A Note on Transliteration and Style
The transliteration of Arabic and Persian words, names, and titles follows the official âIJMES (International Journal of Middle East Studies) Transliteration Chartâ with some modifications. For consistency, a distinction has not been made in transliterating consonants found in both Persian and Arabic, except in that âvâ is used for the Persian consonant vÄv instead of âw.â Any transliteration found in quoted passages has been left intact. Some terms and place names of Persian or Arabic origin that have well-established English equivalents or are found in common English lexicons (e.g., Ayatollah, Baghdad, hadith, Imam, Islam, Quran, Tehran, ulama) appear in their familiar form unless they occur as part of a quotation. Whenever two dates are provided and separated by a (/), they denote AH (Anno Hegirae) and CE (Common Era), unless otherwise abbreviated by Sh. (Anno Shamsi). If only one date or century is mentioned, it corresponds to CE. Documentation follows an abbreviated form of the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition, with minor adaptions. For example, in order to reduce the bulk of documentation, shortened citations have been used throughout, including the first time a work is cited. Abbreviations to printed and online editions of reference articles are listed below.
| DJI |
DÄnishnÄmih-yi jahÄn-i islÄm (Tehran, 1375 Sh./1996â) |
| DJI (online) |
DÄnishnÄmih-yi jahÄn-i islÄm, available online at |
| DMBI (online) |
DÄʾirat al-maÊ¿Ärif-i buzurg-i islÄmÄ«, available online at |
| EIO |
Encyclopaedia Islamica Online, available online at |
| DMT |
DÄʾirat al-maÊ¿Ärif-i tashayyuÊ¿ (Tehran, 1366 Sh./1988â) |
| EI¹ |
The Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples (1st edition, Leiden, 1913â36) |
| EI² |
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd edition, Leiden, 1955â2005) |
| EI³ (online) |
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd edition, 2007â), available online: |
| EIr |
Encyclopædia Iranica (London, 1982â) |
| EIr (online) |
Encyclopædia Iranica (New York, 1996â), available online at |
| EQ |
Encyclopaedia of the QurʾÄn (Leiden, 2001â2006) |
| ER |
The Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd edition, Detroit, 2005) |
| OEIW (online) |
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (New York, 2009), available online at |
| OB |
Oxford Bibliographies, available online at |