b
Traube, Klaus
244
Trotsky
Critique of Stalin
30
Truman, Harry S.
27
Tu quoque
Unspoken element in IMT deliberations
38
in Auschwitz trial
127, 157, 175
significant role in Historikerstreit
38n
Turgut, Mehmet
256
Turing, Alan
30
Ulm-Trial (1958)
158 f
RSHA
Universities
Inclusion of universities into codified law
17
Inappropriate power of professors
90
Radicalization of students and staff
184
threatened in BVB
190, 214
general critique from student movement esp. of law faculties
202
University law departments’ support for NS law
45, 278b, 281b
BVerfG adjustment of effect of BVB on law training opportunities
289b
USA
Legal realism pre-1947
43, 56, 106
Post-war hostility to trusts
32
American Civil Liberties Union intervention in Homosexual trials
114
Constitution compared to GG
126
Office of Strategic Information
139
Active role of Labour Courts in us Berufsverbot cases
196
Problems with dioxin
233 f
US Supreme Court
Structural comparison with BVerfG
13, 62 f, 82
Election of judges
14
Reflections on relations to politics: Brown vs the Board of Education
63
Marbury vs Madison
63 f
McCutcheon vs. Federal Election Committee
65 f
Avoidance of ‘authoritarian judicalism’ (Bickel)
76
Violence
Perceived need to redefine
293 f
concept of counter-violence
214
Violence in ecological protest
231 f
B-M definition of function of violence
205
K-Gruppen
251
Mescalero’s approach to B-M
violence
211 f
court finds this view to be ‘de-radicalization’
223
Vogt, Jochen
159, 175
Wackersdorf
229, 247, 248
Wahl, Rainer
77 f
Wand, Walter Rudi
195, 200, 204
Weber, Max
146, 280b
ineffectual German admiration for English methods
139n
Weimar Republic
General desire for legal reform, yet not carried through
108, 109, 25
Wulffen
82f
Radbruch
81n, 85, 86n
Cultural golden age
8
Early attempts at reform of §§ 175 & 218
110
role of public intellectuals in the law
85
Legal journalism and court-reporting in w.r.
85 f
Class justice in w.r.
279b
elements of w.r. constitution taken over into GG
12
problem with its imprecise language
278b
Political murders in w.r.
192
Centrality of question why w.r. failed
23
would banning NSDAP have saved it?
50
Bracher’s diagnosis
192
Judicial review in w.r.
13
View of parties
51
Role of emergency legislation in destroying W.R.
181
Weinreb, Lloyd
on normative nature of law
44
Weiss, Bernhard
40, 41
Weiss, Peter
55n, 175n, 174 f
Weizsäcker, Richard von
19, 233
Wells, Christina
140
Wesel, Uwe
56, 59, 76n, 177n, 203n, 207n, 209
view of BVerfG
280b, 289b, 291b
on DKP
204
judges understanding Ireland
266
Wetzell, Richard
7
Wharton’s Criminal Law
39n, 162
White, Rob
234
Whitman, Walt
108
Wiesenthal Simon
Discredited by FRG officialdom in order to hamper his efforts to identify NS criminals
174n
Wilde, Oscar
108 f
Wilson, Harold
133, 297b
Wilson, Richard Ashby
204, 207
Wohlleben, Ralf
271, 273
Wolf, Friedrich
110
Wolf, Marcus
182
Wolfenden Report
117
Wulffen, Erich
102n
Reform and detective stories
81
Yaşar, Ismail
256
Yozgat, Halit
256, 272
Zola, Émile
85, 98
Zschäpe, Beate
255 f, 271, 273
ZSL (Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen Ludwigsburg)
Historical institute dedicated to preparing cases on NS crimes
158 f, 278b
Hostility of BGH
14