Index of Subjects
Adaptation
cultural and behavioural
156, 173–174, 187, 212
Darwinian
42–23, 48, 59–61, 64;
principle of variation
theory of the speed of
174–175
Advantage
adaptive
43
evolutionary
47, 48, 50, 159, 161, 173, 175–177, 221, 225, 228, 232
Aesthetic sense
177
Allele
54, 60, 67, 75
Altruism
40, 65, 221, 222, 226, 230–232
Amino acid
28, 189, 193
Antagonistic coevolution
175
Aperiodic crystal
,
see aperiodicity
Aperiodic series
(
see aperiodicity
)
Aperiodicity
18, 26, 27, 28–31, 32, 33, 34, 220
Apparatus
genital/reproductive
171, 179
cognitive
125
Armillaria bulbosa
128–131, 148
Artificiality
38, 189, 224;
selection, artificial
Autoimmune, disease
137
Behaviour
13, 28, 101, 13, 107, 177, 179, 184, 206, 207, 209, 212–226, 229, 230–233;
evolution of behaviour
altruistic
230–233
(
altruism
)
fixation of
214
imitative
212–217
horizontal/vertical transmission
212–216, 218
Biodiversity
73–96, 147, 165
concept
73–77
term
73
Bioethics
11–207
Biofilm
142, 158, 161, 156, 163, 166
Biogenesis
23, 34
Biological agent
64, 156–158
Biological individual
VII, IX, 17, 33, 43, 69
as biological agent
(
see biological agent
)
and pluralism
164–167
Darwinian
157–64
species as
115–118, 159
Biology
conservation
89, 90–92, 95, 147, 165
molecular
28, 34, 136
folk
98, 152
synthetic
190–191
Bio-patent
188, 195, 197–200, 208
Biotheoretical gathering
24
Cartagena, Protocol of
73
Causal cohesion
126
Causal relation
105, 125–126
Causal integration
125–126
Causality
13, 41, 80, 99, 101, 102, 105, 117, 125 (fn. 5), 133, 136, 137, 154, 155, 156 (fn. 11)
Chaos
18, 31–34, 47
Character
18, 20, 21, 81, 90, 106, 116, 148, 194, 216–219, 224, 228, 229
aperiodic
31
behavioural
103
dominant
54, 55
hereditary
32, 54, 80
morphological
101, 104
phenotypic
43, 58, 80, 81, 100, 112, 183
recessive
54, 55, 57
sexual
50, 172, 177–186
structural
33, 60
superficial
8, 232
Chimera
98
Chromosomal sex
182–185
Chromosome
18, 26, 27, 33, 56, 85, 113, 134, 160, 162, 165, 179, 181, 189, 192, 193, 226
Cladism
82–83, 105–106
Clone
158, 160, 167, 172, 199, 201, 203–207, 208
Colony
124, 125, 128–129, 130, 131, 132, 137, 142, 148, 157–167
Complexity
17, 21, 28, 33, 58, 67, 90, 121, 123, 203, 205
Compositional, approach
84–87
Conjecture, Schröedinger’s
25, 26–28, 33
Constructivism
225, 228–230
Convention on biological diversity (CBD)
73–74
Cooperation
13, 161, 231–233
Corals
86, 128–139
Creationism
10, 67–69, 70, 80, 102
CRISPR
190–191
CSO (Civil society organization)
203
Cultural adaptation
59–60
Cultural universals
218
Culture
12, 13, 52, 53, 69, 98, 114, 168, 178, 204, 209, 210, 214, 221, 227, 229, 230, 232
agriculture
93, 200–203, 234
definition
224
diversity
95
and evolution
177, 217, 219, 230
vs. nature
18, 209, 223–226, 233
Dandelion
158, 167
Darwinian space
162–163
Darwinism, social
49–50
Descent
43, 44, 49–51, 56, 80, 81, 99, 102, 110, 151
Determinism
biological
177–183–186, 187
genetic
216, 225
Development
ix, 24, 28, 43, 50, 59, 65, 105, 117, 122, 126, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 139–140, 154, 155, 204, 217, 225, 233
Development, trajectory of
48, 129, 132, 135, 155, 191
Developmental biology
136 (fn. 14)
Disorder
26–27
Diversity
18, 33, 57, 80, 108, 205, 233
ecosystem
86–87
genetic
227
DNA
8, 18, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 43, 45, 67, 79, 85, 129, 130, 134, 135, 158, 160, 173, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 200, 201, 204, 205, 206, 211, 217, 226, 228
barcoding
79
Drosophila melanogaster
56, 103, 129–134
Ecological function
161, 224–225
Ecosystem
63, 69, 85–95, 159, 165, 201, 205
diversity
86–67
Ecosystemic process
87–88
Education
214, 225, 227, 230, 233
Eliminative pluralism of species
111–112
Endemic
(
see species
)
Entropy
(
see negentropy
)
factual vs propriocentric
3–9
Environment
20, 33, 43, 44, 47, 48, 58, 59, 67, 86, 87, 89, 98, 101, 105, 112, 156, 159, 165, 172, 174, 176, 202, 206
cultural
219
of development
217
Environmental ethics
90, 95
Enzyme
21, 190, 199
Epigenetic system
207, 209, 210–212, 216, 222
Epistemology
VIII, IX, 74, 76, 111, 112
Essentialism
10, 12, 151, 164, 185, 206;
essential property
genetic
207
of species
99, 101, 109, 114, 116, 118
sortal
149, 150
Evo-devo
69
Evolution
23, 33
cultural
50, 227
of altruism
230–232
of behaviour
37, 212–217
epigenetic
13, 17 (fn. 2);
epigenetic system
symbolic
217–223
theory of
VIII, 7, 44–49
vs. coevolution
175, 186;
symbiosis
Evolutionary development
209
Evolutionary psychology
50, 222–223
Evolutionism
35, 47, 56, 102, 109, 110, 117, 189
Exaptation
46, 60, 66–67
Extended Synthesis
(
see New Synthesis
)
Extinction
2, 44, 47, 57, 80, 89, 92, 93, 106, 109, 111, 163, 174, 205
Extrapolationism
58
Factual, sentence
(
see sentence
)
Fitness
147, 159, 160, 161, 173, 174
Fossil
3, 43, 44, 48, 57, 59, 61, 68, 89, 104, 105, 192
Functional, approach
87–88
Gamete
54, 55, 67, 164, 173, 178
Gefilte fish
214
Gender
13, 171, 172, 187, 218, 225, 227, 230, 233, 234
social construction
184–186
as positionality
186
and sex
183–186
Gender studies
183–186, 234
Gene
17–18, 26–28, 32, 43, 58, 64, 85, 86, 120, 123, 145, 155, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 173, 188, 191–195, 197–207, 209–212, 219–223, 227–230;
human genome project
and aperiodicity
(
see aperiodicity
)
and conservation
85–95
and identity
131–139
geographical distribution
(
see geographical distribution
)
selfish
64–65, 219
introduction of the term
53, 55
manipulation
189–191, 194, 201
mitochondrial
79
mutation
26, 27, 32, 53, 55, 59, 63, 85, 88, 173, 174, 198, 219
network
67
pools
104
Genetic mosaicism
134
Genetic revolution
189–191
Genetics
8, 46, 65, 192, 221, 227
of population
55–58, 90, 226
Mendelian
52, 55–58, 189
revolution
189–191
Genius
197, 206, 207
Geno’s Paradox
194
Genome VII, 122, 130, 135, 191, 193, 194, 201, 233; Human genome project and Human proteome project
Genotype
VIII, 43, 67, 85, 126, 154, 221, 223
Geographical distribution
8, 44, 89, 147, 227
Geography
48, 59, 84, 85, 86, 90, 165;
geographical distribution
GMO
11, 69, 143, 201–203, 204
Health
88, 194, 201
ecosystem
88
Hemioniscus balani
129–134
Hermaphroditism
129, 182
Hierarchy
79, 80, 84, 86, 87, 103, 105, 108, 123, 152, 158, 161, 165, 218
Holism
90, 213, 216, 220
Holobiont
152, 155
Homeostatic Property Cluster
117, 156
Homology
39, 45, 48, 60, 81, 147
Homoplasy
81
Host
(
see parasite
)
Hotspot
90
Human genome project
191–192
Human proteome project
193
Hybrid
53, 54, 104, 151, 198, 201
Ideal type
56–57
Identification
4, 78 (fig. 4.1), 79, 137, 138, 171
Identity
conditions
127, 145–148, 155, 159–160, 165–167;
identity
criteria
130, 137–138
and GMOs
143, 204
metaphysics
138, 167
personal
229;
person
Immune system
126, 133, 134–139, 154;
organism, immunological theory
Independent assortment, law of
54–55
Indeterminacy
31–33, 66–67
immunologic
(
see organism, immunological theory of
)
Individual
(
see particular
)
Industry
13, 40, 93, 190, 195, 197, 201, 204, 208
Inheritance
43, 45–46, 47, 52–58, 160 (fn. 16), 161, 166, 181, 212, 213, 216
Integration
85, 163, 164, 165
causal
125, 126, 128
cultural
233
functional
130, 135, 137, 138, 142, 148;
functional unit
inter-theoretical
19
Intelligence
206, 233
Intelligent design
67–69
Intersexuality
50, 182
Invisible hand
40
Language
3 (fn. 1), 19, 20, 28, 76, 110, 127, 130, 151, 152, 181, 189, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 225, 226
Larva
127, 129, 130, 148
Law
biological
13, 178
chemical
31
geological
38
natural
9, 27, 41, 54, 63, 111, 122, 198, 201
Mendelian
32, 53, 57
Learning
4, 212–223
Lichen
121, 127, 130, 137, 148, 155, 162
Logic
5, 12, 20, 24, 29
Manipulation, genetic
190
Mating
46, 55, 104, 171, 176, 178, 179–180
Meme
218–220
Metabolism
20, 21, 33, 121, 125 (fn. 4), 130, 154, 156, 157, 160 (fn. 16), 162
Metamorphosis
129, 130, 148
Metaphysics
10, 11, 74, 130, 141, 142, 144, 164
definition
131
descriptive vs. revisionary
121, 123, 135, 136, 138
Methylation
211
Microevolution
57
Mitochondrion
79, 130, 134, 135, 138, 162 (fn. 19)
Modern Synthesis
(
see New Synthesis
)
Modules, theory of
218, 220–230
Monism
108–109, 111, 131, 136, 143, 145–146, 148n, 152, 156, 158–159, 165
Monophyletic
105–106, 112, 165
Morphology
(
see trait, morphological
)
Morphospecies
77–79
Mutation
VIII, 26, 27, 32, 53, 55, 59, 63, 85, 88, 134, 164, 173, 174, 186, 198, 210, 211, 213, 219, 220, 232
Mutational theory
174, 186
Mutualism
88
Nanotechnology
190
Naturalism
1, 157
of race
225, 228, 229;
race
of evolution
52, 58–63, 65, 66, 67, 70
Nature
conservation of
91–92
vs. culture
(
see culture vs. nature
)
law of
(
see law of nature
)
Necessity
8, 31–33, 66
Negentropy
33, 66
Network, genetic
55, 67
New Synthesis
13, 52, 55–58, 63, 70, 97, 165, 166, 189, 209
Niche, ecological
59, 105, 107, 156, 166, 209, 210, 216, 217, 223, 225, 229, 233
Nominalism
of species
109–111, 118, 166
Nucleotide
27, 28, 30, 31, 68, 210, 218, 220
Oncomouse
197–200
Ontogenesis
28, 126, 155, 205, 233
Order
(taxon)
31, 79, 102, 152
vs disorder
27
Organism, individual
VII, IX, 2, 3, 13, 17, 25, 28, 87, 91, 121–123;
biological individual
and environment
31–33
physiological conception of
136–139
ordinary conception of
124–126
phenomenal conception
124–125, 129, 134, 137
immunological theory of
136–139
Panglossian, paradigm
49, 59–60, 221
Paramecium
179
Parasite
24, 104, 131, 137, 162, 175, 186
Parthenogenesis
104
Particular
99, 103, 116, 124, 125, 126, 144, 145, 149, 150, 151;
individual
Peacock
176–177
Percina tanasi
93
Person
3–9, 19, 136 (fn. 13), 141, 172, 181, 186, 191, 193–194, 206, 226, 229, 233
Personal genome project
191, 194
Personal identity
229
Phenotypic plasticity
43, 59
Phenotypic trait
43, 54, 58, 59, 102, 221
Phylogeny
28, 77–84, 105–109, 113, 140, 225
Photosynthesis
93
Place
91
Plasticity
cultural
223
phenotypic
43, 59
system
133
Plenitude, principle of
73
Pluralism
111–114, 118, 166
of individuality
143, 146, 164–167
of species
111–114
metaphysical
165
Polyembryony
172
Population
IX, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 53, 55, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 67, 85–87, 102, 107, 108, 147, 155, 160 (fn. 16), 165, 174, 175, 194, 203, 205, 221, 228
ancestral
173
asexual
105
biopopulation
103, 104
Darwinian
161
genetics
56, 57, 59, 90, 94, 226
multispecies
166
Population thinking
104
Portuguese man o’war
127, 130, 137, 147
Prejudice towards vertebrate
131–132, 154, 155, 164, 204
Primordial soup
23
Principle
of the struggle for existence
42, 49
of inheritance
43, 45–46, 47, 52–58
(
inheritance
)
of Hardy-Weinberg
VIII, 55, 57–58
of inertia
VIII
of plenitude
(
see plenitude, principle of
)
of natural selection
(
see natural selection
)
of variation
42
(
variation
)
Prisoner dilemma
230–232, 234
Problem of race
(
see race
)
Property
17, 20, 22, 28, 31, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 51, 53, 54, 57, 77, 88, 108, 113, 114, 123, 124 (fn. 4), 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 136, 144, 145, 149, 154, 155, 156, 157, 160, 162, 180, 185, 186, 197, 198
accidental
21
atomic
22
contingent
150
definition
19
determinable
22
essential
22, 99, 101, 153;
essentialism
intrinsic
109
perceptual
22
relational
101
simple
22
structural
22
superficial
25
Propriocentric, sentence
(
see sentence
)
Protein
21, 28, 30, 32, 68, 156, 160 (fn. 16), 189, 190, 192, 193, 199, 200, 202, 204
Protocol of Cartagena
(
see Cartagena, protocol of
)
Pseudohermaphrodite
182
Punctuated equilibria, theory of
59, 61
Race
8, 13, 50, 177 (fn. 1), 181 (fn. 2), 205, 210, 225, 226–230, 233, 234
Racism
8
Realism
of individuals
166
of natural kinds
76
of the species
106–109, 111, 113, 114, 118
metaphysical
185
pluralistic
13
Red Queen hypothesis
174–175
Reductionism
25
anti-reductionism
90
biological
17 (fn. 2), 34, 225, 233
methodological
63
Reductivism
(
see reductionism
)
Reproduction
artificial
189
asexual
104, 172, 206
sexual
26, 31, 32, 55, 88, 105, 122, 127, 143, 146, 148, 161–164, 166, 171–180, 185, 172, 187, 201, 204, 212, 219, 221
supported or bounded
46
Reproductive success
50, 158, 173, 178–179, 227
Reptilia
81–83, 106
Richness of species
85, 93
Risk, society of
201–203
RNA
30, 32, 45, 160 (fn. 16)
transport
28
messenger
X, 28, 189, 195, 204
polymerase
28
Salp
147–148
Scientific hypothesis
3, 7, 21, 23, 27,38, 40, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 59, 77, 88, 125, 130, 134, 135, 166, 174, 175, 189, 213, 222, 226, 230, 232
Selection
artificial
38
kin
65
levels of
159–164
natural
VIII, 1, 2, 3, 7, 32, 38, 41–51, 55–69, 88, 101,154, 158, 159 164–167, 172–177, 219
sexual
(
see sexual, selection
)
Sentence
20, 118
Self-replication
21, 28, 31, 33
Sets, species as
12, 84–87, 113, 114, 115, 116
Sex
chromosomal
181–186
enigma of
172–177
gonadal
181
hormonal
181–186
Sexual
and gender
183–186
“anomaly”
180–183
character
(
see character, sexual
)
non-adaptive character
172–177
category
180–183
dimorphism
176, 177;
character, sexual
selection
172–177
trait
(
see character, sexual
)
Sexuality
159 (fn. 15), 171, 179, 182, 183, 221
test
187
Shale
61–62
Similarity
44, 48, 57, 75, 76, 77, 78 (fig. 4.1), 80, 82, 102, 106, 202
family
153
genetic
128, 202
morphological
39
phenotypic
81
structural
113
Sociobiology
177–179, 184, 186, 187, 220–223
Sortal
148, 150–152, 154, 157, 164, 167
Speciation
IX, 45, 59, 82, 88, 106
Species
biological conception of
102–106
category vs. taxon
102–103
cladist conception of
(
see species, phylogenetic concept
)
ecological concept of
105–106
endemic
90
phenetic concept
106
phylogenetic concept
105–106
number of
83–84
phenomenological
(
see morphospecies
)
Statement
(
see sentence
)
Stolon
143
Strawberry
126, 143
Substantial equivalence, doctrine of the
200–203
Superorganism
151, 166
Symbiosis
17 (fn. 2), 88 (fn. 4), 127, 128, 129, 132, 135, 137, 138, 142, 148, 151, 152, 155, 161
System
epigenetic
(
see epigenetic
)
hereditary
(
see inheritance
)
modular
(
see modules, theory of
)
Taxonomic category
39, 61, 80, 102
Taxonomic schools
84, 109, 111, 112, 116, 143
Taxonomy
9, 10, 38, 44, 56, 74, 76, 77, 79, 81, 83, 86, 96, 97, 99, 103, 105, 109, 151, 152
evolutionary
82
Linnean
VIII
Taxon
80, 82, 83 (fig. 4.3), 103, 106, 107, 111
Technological revolution
(
see genetic revolution
)
Teleology
214
Teleonomy
66, 214
Theorem, of Hardy-Weinberg
(
see principle of Hardy-Weinberg
)
Terminator, seed
202
Tiling, aperiodic
(
see aperiodicity
)
Trait
,
see character
Transition
evolutionary
47, 160–161, 163, 217
Transmission
of hereditary characters
32, 53, 54
of behaviour
212–217, 220, 222
of information
213–216
of the structural organization
211, 212
Transplant
126, 133, 137, 155
Twins
130, 133, 134, 135, 155, 207
Typological, thinking/conception
56, 98–106, 109;
ideal type
Ultra-Darwinism
52, 58–65, 66–67, 70
Undecidability
29, 31–33, 67
Unity
functional
132–134;
functional integration
genetic
149–157
ontogenetic
149–157
Universal
143–147, 151–157
cultural
218, 222–223
particularizing universal
149
Universals, dispute over
110
Vagueness
47, 75, 89, 137, 138
Value
axiological
5–9
of existence
94–95
of a variable
19–20
of use
92–95
instrumental
92–95
intrinsic
92–95
monetary
92–95
utilitaristic
92–95
Variation
41, 42, 47–48, 56, 161, 201, 216;
principle of variation
Virus
20, 21, 24, 45, 125 (fn. 4), 130, 162, 201
Vis viva
,
see vitalism
Vitalism
23, 24
Wilderness
92, 95
Zombie
124 (fn. 4)
Zygote
133, 134, 155, 158, 172