The research for this book was undertaken during the course of my doctoral studies in the Department of History, at the University of Sheffield. I would like to thank my supervisor, Ian Phimister, for his resolute support and encouragement. With his passion for southern African history and extraordinary dedication to his students, Ian has inspired and nurtured many young academics and I am lucky to have been among them. Without his careful, committed and insightful supervision this project could never have come to fruition.
My research in South Africa would not have been possible without the help of many people and it is not possible to name them all. At the outset of this project, the wonderful Priscilla Hall connected me with colleagues in the Eastern Cape. I am sorry that I didn’t finish this book in time for Priscilla to see it in print, and so grateful to have benefited from her insights and inspiration. Jeff Peires also kindly introduced me to friends and colleagues in and around Queenstown. I am fortunate to have been mentored and encouraged by an historian and activist as generous and knowledgeable as Jeff. Thanks also (again) to Jeff and Mary-Louise Peires and to Priscilla and Ron Hall for welcoming me into their homes while I was far from my own. I have benefited hugely from discussions with Luvuyo Wotshela, whose excellent work has informed my own and who shared his knowledge of the region generously with me. I am indebted to those who assisted me in Sada and Ilinge and whose insights have shaped this work: Khanyisile Bomvana; Amanda Mjodo; Pinky Mbekeni and Phumelele Ramncwana. Thanks are due to the archivists at Historical Papers, University of the Witwatersrand (Michele Pickover; Gabriele Mohale; Zofia Sulej); the Cory Library, Rhodes University; Manuscripts and Archives and Government Papers, University of Cape Town; the Central Archives Depot of the National Archives in Pretoria; the Ciskei Archives in King William’s Town (Nokwezi Ganya), and at the Amathole Museum (Stephanie Victor). For helping me track down John Seymour’s images of Sada and Ilinge, thanks to the staff at Camera Press and at the UWC Mayibuye Archive. I am grateful to Anne Westoby for producing Maps 2, 3 and 4. Thanks to Franca De Kort and Judy Pereira at Brill for their kindness and efficiency in the publication process, and to Richard Wood for his work on the index.
The research was made possible by the financial maintenance of a PhD studentship funded by the White Rose Consortium (University of Sheffield, University of Leeds, University of York), and additional funding for research in South Africa from the Excellence Exchange Scheme and Petrie Watson Fund (University of Sheffield), the Royal Historical Society (UK) and the Economic History Society (UK). Postdoctoral Fellowships at the Institute for Poverty,
I have benefited from the insights, mentorship, support and friendship of many wonderful colleagues throughout this project. My second supervisor, Andrew Thompson, offered constructive criticism and encouragement at crucial moments in the project. Miles Larmer read early drafts with a perceptive eye. My examiners, Henning Melber and Wayne Dooling, provided me with insightful comments that have helped me to revise the manuscript. They also wrote endless references to help keep me on this road- thank you! Fellow postgraduates at the University of Sheffield brought fun and camaraderie to the PhD years: thanks especially to Rachel Johnson, Lars Huening, Rory Pilossof, Matt Graham, Andy Cohen, Kate Law, Gary Rivett and Thom Sullivan. At UCT, I would like to thank Anne Mager; Maanda Mulaudzi; Mohamed Adhikari; Sean Field; Bodhisattva Kar; Glen Ncube; Koni Benson; Shamil Jeppie and Ilana Van Wyk for their collegial support. At PLAAS I learned immensely from Ben Cousins; Ruth Hall; Andries du Toit; Karin Kleinbooi and Donna Hornby. I have learned from many conversations with colleagues in History at the University of the Witwatersrand: thanks especially to Arianna Lissoni; Shireen Ally; Tshepo Moloi; Laura Philips; Anne Heffernan; Zoe Groves; Sekibakiba Lekgoathi; Noor Nieftagodien and the late Phil Bonner. Colleagues in the International Studies Group at the University of the Free State have always offered incisive criticism and great company: thanks to Andy Cohen; Clement Masakure; Cornelis Müller; Niel Roos; Rosa Williams; Tinashe Nyamunda. For their encouragement, insights and help at various points, I would also like to thank Bill Nasson; Mucha Musemwa; Cherryl Walker; Deborah James; Paula Meth; Jo Laycock; Barbara Bush; Peter Cain; Peter Gatrell; Arie Dubnov; Darren Newbury.
Many friends deserve thanks for helping me along the way. Thanks (in no particular order) to Karin Kleinbooi; Rachel Johnson; Jonathan Saha; Gary Rivett; Jo Laycock; Efua Prah; Anna Versfeld; Zoe Duby; Ed Startup; Radojka and Ian Startup; Jess Roth; Clare Gardiner; Tash Ottley; Sophie Whyte; Di and Robin Fuller; Malin Olofsson; Thandi Davies; Chris Bergmann; Zima Pemba. Special gratitude is due to my parents, Margaret and Bob Evans, and to Rob Fuller, whose comic antics and contagious motivation have helped me to finally finish this book!
Finally, and most importantly, I am grateful to the many people, not all of whom are named in this book, who gave generously of their time to talk to me about their personal experiences of relocation in Sada and Ilinge. Often our
The following chapters were previously published in academic journals, whose publishers and editors I wish to acknowledge for granting permission to reproduce my work:
- –An earlier version of chapter four was published as ‘Gender, Generation and the Experiences of Farm Dwellers Resettled in the Ciskei Bantustan, South Africa, ca 1960–1976,’ Journal of Agrarian Change 13: 2 (2013), pp. 213–233 (published by John Wiley & Sons). © The Editorial Board of the Journal of Agrarian Change, reprinted by permission of Blackwell/ John Wiley and Sons, www.wiley.com on behalf of The Editorial Board of the Journal of Agrarian Change.
- –An earlier version of chapter six was published as ‘Resettlement and the Making of the Ciskei Bantustan, South Africa, c.1960–76,’ Journal of Southern African Studies 40: 1 (2014), pp. 21–40. © The Editorial Board of the Journal of Southern African Studies, reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd, www.tandfonline.com on behalf of The Editorial Board of the Journal of Southern African Studies.
- –A version of chapter one was published as ‘Contextualising Apartheid at the End of Empire: Repression, “Development” and the Bantustans,’ Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 47: 2 (2019). © The Editorial Board of the Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd, www.tandfonline.com on behalf of The Editorial Board of the Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History.
I wish to acknowledge the following organisations for granting me permission to reproduce images and illustrations:
- –Camera Press for permission to reproduce the photographs by John Seymour (cover illustration and Figures 1–5).
- –The South African Institute of Race Relations for permission to reproduce the map of African Reserves (Map 1).