Index
Absalon of Lund,
(Arch)bishop
207 –209
absolutism
219
,
226
adat
278 –285
Aegean Sea
3
,
8
,
11 –12 17n84
,
19 –20 39 –51 52
,
52 –80 81 –112 115n11
,
115n12
,
117 –120 123
,
124n58
,
126
,
131 –139 161 –162 164
,
169 –171 173
Aegina
40 –44 46
,
52
,
53n6
,
57 –58 74
Adriatic Sea
8
,
12
,
58
Africa
53
,
245 –258 293 –303 (slavery) 311
,
341 –344
Africa, East
18
,
119
,
123n55
,
125 –129 (Horn of Africa) 247
,
327
Africa, North
15
,
58
,
156
,
166 –168
Africa, sub-Saharan
166
,
329
Age of Discovery
21
,
249
,
252
agriculture
53
,
118
,
165 –166 204
,
215
,
247
,
267
,
281
,
351
Alexander the Great
114
,
128
,
132
,
138
Alexandria
12
,
115n12
,
119
,
120
,
122 –125 132
,
138
,
156 –157 165
Alfonso de Albuquerque
265
,
268
Alkmeonids
81 –112 (emphasis 70-71)
America
2
,
14
,
245
,
251 –252 258
,
293 –305 311
,
314
,
343 –350
Anatolia
19 –20 39 –40 42
,
47 –48 104
,
165
,
170
Antioch
157
,
159
Aphrodite
113
,
131
,
137 –138
Apollo
63
,
71
,
113
Arabian Sea
158
,
247
,
348
aristocracy
19
,
21
,
53 –55 59
,
65
,
67
,
72
,
74 –75 168
,
205
,
209
,
212
,
219
,
220
,
233 –234 236
,
281
Arnold of Lübeck
200
Asia, South
16 –17 245 –259
Asia, Southeast
18
,
21 –22 245 –251 263 –286 302
,
328
Athenaion Politeia
62
Athenian Empire
1
,
9
,
12
,
16n75
,
19
,
52 –80 81 –112 119
,
138
,
198
Atlantic Ocean
18
,
166 –167 182 –188 221
,
223n7
,
229
,
245
,
251
,
295
,
311
,
346n36
Atlantic slave trade
297 –305
Atlantic World
251
Attica
40
,
52
,
54
,
57 –58 60
,
65 –67 70n100
Autonomy
6
,
16
,
123
,
135
,
161
,
170
,
173
,
238
,
313 –314
Baltic Rim
195 –210 214 –215
Baltic Sea
12
,
18
,
20 –21 179 –192 189 –191 (emphasis) 219 –238
Batavia
319 –330
battering ram
55 –56
Battuta, ibn
247 –248
Bay of Bengal
21
,
247
,
277
,
301 –303 325
bendahara
276 –278 285
Belgium
190
Bengal
247
,
254
,
257 –258 277
,
301 –303 325
Black Sea
20
,
41n8
,
53
,
59
,
65
,
88 –89 94
,
113n4
,
119
,
125 –131 137
,
161
,
165
,
170
,
172 –173 189
Bohemond of Otranto
159
Bohemond vii of Tripoli
160
Boiotia
13
,
19
,
81 –108
borders
7
,
116
,
135
,
198
,
225
,
246
,
295 –296 301 –302 304
Bosporos
113
,
137
Brás de Albuquerque
268
,
269
,
272n54
,
275
Braudel, Fernand
8
Brazil
295
,
299 –305 (trade) 316 –318 346
British Empire
4n13
,
11
,
12n59
,
13 –14 16 –17 21
,
235 –238 245 –259 299
,
329
British East India Company
16
,
21
brokerage
3
,
5
,
7 –8 9n42
,
11n51
,
202
,
249
Bronze Age
12
,
39 –51 55
,
155
buccaneers
12 –13 18
,
338
,
346 –351
Buddhism
273
Byzantion, ancient
89 –91 94n58
,
95 –99 101
,
105 –106 108
,
134
Byzantium
9
,
161
,
164
,
169 –170 210
,
246
Caffaro, Annals of
157
Calicut
245
,
248 –249 251
Cape of Good Hope
252
,
317
,
319
,
327
Caribbean
2
,
11 –13 18
,
298
,
337 –351
Caribbean Sea
337 –351
Cartagena, Siege of
350
Carthaginian Empire
9
,
14 –15 56
,
92n47
Ceylon
129
,
248
,
319 –322 329 –330
center-periphery model
6
,
22 –23
centralization
1 –3 14
,
21
,
167
,
213 –214 225
,
263
,
294
,
296
Charles v, emperor
341
Charles vii, of France
171 –172
China
4
,
7
,
17
,
22
,
247 –250 264 –265 267
,
273
,
279 –280 284
,
303
,
322
,
325
China Sea (South)
248 –250 267
,
273
,
303 –304
Chios
87 –88 91
,
95 –97 99 –100 106
,
108
,
164 –166 169 –170
Chinese Empire
4
,
7
,
17
,
247 –251 264 –266 273
,
277 –284 303
,
322
,
325
Chremonidean War
134n126
,
136
Christendom
159
,
165
,
199
,
206 –208 209 (Danish Church)
,
210 –213 220 –222 225 (Catholic rulers)
,
228 –232 (Church system, Lutheranism) 237
,
253
,
256
,
303
,
338
,
344
,
348
citizenry
61
,
76
,
92
,
103 –104 135
,
162
,
167
,
169
,
209
,
220
civic identity
10
Cnut the Great
20
,
194
Cnut, Saint (or St. Knud) 204
,
209 –210 210n52
,
212 (guilds)
Coen, Jan Pietserszoon
318
coinage
52
,
61
,
65 –66 69
,
74
,
88 –89 92
,
113n4
,
115n10
,
121
,
138
,
205
,
213
,
250
,
277
collective identity
12
,
225 –226
colonial empire
1 –2 5
,
17
,
21 –23 173
,
245 –246 251
,
258 –259 293
,
314
colonies, colonialism
1 –2 4 –5 7
,
12n59
,
17
,
20 –23 43
,
53
,
58
,
61 –62 64n68
,
72
,
74n117
,
94
,
116
,
121
,
123
,
129 –130 137
,
153
,
155
,
157
,
159 –161 164
,
167 –168 171 –173 196 –198 207
,
238
,
245 –246 251 –252 254
,
256 –259 265
,
270
,
278
,
280
,
284
,
293 –294 298 –299 301 –302 305
,
311 –315 318
,
326
,
328
,
339 –342 344n26
,
345
,
350
colonialism (pre-)
22
,
263 –265 283
colonialism (anti-)
338
Comanche Empire
2
,
11
,
13
communication (maritime)
3
,
20
,
117
,
122
,
137
,
179 –180 198
,
313
communication (oral)
184
,
186
,
187 (illiteracy)
commercial empire
20
,
22
,
154 –155 158 –159 172
,
173
,
314
commercial (economy)
204 –205 211 –212 215
,
299 (commercialization)
,
313 (exchange)
competition, interimperial
7n33
,
12n59
,
20
,
23
complex systems
10
composite entities
6
connectivity
3
,
8 –10 12
,
15n73
,
129
,
137
Columbus, Christopher
248
,
251
,
340 –341 343
Constantinople
161
,
163
,
165
,
169
,
172
,
197
Corinth
58 –60 74
,
86
,
134n127
Corinthian Gulf
8n37
,
19
,
81n3
Corsairing see privateering
Cortés, Hernan
341 –343
cosmopolitism
4
,
115n12
,
120
,
124
creolization
295 –297
Crete
40 –41 44 –45 48
,
95
,
118 –119 124n58
Crimea
113
,
137
,
161
,
163
crusade
157 (First)
,
160 (Third)
,
161 (Fourth)
,
199
Crusading Order
201
cultural fragmentation
8
cultural exchange
4
,
249
Cyclades
42
,
47
,
63
,
69 –70 75
,
93
,
126
,
135 –136
Cyprus
8n36
,
43n14
,
48
,
115 –117 119 –120 123 –125 126n69
,
130
,
163
,
165
,
169 –170 172
Da Gama, Vasco
249
,
251 –252
Danish Empire
12
,
194 –238
Danube Delta
73n115
,
164 –165
decolonization
259
defensive imperialism
116
,
137
Delos
63
,
70
,
75
,
93
,
136n146
,
138
Delian League
12
,
54
,
60
,
63
,
70
,
75
,
198
Delphi
64
,
71
,
75
,
136n146
Demeter, Boiotian
88
democracy
12
,
52 –80
Denmark
12
,
18
,
20
,
181n9
,
184 –191 194 –238 245
,
348
Danish Empire, second
194
diversity
1
,
4
,
6
,
8 –9 20
,
114
,
179
,
191 –192 225
,
313
,
322
,
327
Dominium Maris Baltici
21
,
219 –238
Dutch East India Company
3
,
7
,
12
,
16
,
17
,
22
,
245 –259 283
,
298
,
311 –332 346
Dutch Empire
2
,
7
,
10 –12 10n47 16
,
17
,
18 –22 153
,
154
,
181n9
,
186 –189 (language) 219 (States General)
,
225 (Republic)
,
227 (identity)
,
230 –238 245 –259 270 –272 282
,
298 –301 311 –332 338 (Calvinists)
,
344 –346 346n36
Dutch Indies
153
,
311 –332
Dutch West India Company
259
,
298 –301 345 –346
dynamic systems
10
East India Companies
245 –259 314
Ecology
8
,
11
Egypt
9n42
,
19
,
39
,
42 –46 48 –49 57 –58 90
,
103n98
,
108
,
113 –139 156
,
160 –161 165
Eighty Years War
317
elites
5 –6 11
,
17
,
20
,
47
,
90
,
115 –116 120 –121 131n104
,
135
,
182
,
192
,
209
,
211
,
214 –215 220
,
223
,
225 –226 231
,
234 –236 248
,
255
,
281
,
294
,
303
,
320
,
322
,
324
Elizabeth i
344
Empire-building
15
,
191
,
259
,
293
,
295 –296 304 –305 315
England
2 –4 16
,
20 –21 153 –154 161
,
166
,
181n9
,
182 –188 (language) 194
,
206
,
229
,
246
,
258 –259 344 –350
English East India Company
246
,
257 –258 349
entrepreneurial empires
2 –3 12n59
,
19 –20 23
,
57
,
74
,
123
,
129
,
130
,
236
,
284
,
297
,
304
entangled systems
5 –6
empire studies
1 –2 5
,
7
,
23
,
197
,
312
Estado da Índia
253
,
300 –304
Estonia
181n9
,
189
,
197
,
200
,
200n21
,
201 –202 204
,
210
,
221 –224 230
,
232
ethnicity
2n6
,
11
,
17
,
23
,
66
,
68
,
114 –115 117n12
,
118 –120 124
,
153 –154 183
,
187
,
190
,
211
,
249
,
255
,
279
,
297 –298 327
,
337
eurocentrism
18
,
246
,
294
expansion
98
,
114
,
121
,
151
,
158
,
171
,
196
,
202
,
208
,
258
,
298
,
318
,
318n
extraction
22
,
156
,
252 –259 312
,
319 –322 330
,
331
Faroe Islands
181
,
184 –185 221
Fatimids
156
Flanders
161 –166 181
,
190 (language)
France
14
,
16
,
53
,
165 –166 212
,
172 –173 181n9
,
182 –192 (language) 207 225
,
234
,
237
,
246 –259 (empire) 298 –300 329
,
338
,
343 –348 351
Frederick ii, emperor
200 –201
freebooters (association of)
12 –13 206
,
209
,
349 –351
galley
9n41
,
55
,
57
,
69
,
113
,
121 –122 160
,
274 –275
Genoa, Republic of
3
,
20
,
153 –175 251
German
14
,
17
,
21 (Germanization)
,
180 –192 (language) 194
,
196 –215 200 (‘Germanised’)
,
222
,
229
,
234 –236
globalization
4 –5 10
,
18
,
129
,
249
,
251
,
305
Global Turn
245
glocalization
5n18
gold
41
,
76
,
89n30
,
101
,
118
,
128
,
138
,
166
,
250
,
252
,
271
,
273
,
282
,
295
,
299
,
343
Golden Age (Dutch)
57
,
245
Golden Horde
163 –164
Gothicism
227 –229 238
Goths
181n9
,
189
,
227 –229 238
grain (resource)
16n75
,
54
,
59
,
65
,
76
,
89 –91 98
Grammaticus, Saxo
206
,
208 –209
Great North Sea Empire
194
Great Britain
14
,
182
,
224
,
237
,
258
,
345
Grotius, Hugo
317
Guels (and Ghibellines)
168 –171
Gulf of Finland
222
Habsburg-Valois Wars
173
Habsburg Monarchy
173
,
296n14
Hanseatic League (towns)
186 (merchants)
,
187
,
202
,
204 –205 (German) 211
,
234
Harald Bluetooth
199
hegemony
5 –6 11
,
15 –19 21
,
44
,
52 –54 74n117
,
82
,
84 –86 88
,
91
,
100
,
102
,
107
,
114
,
130
,
132
,
136 –137 159
,
191 –192 205
,
215
,
219
,
232
,
234
,
237
,
249
,
315
Hellespont
54
,
59
,
64 –65 67
,
73 –76 89
,
97
,
123
,
125 –126 139
Henry vii, emperor
171
Herakles
88 –89 92
Herodotus
15
,
52 –80
Heyn, Piet
346
Hindu
247
,
255 –256 268
,
273
,
275 –276
Hippias
60 –73
Hittites
39
,
47
Holy Roman Empire
165
,
171
,
201
,
246
,
259
,
341
hub (network)
6n26
,
10
,
58
,
93
,
132
,
155
,
158 –159 162
,
165
,
313
hub-and-spoke structure
6
,
313
hybrid empires
316
,
322
,
331
Iberian Peninsula
156 –157 165 –166 182 –183
Iceland
181n9
,
181 –186 221
,
229
identity
10n47 (Dutch)
,
167
,
216
,
234
,
274n64
,
336
ideology
4
,
7
,
88
,
116 –117 128n79
,
206
,
227 –228 230
,
254
,
317
Imbros
66
,
69
,
74
imperialism
1n1
,
4n13
,
5
,
7
,
12n59
,
14 –15 17
,
96n69
,
102n92
,
115 –117 126
,
137
,
245
,
256
,
280
,
312
,
316
,
320
Imperial systems
130n96
,
191 –192 224
,
228
,
302
,
331
Imperial Turn
4
,
7
,
266
India
129
,
129n90
,
133
,
245 –259 277
,
278
,
304
,
320
,
325
,
327
,
329
Indian Ocean
3
,
13
,
16 –17 21
,
122
,
129
,
153
,
165
,
245 –259 273
,
279
,
295 –302 327
Industrial Revolution
256
,
258
innovation
57
,
115
,
224
,
315
,
329
Irish Sea
18
,
179 –192 182 –183 (emphasis) 189
,
191
,
301
Isabella, queen
341
Isis (deity)
113n3
,
131
,
138
Isis (Ptolemaic warship)
113
,
137
Islam
9
,
155 –158 162
,
247
,
255 –256 264n10
,
266
,
272 –285
Island League see League of the Islanders
Japanese Empire
1
,
14
,
18
,
303 –304 327 –328
Java Sea
12
Javanese War of Succession
319 (First)
Jerusalem, Kingdom of
157 (siege)
,
161
,
206
John vi Cantacuzenus
163
Judaism
255 –256 348
Kalmar Union
9n42
,
194
,
220
,
227
Kleopatra vii
113n4
,
114
,
128
,
139
Kolonna
40 –46
Kos
95
,
108
,
115n11
,
119
,
135
laksamana
274 –278
La Superba
153
Las Casas, Bartolomé de
342
,
343
Latin (language)
163 (Latins)
,
180
,
180n4
,
181n9
,
183
,
185 –192
Laurion
41
,
43 –46 48
,
52
Laws of Melaka (Undang-undang Melaka))
264
,
276 –284
League of the Islanders
135 –136
Lemnos (island)
66 –70 72
,
74 –75 164
Levant
8
,
40
,
43
,
117 –120 123 –124 130
,
133
,
156
,
158 –159 163
,
165
,
228
Libya, ancient
115
,
118 –119 126 –127
Libya, modern
123
,
125 –126 156
Ligurian Sea
158
,
162
,
168
,
171
lingua franca
20
,
180 –192
Lisbon
22
,
161
,
163
,
166 –167 251
,
294
,
297
,
299 –300
localism
8
,
246
long-distance
16
,
47 –49 56
,
154
,
166
,
324
,
340
Louis xiv
258
Lübeck
187
,
201 –211 220
Macedonia
54
,
62 –63 72
,
74 –76 81n3
,
85
,
90
,
107
,
114 –115 118 –119 125
,
128
,
132 –133
Macao (Macau)
22
,
303 –304
Mahan, Alfred Thayer
13 –14
al-Mahdiyya
156 –158
Mahmud (sultan of Melaka)
263
,
284 –285
Malabar
245
,
247
,
249
,
251
,
256 –257 329
Malay Peninsula
13
,
21 –22 247
,
263 –286
maone (maona)
153
,
162
,
164
,
170
Marathon, Battle of
65
,
69
‘Mardijkers’
328
mare liberum
283
,
317
mare nostrum
198
Margaret i (queen of Denmark)
194
maritime empire (definition)
1 –3 11n55
,
12 –16 23
,
153
,
180
,
197 –198 246
,
294
,
304
,
313
,
324
maritime trade
39 –51 204
,
230
,
235
,
247 –248 251
,
274
Mediterraneanism
8
Megali Magoula
43 –44 47
Melaka Empire
21 –22 263 –286
mercantile empires
7
,
171
,
255
mercenaries
21
,
41n8
,
48 –49 62
,
119
,
211
,
215
,
250
,
327 –329
Mexico
11
,
342 –343 345
metropolis
56
,
63
,
72
,
75
,
293
,
295
,
299 –300 312
Michael viii Paleologus
163 –164
migration
4
,
53
,
56
,
118 –120 137
,
249
,
313
,
319
Milan
155
,
167
,
171 –174 174n
Miletos (Miletus)
40
,
47
,
65
,
119
Ming Dynasty
246
,
248 –249 264
,
266
,
273
mining
41
,
45 –46 164
,
253
,
299
,
343
mobilization
22
,
312 (labour)
,
329 –330
modernization
1n2
,
221
,
231
,
235
monarchia mixta
21
Mongols
16 (empire)
,
24
,
163 –164 (Golden Horde)
monopoly
129
,
154
,
176
,
253 –254 295
,
299 (policy)
,
301
,
311
,
317 –318 323
,
330
,
340
Morgan, Henry
348
Mughal Empire
246
,
254
multipolarity
8
,
16
,
23
,
132
Mycenae
19
,
39 –51
Naples, Kingdom of
163
,
166
,
171
,
172
narrative
17
,
21
,
52 –53 67
,
70
,
96
,
133n114
,
136n140
,
206
,
225
,
238
nation (as a concept)
225 –227
native Americans
340 –342 350 (‘Indians’)
negotiation
6
,
8
,
117
,
294
,
296
,
313
,
320
Nesiotic League see League of the Islanders
Netherlands (Dutch)
186 –188 220
,
234
,
236
,
324
network, commercial
128
,
154 –160 162
,
165
,
167
,
173
,
248 –256 295 –297 301 (circuits)
,
314
,
339
,
341
,
345 –346 346n36
network, cultural
255 –256 298
,
302 –305 (cross-cultural) 325
,
337
network, economic
93
,
173
,
180
network, imperial
3
,
11
,
123 –126 135
,
252
,
313
network, exchange
7
,
43
,
183
,
192
,
198
,
202
,
204 –205 248
,
287 (global)
,
316
,
326
network, maritime
7 –11 81
,
87 –93 107
,
122
,
162
,
179
,
181
,
189 –192 249 –251 272
,
297
,
329
network, migration
56
network, pirate (parasitic)
337 –351
network, political (power)
180
,
188
network theory
9 –11
New Imperial History
4n13
Norman
181n9
,
182 –183 188
Nordic languages
181 –191
Northern Seas
13 (terminology)
,
18
,
20
,
179
North Sea
18
,
179 –192 186 –188 195
,
221
,
221n5
,
223 –224 229 –230 235
,
237
Norway
181n9
,
184 –187 194
,
201 –202 206
,
214
,
220 –224 223n7
Novgorod
186
,
204
,
222
Nubiat
115
,
118 –119 128
Nymphaion (Crimea)
113
Nymphaion (Treaty of)
161
,
164
oran laut
274 –276
Orientalism
114
Ottoman Empire
6
,
9
,
11
,
13
,
14n67
,
17
,
162
,
170
,
172
,
266
Omani Empire
18
Ouidah
22
,
297 –302
overlapping empires
3 –4 11
,
16 –17 23
,
81
,
90
,
126
,
135
,
154
,
159
,
351
Pacific Ocean
297
,
304
,
344
,
347
,
348
pagan
20
,
200
,
206
,
208
,
214
,
273
Pantikapaion
113
,
137
Parthian Empire
117
participation, community
22
,
300 –305
Peloponnese
58
,
66n79
,
85 –86 99 –102 105n107
,
105n110
,
107
,
136
pentekonter
55 –58
Persia
4
,
16
,
19
,
52 –54 56 –57 59 –60 65
,
69
,
71 –74 81 –112 115n9
,
119n34
,
132
,
165
,
265
,
278 –279
Persian Gulf
17
,
129
,
249 –250
Petit-Goâve
23
Philaidai
64 –70
Philip iii (king of Spain)
345
Pisa
27n
,
109n
,
144n
,
154
,
156 –159 157n9
,
161
,
170
piracy
12n59
,
23
,
56
,
58
,
82
,
198
,
270
,
270n43
,
279
,
337 –357
‘pirates nests’
23
,
337
,
348
,
350 –351
Pizarro, Francisco
341
,
342
Poland
181n9
,
189 –190 (language) 220
,
222
,
225
,
227
,
230
,
232
,
237 (Russian-Polish-Danish Alliance)
Polo, Marco
248
polycentrism
3
,
162
,
296
port cities
10
,
11
,
123
,
162
,
224
,
245
,
247
,
250
,
303 –304 341
Port Royal
23
,
346 –351
Portuguese Empire
13
,
16 –17 21 –22 166 –167 245
,
251 –256 265
,
268 –269 (sources) 270 –286 (Melaka colony) 293 –305 317 –322 338
,
342 (slavers)
,
348
postcolonialism
116n20
,
245 –246
privateering
338 –351
propaganda
115
,
125
,
138 –139 206
,
229
Propontis
69
,
74 –75 88
Prussia
181n9
,
189 –190 197
,
200 (language)
,
220
,
224
Ptolemaic Empire
9
,
11 –13 16
,
19 –20 113 –152
raiders
13
,
155 –156 204
,
212
,
337 –347
raw materials
62
,
87 –88 116
,
118
,
156
,
166
,
250
,
256
,
258
Red Sea
20
,
118 –119 122 –123 125 –131 134n120
Rhodes
13
,
87 –100 106
,
108
,
122n51
,
123 –124 134
,
136
Robert of Anjou
169 –171
Roman Empire
6
,
9
,
10n48
,
14 –15 117
,
123n56
,
128n74
,
133n116
,
155
,
180
,
182 –183 197 –198 206
,
246
,
250
,
317
Rostovtzeff, Michael
5
Russian Empire
2
,
4
,
165
,
181n9
,
189 (language)
,
196
,
204 –205 222
,
224
,
229 –232 237 (Russian-Polish-Danish Alliance)
,
246
Salamis, Battle of (480 bce)
15
,
52
,
57
Salamis, Battle of (306 bce)
132n111
Samos
58
,
74
,
99
,
103 –104 134n127
Sardinia
15
,
156
,
166
Saronic Gulf
19
,
39 –51 136
Scandinavia
17
,
18
,
182 –192 (languages) 195
,
202 –215 228
Scotland
181n9
,
182 –186 (Gaelic) 229
,
238
sea power
3
,
9
,
12 –15 17
,
21
,
135 –136 138
,
314
Sea of Azov
113n2
,
161
Seleukid Empire
2
,
11
,
16n74
,
20
,
113 –152
shadow networks
17
,
23
,
297
,
301 –302 305
shahbandar
276 –277
Siam
22
,
248
,
264
,
267 –270 273
,
285
Sicily
15
,
53
,
58
,
101
,
119
,
163
,
166
,
171
silver (resource)
40 –46 52
,
54
,
76
,
118
,
134
,
252
,
303 –304 343
,
346
Singapore (Temasek-)
10
,
267 –274 286
Slavery
4
,
16n75
,
76
,
91
,
103
,
128
,
137
,
165
,
185 –186 205
,
227
,
245
,
252
,
263n4
,
283
,
293
,
297 –302 324
,
326n54
,
326 –330 338
,
340
,
342
,
344 –347 350
Snare, Esbern
206
Sparta
19
,
52
,
53n7
,
71
,
83 –86 89n30
,
92n48
,
93
,
95
,
99 –104 105n110
Spartokid Dynasty
113
Spanish Empire
2 –4 11 –13 173
,
296n14
,
303 –304
Spice trade
165
,
250 –252 258
,
279
,
318
Sumatra
22
,
263
,
267
,
269
,
272
,
279
,
284
Sweden
21
,
181
,
186
,
189
,
194 –202 209
,
214
,
219 –238
Swedish Empire
12
,
18
Swedish e.i.c.
238
Syria
44
,
114 –117 125 –126 129
,
130n97
,
132 –138 159
,
166
Syrian Wars
114
,
133
,
134n127
,
136 (Second)
taxes
123n52
,
156 –157 (exemptions) 161
,
203 (war)
,
213
,
278
,
295 –300 (evasion) 320 –323 (tax farming) 330
thalassocracy
9n41
,
12
,
86
,
89n30
,
100
,
107
,
126
,
134n127
,
138
,
198 –199 215
,
266n26
,
267
,
284
,
311 –332
Teutonic Order
190 (knights)
,
232
textiles
165 –166 247 (Indian)
,
250 (cotton)
,
251
,
252 (South Asian)
,
258 (South Asia)
,
300 –301 (bartering textiles for slaves) 300n30
Theban Empire
19
,
81 –112
Thebes (Greece)
45n21
,
81 –112 119
,
124
Themistokles
52 –54 57
Thessaly
63
,
85
,
105
,
107
,
119
Thirty Years’ War
224
,
228 –231 237
Thorikos
41
,
44
,
46
Thrace
54
,
62
,
64
,
66
,
69 –70 72 –76 115
,
118 –119 125
,
126n69
,
137
timber (resource)
16n75
,
54
,
62
,
76
,
90
,
118
,
165
,
322
trade company
trading networks
22
,
42 –44 53
,
58
,
154
,
157 –158 160
,
172
,
246
,
249
,
254
,
272
,
284
,
285
,
330 –331
transatlantic
221
,
238
,
248
,
298
,
301
translatio imperii theory
197
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
343
Treaty of Nymphaion
161
,
164
Treaty of Tordesillas
253
Treaty of Utrecht
349
tribute
39
,
204
,
205 (tributary economy)
,
249
,
273
tributary (land) empire
250
,
314
trireme
52
,
57 –58 65
,
87
,
105n111
,
107
,
113n4
,
121
Twelve Years Truce
345
Umayyad Empire
9
,
156
United Provinces
154
Union of the Crowns
296
universalism
4
,
7
,
19
,
116
,
139
unity, feeling of
206
urbanisation
204 –205
Valdemarian dynasty
20 –21 194 –199 203 –215
Valdemar i
194
,
199 –200 204 –205 209 –210 212 –213
Vasa dynasty
21
,
219 –238
vassal states/rulers
6
,
22
,
39 –40 47
,
126
,
137
,
197
,
200
,
263
Venice, Venetian
33n
,
154
,
157
,
159
,
161
,
163 –164 170
,
172
,
174n
,
247
Venetian Empire
1
,
9
,
11 –12 16
Verenigde Oostindische see Dutch East India Company
Compagnie (voc)
Victoria, queen
246
,
258 –259
Vikings
13 (Viking Age)
,
20
,
184
,
206 –215
Visconti, Filippo M.
172
Visconti, Gian G.
171
voc see Dutch East India Company
Wallerstein, Immanuel
6n25
,
22
,
293
,
330
Wallinga, Herman
139
War of Jenkins’s Ear
350
War on Pirates
338
,
349 –350
War of San Sabas
161
War of the Spanish
319
,
338
,
349
Succession
Wars of Religion
344
Wends (Slavs)
199 –200 204
,
206
,
209 –210 212 –213
Wendish Wars
199
Western Way of War
14
West Indische see Dutch West India Company
Compagnie (wic)
White Sea
18
,
179
,
229
wic see Dutch West India Company
Willemstad
23
,
346
,
351
Zeus
115n10
Zheng He
248 –251 264
,
273
,
279