Index
agricultural collectivisation
154, 161, 169, 211
aims of
102
youdai policies in
164
agricultural cooperatives
174, 207
Agricultural Producers’ Cooperatives (APC)
104, 152, 169
agriculture
socialisation of
104
socialist transformation of
146
All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce (ACFIC)
106
All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese (ACFROC)
171, 172, 177, 182, 205, 221
All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
40
American huaqiao representatives
30, 34
American imperialism
29, 71
Chinese people’s hatred toward
75
haiwai huaqiao opposition to
73
ancestral graves
114
destruction of
218
huaqiao
180, 218
non-huaqiao
181
repudiation of
203
anti-bourgeois struggle
233
anti-CCP propaganda
128–129, 210
anti-Chinese violence
225
‘anti-rash advance’ perspective of
1956 201
Anti-Rightist Rectification (1958)
147, 185, 186, 193, 195, 196, 199, 222, 233–234
‘Great Debate’ sessions
188
renewal of
224
resentment against
215
August First manifesto (1935)
as basis for Second CCP-GMD United Front
27
of Chinese Soviet Republic
26–27
Bandung Conference (1955)
133
Bank of China (BOC)
17, 53
instructions to promote remittances in RMB
70
bourgeois families
154, 229
bourgeois idealism
155
Bo, Yibo
68, 84–85, 197
British Exchange Controls
58
British sovereignty, over Malaya and Singapore
130
‘building the country with diligence and thrift,’ principle of
198–199, 203
capital investment
91, 153, 239
in national construction
74
Central Finance and Economics Commission (CFEC)
44, 53, 69, 92
guidelines on huaqiao remittance
53
Central People’s Government (CPG)
Organic Law of
46, 48
Central-South Land Reform Committee
85
Changshan Farm
207
Chen, Qiyou
182, 183
Chen, Yun
44, 53, 68, 103
introduction of ‘unified sale and purchase’
108
Chiang, Kai-shek
25–26, 76
China and the Overseas Chinese (1972)
3, 14, 16
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)
7n14
Chinese Civil War
23, 25, 162
end of
94
onset of
29
Chinese communism
196
Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
1, 29
agenda for socialist transformation
5
approach to
feminism
229n13
New Democracy
39
qiaowu
4
consolidation of political power
35
democratic coalition government
23, 25
domination post-Civil War
36
‘favoured treatment’ for huaqiao
13
‘first generation’ leaders
7
General Line (1952) for agrarian collectivisation
19
‘high tide’ principles
195
Land Reform Campaign (1952)
11, 36
Land Reform policies
60, 62
May Day slogans (1948)
29–30
New China under
38
nod to huaqiao political role
27
one-Party domination
40
plan to export revolution
14
pre-Cultural Revolution qiaowu policies
2
Preparatory Committee
37
relation with GMD
28
revolutionary agenda of
11
Seventh Party Congress (1945)
27
South China Bureau
83, 90, 97, 116
united front with Guomindang (GMD)
26
victory over the GMD
40
Chinese countryside, categorisation of
62
Chinese diaspora
3, 15
Chinese national bourgeoisie
84
Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)
32, 37, 44
Common Program of. see Common Program (CPPCC)
Eighth Plenum
219–220
First Plenary Session of
47
foundational documents of the PRC
46
haiwai huaqiao representation in
47
National Committee of
47
New Democracy and
228
Organic Law of
46–47
patriotic credentials
38
Preparatory Committee of
38, 41–42
huaqiao delegation
46
as representatives of CCP
46
Standing Committee of
45
Chinese People’s Volunteers
68
Chinese Soviet Republic
August First manifesto (1935)
26
Civil Affairs Department
72
class struggle
77
in countryside
62
Cold War
12, 13, 68, 228
collective property
218
collectivisation campaign
143, 233
Common Program (CPPCC)
46–47, 228
approval of
47
implementation of
51
mandate for qiaowu
53
New China’s proto-constitutional
234
promise to ‘facilitate remittances’
237
protection of huaqiao interests
56
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)
161–162
Confucian value system, collapse of
229n13
congress of people’s representatives
39
contradictions, idea of
230–234
correct qiaowu
practitioners of
7
reification of
7
counterrevolutionary funds
153
Cultural Revolution
1–2, 21, 35, 67, 99, 224, 230
struggles of a guiqiao family during
231
currency exchanges, of remittances
53, 78
democratic coalition government
23, 25, 32, 36, 39, 41
democratic dictatorship
28
democratic personalities
40–41, 200
Deng, Xiaoping
1, 6, 230
intention to restore qiaowu
2
Deng, Zihui
76–77, 166, 170
departmental selfishness
187
Diaoyu Islands
239
Dikötter, Frank
11, 76n124, 95, 174, 212n87
disposal of land, measures governing
66
dual nationality rights, renunciation of
82–83, 132–133
Dual Nationality Treaty (1955)
14, 170
negotiations for
133
duty of care
228
East China Administrative Committee
91
East China Finance Committee (ECFC)
49, 55, 57
East Guangdong Party Committee
116, 118, 123
economic cold war
69, 69n86, 228
economic development
investment in
69
Mao’s vision of
195
economic migration
66
economic rationalisation
9, 20, 24, 41–42, 49–50, 154, 200, 228, 233
economic realism
7–8, 10–11, 19, 40
economic realpolitik
24
economic recovery, of China
41, 53–55, 102
economic sabotage
126
economic sanctions
69
Eighth Party Congress (1956)
12, 18, 147, 170, 173, 175, 192, 201
endorsement of youdai
233
First Session of
205
General Line
203
Party Group’s February report
205
Second Session of
203
Eighth Plenum
219–220
Eighth Route Army
43
Electoral Law (1953)
96, 130
equal treatment, principle of
188, 190, 204
eradication of huaqiao privileges
230
Expanded Conference on Banking Affairs
58, 73, 131
exploited classes
62
‘facilitating huaqiao remittances, and serving the huaqiao,’ principle of
99
Fang, Fang
86, 121, 147, 151, 163, 193n227, 197–198, 203, 219
proposal for national qiaolian
171
farm labourers
100
feminism, CCP’s approach to
229n13
feng shui
181
feudalism
25, 80, 81, 91, 99
feudal landlords
88
‘first generation’ CCP leaders
7
Fitzgerald, Stephen
14–16, 211n82
China and the Overseas Chinese (1972)
14
Five Antis enemies
85, 94–95
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
132–133
Five Year Plan, of economic construction
96, 101, 106–107
wastefulness of
108
food and goods allocation, directive on
155
foreign currency
56–57, 70
Foreign Exchange Control Circular No. 176
58
huaqiao remittances as source of
54, 202, 227
Indonesian rupiah, devaluation of
213
preservation of
54
recipients in China
55
remittance smuggling and
202
foreign direct investment (FDI)
149, 238n29
foreign economic recessions
115
Foshan County CCP Committee
204
Fourth Expanded Conference
18, 163, 166, 170, 182, 192, 233
Fujian People’s Government (FPG)
91–92
Fujian Province CCP Committee (FPC)
64–66
elimination of landlord class and feudalist oppression
65
Fu, Zuoyi
38
Gang of Four
1, 230–231
gender equality
136
General Line propaganda (1952)
98, 101, 103, 112, 150, 203–205, 220, 225, 233
for agrarian collectivisation
19
economic features of
102
Liu Shaoqi’s re-statement of
203, 207
socialisation of agriculture
104
Gomulka, Wladyslaw
174n137
Government Administration Council (GAC)
66–67, 69
implementation of 1950 decree
83
Great Debate
174–191, 193
Great Leap Forward (GLF)
4–6, 4n9, 12, 20n56, 185, 194, 195, 197, 213, 222, 224–225
criticism of
219
food shortages
212
huaqiao capital for funding
204
huaqiao experience of
212, 222
intensification of
203
labour-as-education in
215
Mao’s idea of
196
mid-course correction for
218
OCAC’s propagandising of
221
precondition for
201
for qiaowu
197–209, 219
socialist revolution and
198
transition to the People’s Communes
212
Great Master
34–35
Great Movement to Resist America and Assist Korea
68, 73
Great Terror
95
great war of Liberation
23
Guangdong Land Reform, for eliminating feudalism
85, 91
Guangdong ‘localism’
86
Guangdong People’s Committee (GPPC)
157, 180–181, 217
Guangdong Qiaowu
22, 120–121, 138, 143, 181, 188, 200
Guangdong United Front Department
206
Guangzhou huaqiao
207
guiqiao (huaqiao returnees)
4, 72–73
international influence of
199
Japanese
183
mobilisation of
212
patriotic education for
225
problems regarding settlement of
217
self-help through production for
99
struggles during the Cultural Revolution
231
Guomindang (GMD)
26, 33
CCP victory over
40
huaqiao affairs
37
huaqiao suffering under oppression of
47
Nationality Laws
27
relation with CCP
28
guonei huaqiao
83
haiwai huaqiao (Overseas Chinese abroad)
1, 4, 7, 16, 23, 44, 50, 51, 64, 71–72, 87, 94–96, 97, 107, 110, 114, 130, 167, 170, 186, 218, 221
Dual National
199
opposition to American imperialism
73
PRC’s extension of democracy to
130
relation with huaqiao recipients
228
remittances to qiaojuan
52
subscription to PRC bonds
52
voting rights to
132
who retained Chinese nationality
211
Hearts for the Motherland (1979)
231
He, Xiangning
49, 51, 72–74, 96, 101, 130, 168, 186
higher education
92, 165, 171, 183
qiaosheng in
235
homeland–diaspora relationship
170
Hong Kong Dollar (HKD)
49
‘hooligans’ extorting remittances
126
huaqiao (Overseas Chinese)
1–3, 97
allocations of food/consumer goods
148
as ‘appropriate persons’ for the PCC
24
associations across Southeast Asia
32
capital investment in national construction
74
CCP’s favoured treatment for
13, 14n38
‘colonial’ connections
15
communication networks with the government
78
contributors to Chinese economy
53
dedication to national salvation
29
definition of
4
developing qiaowu for
59
diasporic identities of
170
direct investment by
78
dual nationality issue
133
dual nationality rights, renunciation of
82–83
economic utility of
4, 197
experience of
Great Leap Forward (GLF)
212
New China
231
terror and violence
11
funding of national liberation
43
governance of
4
Hong Kong-based
43
inclusion in united front
54
internal unity with qiaojuan
61
investment in industry
99
investments in national investment companies
128
in Jinjiang County (Fujian)
218n117
Land Reform leniency for
96
legitimacy of
8
Nanyang (Southeast Asia) huaqiao
26
North American
30
openness and sincerity of
34–48
patriotic education towards
226
patriotic unity of
61, 82–83, 98, 120, 166
permissions to travel overseas
218
place in China’s political firmament
26
place in the New Democracy
4, 24, 25–30
policies designed to exploit and extract from
197
policies governing
24
political economy
227–230
preferential treatment of
91
property of
218
property rights and private investments
135
proprietary rights to their remittances
113
remittance earnings
97
remittances. see remittances, huaqiao
rights and interests, protection of
6, 29, 47–48, 55, 231, 234, 236
rights of
118
significance of
238
in socialist transformation
184
socio-economic relations of
208
special allowances for
66
subordination of
191
support for the communes
218
Taiwanese deception of
183
‘togetherness’ with the peasants
218
transnationality of
4, 51, 71–72, 82–83
views on China’s future
26
youdai policies for
5
huaqiao bourgeoisie
109, 112
huaqiao capitalism
113, 139
huaqiao capitalists
112–113, 139
huaqiao class status problems, legacies of
117
huaqiao community associations (qiaolian)
165, 205
huaqiao deposits, in credit cooperatives
204, 213, 216
huaqiao direct investment
88–91
areas for
89
political education and ideological mobilisation
204
huaqiao economy, development of
65
huaqiao enterprises
78, 151
integration with national economic development
99
huaqiao households
64, 112, 115, 127, 148–149, 152, 155–157, 163–164, 187, 208
huaqiao identity, marginalisation of
24, 54, 190, 193
huaqiao interests
6, 49–50, 53–57, 61, 64–65, 75, 82–84, 92, 95–96, 116, 139, 141, 167, 191, 193, 194, 229–230, 234–237
domestic
72
eradication of
188
favoured treatment for
13, 19
Land Reforms
52
management of
223
marginalisation of
206
and party-state’s economic imperatives
50
in philanthropy
127
protection of
25, 29
qiaowu program to aid
29, 52
related to party-state’s interests
227
revolutionary party representing
30–31
transnationality of
4, 52, 61, 71–73, 134, 232
youdai approach to secure
5, 16
huaqiao investment, in China
49n115, 79, 89–91, 99, 124, 128, 149, 152–153, 164, 171, 187, 204, 216
huaqiao investors
124, 150, 153, 164
huaqiao juanshu welfare
59
huaqiao labour
deficiencies of
218
mobilisation and distribution of
208
non-participation, issue of
207
restructuring of
207
settling of
207
strength of
208
utilisation of
203
voluntary and reasonable
218
huaqiao landlords
65–67, 81, 83–84, 88, 118, 121, 134, 229, 233
huaqiao marriages
119, 123, 136
huaqiao migration
148–149
huaqiao networks
232
huaqiao-owned property, tenants of
116
huaqiao philanthropy
216
huaqiao property, return of
122–123, 135, 138–140, 156, 218
huaqiao refugees, settlement of
78, 87, 99, 226
huaqiao State Farms
217
Hu, Feng
162
bourgeois idealism
155
Hu, Jingyun
77, 79
Hundred Flowers Campaign
176, 184, 185, 222, 233
CCP backlash against
193
criticisms of qiaowu in
182
Hungarian Uprising (1956)
147, 174–175, 192
imperialist-controlled countries
79
imperialist oppression
58, 67
Indonesian huaqiao
221, 226
anti-Chinese violence and
225
Indonesian rupiah, devaluation of
213
industrial and commercial landlords
88
industrial economy
232
information dissemination
22, 79, 215n102
Jiang, Zemin
230
jiaoxin bianlun
206
jiu zuo reforms
218, 221
Mao’s proposals to
224
joint state-private ownership
150
of enterprises
105–106
joint-stock enterprises
106
jus sanguinis
27, 82, 132
Khrushchev, Nikita
161–162
secret speech
174
Korean War
52, 75, 84, 96
China’s intervention in
68–69, 94
cost of the intervention in
103
Kovalev, Ivan V.
40–41
labour-as-education, in GLF
215
labour camps
95
labour deficiencies
155, 157, 163, 190, 218–219
land and houses, owned by Overseas Chinese
63
in huaqiao areas
64
landlord households
66, 118
landlords, huaqiao
81, 83, 229
destruction of
76–77
as feudal landlords
88
industrial and commercial
88
Land Reform leniency for
134
peasants attack on
77
‘political treatment’ of
138
treatment of
67
Land Reform Campaign (1952)
11, 36, 60, 63
Land Reform Law (1950)
63, 66, 121
Article 4 of
67
Article 6 of
67
Article 8 of
67
CCP CC discussion of
64
Land Reform programme
52, 60, 77, 84
acceleration of
107
assessments of
101
CCP cadres in charge of
62
depicting ‘struggle sessions’
89
deviations in qiaoxiang
90
for economic construction
76
for eliminating feudalism
91
experiences of qiaojuan in
94
huaqiao position in
64
impact on huaqiao remittances
62, 69
imperatives of
64
intensification of
88, 90
legacies of
114
legacies of deviations in
107
leniency for the huaqiao
96
in qiaoxiang
60, 80, 100
radicalisation of
94, 96
rectification of
116
socialist transformation during
233
South China Bureau of deviations in
88
ultra-Left deviations on
62
leadership of state enterprises
107
‘leftist deviationist’ behaviour, rectifications of
219, 233
letter writing campaign
79
Liao, Chengzhi
1, 2n5, 29, 43, 59, 75, 80, 84, 87, 90, 96, 99, 107, 124, 128, 151, 190, 193, 196, 198, 219, 226
April 1954 qiaowu statement
109
discussion of Land Reform deviations
100
editorial for the People’s Daily
130
‘positive management’ of qiaowu
89
promotion of labour productivity
99–100
rectification agenda
114
United Front Conference speech
88
Liao, Luyan
80, 161, 169
Li, Fuchun
108
Li, Hua-yu
10
Lin, Biao
230
Liu, Shaoqi
102, 160, 172, 175, 203
re-statement of the General Line
203, 207
livelihoods of huaqiao
54
Li, Weihan
106, 170, 179
Li, Xiannian
161
Luo, Lishi
188–189, 200
Lushan Conference (1959)
4, 197, 215, 219, 221, 224, 225
Lu, Yu-sun
13
Programs of Communist China for Overseas Chinese (1956)
13
Mainland Chinese historiography
6–9
male-female relations, with qiaojuan
123
Maoist China
3, 9, 18, 227
Mao, Zedong
6, 23, 26, 47, 73, 146, 197, 227
conversations with Mikoyan
39
directive on huaqiao usage of wasteland
168
General Line (1952)
233
‘high tide’ vision
161
ideological and political work
198
intervention in Korean War
75
Land Reform programme
77
New China’s future under
47
‘On the Ten Great Relationships’ speech
162
political ideology of
222
politics in command
5, 195–224, 234
proposals to jiu zuo
224
resurgence in
1957–1958 233
Sixth Supreme State Conference (SSC)
145
‘sixty theses’ on work
198
socialist high tide (1955–1956)
145–146, 195, 233
speeches at the Chengdu Conference
198
supremacy of leadership of
233
vilification of rightist enemies
224
vision of
economic development
195
revolutionary progress
192
socialist transformation
195
marginalisation, of huaqiao interests
237
Marriage Law (1950)
93, 120n112, 136
Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy
67
mass mobilisation
83, 230
mass political mobilisation
195
May Day slogans (1948)
29–31, 36, 37
May Fourth Movement
180
Mei County
Credit Cooperatives
116
huaqiao
208–209
Mikoyan, Anastas
34, 38–39
military administrative committees
63
Ministry of Education (MOE)
92
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)
21, 71, 237
Model Articles of Association for Advanced Agricultural Producers’ Cooperatives
169–170
Mutual Aid Teams
104, 121, 143
Nan, Hanchen
56, 59, 77, 79
Nanyang Federation of China Relief Funds
32
Nanyang (Southeast Asia) huaqiao
26
national banks
57, 74, 110
national construction program
106
national defence government
27
national economic affairs, management of
41
National Economic Construction Bonds
106, 126
national economic plans
100
national economy, construction of
68
National Finance Conference
First Session of
54
national liberation
24, 42–43
huaqiao funding of
43
national minorities
46
administration of
16n47
National People’s Congress (NPC)
96
Constitution Drafting Committee
96
National Propaganda Work Conference
176, 178
National United Front Conference
87
nation-building
33
New China
53, 222
under CCP
35, 38, 47
‘great construction’ with a ‘new era’ of qiaowu
73
historical political economy
228
huaqiao experience of
231
under leadership of Mao
47
New Democracy of. see New Democracy of New China
portrayal of
83
propaganda towards the huaqiao
97
protection of huaqiao rights and interests
224
proto-constitutional Common Program
234
publicity for
79
New Democracy of New China
4, 10, 23, 49, 84, 99, 228
.
united front
CCP’s creation of
39, 41
Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)
228
economic realism of
8
establishment of
28–29, 41
huaqiao place in
4, 24, 25–30
one-Party domination and
40
organised hypocrisy of
228
PBOC’s approach in the spirit of
56
reforms in
35
Right Deviationist mistakes
102
Soviet influence on
40
truly representative
39
Non-Aligned countries
210
non-huaqiao
households
67
landlords
65
non-labour derived income
67
OCAC-PBOC memorandum
129, 133
‘One Belt, One Road’ initiative
239
‘overall consideration, appropriate arrangement,’ principle of
198–199
Overseas Chinese Affairs Bureau
147–160
Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission (OCAC)
1, 26, 59, 61, 69, 74, 82–83, 92, 95–96, 214
failures of
199
Fourth Expanded Conference
18, 73, 99, 163, 166, 192, 233
jiu zuo reforms proposed by
218, 221
memorandum regarding qiaojuan and guiqiao investment
203–204
new initiative for analysis of qiaowu
200–201
Party Group
153, 163, 198, 216–218
post-Lushan direction
224
propagandising of GLF
221
reforms regarding qiaowu in People’s Communes
220
report on
People’s Communes
218
qiaowu
90
remittance inflow
216
Overseas Chinese Affairs Office
1
Overseas Chinese in the People’s Republic of China (2012)
17–18
Overseas Chinese Investment Corporations
151, 153, 164, 216
Overseas Chinese Investment Guidance Committee
88
Overseas orphans
226
overseas propaganda
88
Party Committee of Zhongshan County (Guangxi Province)
83
party-state
leadership
6, 19–20, 96, 103, 142, 224
policies
98, 217
patriotic education
to Chinese students abroad
239
for new guiqiao
225
towards huaqiao
226
Patriotic United Front
87
Peasant Associations
79
pecuniary pluralism, notion of
235n21, 236–237
Peng Dehuai Affair
219–220
People’s Bank of China (PBOC)
17, 21, 59, 61, 69, 79–80, 82–83
Guangdong Branch
201
instructions on huaqiao remittances
53, 55
official report on
qiaowu
90
remittance
77
People’s Commune campaign
208, 212–213, 215, 225
allocation of food
218
criticism of
220
discontent over
214
‘freedom and security’ to huaqiao
218
huaqiao support for
218
labour deficiencies in
219
OCAC Party Group report on
218
OCAC’s reforms regarding qiaowu in
220
reforms of
219
People’s Daily
126, 129–130, 160–162, 176, 185, 195–196, 222
People’s Democratic United Front
42, 46–47, 172
haiwai huaqiao members
47
People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
38, 46, 62–63
advance on Tianjin and Beijing
23
in Chinese Civil War
25
regularization of
23
victory of
35
Winter Offensive
25
People’s Republic of China (PRC)
1
claims to the Diaoyu Islands
239
Communist control of
75
democratic coalition government
23, 25
establishment of
47
exports to the ‘capitalist countries’
78
foundation of
4, 10
documents of
46
history of communism in
11
history of qiaowu in
3
huaqiao identities
24
intervention in Korean War
68–69, 94
Nanjing regime and
28
National Assembly (1912)
26
national strength
239
one-party CCP rule
10
overseas Chinese remittances to
241–242
policies towards the huaqiao
227
radicalisation of
13
socialist identity of
235
trade deficit
237
United States’ economic Cold War against
69–70
People’s Scholarship funds
110
Perry, Elizabeth
9
Peterson, Glen
17–18, 79, 93
Polish October
147, 174–175, 192
Political Consultative Conference (PCC)
25, 32, 47
political economy
238
plan-ideological
231
plan-rational
231
of PRC’s policies towards the huaqiao
227–230
of qiaowu (Overseas Chinese affairs) policies
3–6, 7, 10, 16, 83–84, 88, 92, 229–230
collapse of
237
politics in command
12, 195–224, 227, 230, 234
promulgation of
209
qiaowu’s submission to
212
preferential treatment, policy of
5, 91–92, 134
private industry and commerce
19, 101, 105–107
private ownership of land, abolition of
35, 104
private property, legislative protections of
229
private urban industry and commerce
106
Programs of Communist China for Overseas Chinese (1956)
13
public display of patriotism
106
Puning’s qiaowu anthem
209
qiaojuan (huaqiao dependents and relatives)
4, 23, 43, 60, 72–74, 166
extramarital activity
93
internal unity with huaqiao
61
landholdings and labour
101
letter writing campaign
79
livelihoods of
51
semi-landlord with rich peasant status
67
travel documents
78
work groups of
165
qiaojuan escapes, causes of
158–159
qiaopi agencies
58–60
qiaopi couriers
61, 78, 119, 125, 138
qiaosheng
72, 99, 165, 215, 229
in higher education
235
returning to China for higher education
183
‘tuition schools’ for
165
in Xiamen University
183
qiaowu (Overseas Chinese affairs) policies
1–2
in
1949–1959 5
application of
119
Deng’s intention to restore
2
endorsement of
82
eradication of youdai in
207
exported revolution
14
‘favourable treatment’ (youdai) era
52
‘five fears’ and ‘five attitudes’
200
GLF-centric
197–209
historiography of
Mainland China
6–9
socialist transformation
9–13
Western
13–16
history of
3
implementation of
97–98
key performance indicators of
147
mobilisation of
212
neglect of
10
in New China
3
origins of
24, 228
party-state’s approach to
6, 22
political economy of
3–6, 7, 10, 16, 83–84, 88, 92, 147, 229–230
collapse of
237
politics in command, impact of
12
professionalising of
78
Rectification for
201
South China Bureau’s Conference on
90
status of
29
submission to politics in command
212
vicissitudes of 1956–1957 for
191
youdai approach for
5, 7
qiaoxiang (Overseas Chinese hometowns)
60, 64
Land Reform in
60, 80, 100
quotas for huaqiao
216
racial discrimination
225
radicalised mobilisation
77
Rectification Campaign
175, 176, 178–181, 183, 199
Red qiaojuan
205
remittance-funded projects
149
remittances, huaqiao
51, 80, 93
cap on family remittances
58
Centre’s policies on protecting
216
CFEC’s guidelines on
53
clampdown on smuggling of
201
collapse of
94, 212–213, 216
commission on
61
Common Program’s promise to facilitate
237
considered as private property in perpetuity
216
currency exchanges of
53
delineation of
54
deposits without permission
216
development of
98
ECFC’s decision to allow to receive
55
efficiency of banks administering
61
exchange rates on real values of
201
facilitation of
49
Common Program for
56
different methods for
58
factors effecting flow of
94
in foreign currency. see foreign currency
foreign restrictions on
94
‘four fears’ about
78–79, 90
‘hooligans’ extorting
126
impact of Land Reform policies on
62, 69
infringements of
117
land paid for by
65
‘methods of mobilisation’ to coerce deposits of
216
official channels for
59
as part of huaqiao identities
54
party-state’s strategic interest in securing
52, 54, 57–58
correlation with huaqiao
55
PBOC’s declaration on
53, 55, 77
to People’s Republic of China (1950–1960)
241–242
as pillar of relationships
95
policymaking
95
and political economy of qiaowu
223
pre-war
58
problems affecting
59
as profits of exploitation
110
proprietary rights of
129
protection of
122
to qiaojuan
90
qiaowu protections for
98
real value against RMB
59
received through Hong Kong
58
recipients’ rights to use
127
restrictions on
58
imperialists’
59
revitalisation of
49
rights and interests regarding
219
significance of
113
as source of foreign exchange
54
state banks’ policies on
58
strive for
74
transnationality of interests
95
utilitarian views of
228
utility of
4, 6, 15, 24, 43–44, 48, 53
values of foreign-denominated
61
willingness of remitters to send money
55
Renminbi (RMB)
49, 55, 61
BOC instructions to promote remittances in
70
rent and property disputes
235
revolutionary socialism
222
revolutionary struggle
87–88, 102, 108, 116, 142, 192, 233–234
rightist enemies, vilification of
219, 224
‘rush purchases’ of import materials
69
semi-landlord, with rich peasant status
67
Shandong Normal University
155
Shanghai CCP Committee (SPC)
92
Shanghai Conference (1959)
216
Shanghai Federation of Industry and Commerce
150
Shanghai Leading Group for Rectification
202
Shanghai People’s Government (SPG)
72
Shanghai United Front Department
92
Sino-Japanese War
26
Sixth Supreme State Conference (SSC)
145
Draft Agricultural Program for 1956–1967
146
smuggling of remittance
212
anti-smuggling campaign
201
clampdown on
201
due to appetite for foreign exchange
202
eradication of
208
social inequality
180
socialisation of agriculture
104, 126
socialist bloc countries
237
socialist collective ownership
145
socialist construction and production
99, 232
socialist education
37, 138, 187, 203, 204, 221, 229
socialist high tide (1955–1956)
160, 166, 191, 195, 233
collectivisation of private enterprises under
175
criticisms of
161, 233
renunciation of
174
socialist industrialisation
98, 120
accumulation of funds for
119, 144
aims of
102
socialist ownership
106, 145, 150–151
socialist revolution
28, 36, 43, 145, 154, 190, 198, 232
socialist transformation
5–6, 116, 161, 166, 206, 215, 222, 230, 235
of agriculture
146
of all private industry and commerce
101–102
CCP’s Land Reform programme for
62–75
demands of
227
disruption to huaqiao relationships
237
of domestic huaqiao investment
153
historiography of
9–13
huaqiao investment for
75–94
during Land Reform
233
legacies of an earlier attempt at
107
like another province overseas
53–62
Mao’s vision of
195
prerequisites of
51
results for qiaowu’s policy goals
108
as ‘unified sale and purchase’
105
Song, Qingling
38–39
South China Investment Company
117
Southeast Asian huaqiao
34, 128, 198–199
‘special market’ system
184
Sputnik satellite launches (1957)
196
Stalinist cult of personality
161–162
Stalin, Joseph
10, 35–40, 42, 63, 161–162
state capitalism (guojia ziben zhuyi)
105–107, 109
state-private ownership
105, 139, 150
Strauss, Julia
11
Sun, Yat-sen
26, 38, 42
Tongmenghui
26
surveillance of the masses
95
Taishan County
207
Tan, Kah Kee
25, 30–32, 34, 46, 48, 96, 172
as Chief Representative of huaqiao in CPPCC
46
events of September–October
1949 47
huaqiao associations
32
return to China
33
sending-off event
33
Tao, Zhu
86, 91, 121, 147, 180–181
tax revenues
103
tenants, of huaqiao-owned property
116
teshu ideas
148
eradication of
203, 205, 207
rectification of
204
‘Three Antis’ campaign
83–84, 85, 94–95
‘three good(s)’ policy
210
Tiananmen Square
47
trade deficit
203, 237
transnationality of interests
19, 95, 228n12
Trevelyan, Humphrey
130, 132
unified sale and purchase system
103–105, 107–108, 117n99, 122–123, 126–127, 138, 140, 148, 155–156, 163, 177, 184, 187, 189, 235
united front
29
anti-Japanese
26
between the CCP and Guomindang (GMD)
26
economic rationalisations
50
huaqiao inclusion in
54
Patriotic United Front
87
Shanghai United Front Department
92
United Front Work Department (UFWD)
21, 26n10, 37, 102, 106, 151, 154, 182, 198
vicissitudes of 1956–1957, for qiaowu
191
voluntarism, principle of
106, 151
voting rights, to haiwai huaqiao
132
Wang, Jingwei
32
Wang, Ming
162
war criminal
38
Westad, Odd Arne
238
Western views of qiaowu
13–16
women’s rights, suppression of
229
World War II (WWII)
27
Wu, Feng
200
Xi, Jinping
239
Chinese Dream
3
Xinhai Revolution (1911)
42
Xinhua News Agency
29, 93–94, 122, 182, 214, 221
Xi, Zhongxun
230
Xu, Wenyong
6–7, 7n12
Yalu River
68
youdai policies, for Overseas Chinese
5, 11, 16, 92, 98, 140, 148, 163, 181, 218–219, 222, 227
abandonment of
5, 197, 207, 227
in agrarian collectivisation
164
approach for coercion and exploitation
7
collapse of
12
Congress’ approval of
174
economic rationality of
160
Eighth Party Congress (1956) preference for
12
governing principle of
236
party-state’s practice of
230
practice of
234
provisions for huaqiao
189
qiaowu’s practice of
112
special circumstances of
160–174
towards huaqiao foreign investors
164
Yunnan People’s Government (YPG)
113
Zhang, Shu Guang
10
zhenfan campaign
76, 84, 94–95
Zhigong Party
10n22, 30, 30n35, 31, 34, 182
Zhongshan Committee
85
Zhou, Enlai
38–39, 48, 53, 56, 73–74, 80, 84, 102, 132, 146, 160, 171, 179, 197
Zhuang, Guotu
8–9, 266
Zhuang, Mingli
138
Zhu, Dandan
175