Abbreviations
| aa | Association Agreement |
| aas | Advanced Authorization Scheme |
| ab | Appellate Body |
| acaa | Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products |
| acp | African, Caribbean and Pacific (group of countries) |
| acta | Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement |
| ad | Anti-Dumping |
| ada | wto Anti-Dumping Agreement (“Agreement on Implementation of Article vi of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994”) |
| add | ad duty |
| AfCFTA | African Continental Free Trade Area |
| ag | Advocate General |
| aifm | Alternative investment fund managers |
| AoA | wto Agreement on Agriculture |
| as | Anti-Subsidy |
| asean | Association of Southeast Asian Nations |
| ataa | Air Transport Association of America |
| att | Arms Trade Treaty |
| awg | Aussenwirtschaftsgesetz (German Foreign Trade and Payments Act) |
| awv | Aussenwirtschaftsverordnung (German Foreign Trade and Payments Ordinance) |
| bcr | Binding Corporate Rule |
| bdi | Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie (Federation of German Industries) |
| bit | Bilateral Investment Treaty |
| BMWi | Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy) |
| brics | Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa |
| ca | Cooperation Agreement |
| cai | Comprehensive Agreement in Investment |
| cap | Common Agricultural Policy |
| capd | Cooperation Agreement on Partnership and Development |
| cariforum | Caribbean Forum; sub-group of the African, Caribbean and Pacific group of states |
| cbam | Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism |
| ccp | Common Commercial Policy |
| cepa | Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement |
| ceta | EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement |
| cfius | Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States |
| cfr | Charter of Fundamental Rights |
| cfsp | Common Foreign and Security Policy |
| cites | Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora |
| cptpp | Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership |
| csf | Civil Society Forum |
| ctsd | Committee on Trade and Sustainable Development |
| cvd | Countervailing Duty |
| dag | Domestic Advisory Group |
| dcfta | Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement |
| dcit | Ductile cast iron tubes and pipes |
| dda | Doha Development Agenda |
| dds | Duty Drawback Scheme |
| depbs | Duty Entitlement Passbook Scheme |
| dg | Directorate General |
| dsb | Dispute Settlement Body |
| dsm | Dispute Settlement Mechanism |
| dsu | wto Dispute Settlement Understanding |
| EaP | Eastern Partnership |
| eba | Everything But Arms (scheme) |
| ecaa | European Common Aviation Area |
| echr | European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms |
| ecj | Court of Justice of the European Union |
| ecsc | European Coal and Steel Community |
| ect | Energy Charter Treaty |
| ECtHR | European Court of Human Rights |
| ecowas | Economic Community of West African States |
| edf | European Development Fund |
| eea | European Economic Area |
| eeas | European External Action Service |
| efsa | European Food Safety Authority |
| efta | European Free Trade Area |
| eib | European Investment Bank |
| emaa | Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement |
| eou | Export oriented unit |
| epa | Economic Partnership Agreement |
| esma | European Securities and Markets Authority |
| eu | European Union |
| eusfta | European Union – Singapore Free Trade Agreement |
| euzbbg | Gesetz über die Zusammenarbeit von Bundesregierung und Deutschem Bundestag in Angelegenheiten der Europäischen Union (Law on the Cooperation between the Federal Government and the German Bundestag in European Affairs) |
| fa | Framework Agreement |
| fdi | Foreign Direct Investment |
| fet | Fair and Equitable Treatment |
| firrma | Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act |
| fms | Focus Market Scheme |
| fps | Focus Product Scheme |
| fta | Free Trade Agreement |
| gats | General Agreement on Trade in Services |
| gatt | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 |
| gdpr | General Data Protection Regulation |
| ge | General Electrics |
| gfc | Global Financial Crisis |
| gi | Geographical Indication |
| gmo | Genetically Modified Organism |
| gpa | wto Agreement on Government Procurement |
| grp | Good Regulatory Practices |
| gsp | Generalised System of Preferences |
| hria | Human Rights Impact Assessment |
| hs | Harmonized System (Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System) |
| iba | International Bar Association |
| icao | International Civil Aviation Organisation |
| ich | International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use |
| ics | Investment Court System |
| icsid | International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes |
| iec | International Electrotechnical Commission |
| ilc | International Law Commission |
| ilo | International Labour Convention |
| instex | Instrument for Supporting Trade Exchanges |
| inta | International Trade Committee |
| ip | Investigation period |
| ip | Intellectual Property |
| ipa | Investment Protection Agreement |
| ipi | International Procurement Instrument |
| ipr | Intellectual Property Rights |
| isds | Investor-State Dispute Settlement |
| iso | International Organisation for Standardisation |
| itu | International Telecommunication Union |
| jefta | Japan-EU Free Trade Agreement |
| jcpoa | Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action |
| korus | Korea-US Free Trade Agreement |
| ldc | Least Developed Country |
| ldr | Lesser-Duty Rule |
| ltar | Less than adequate remuneration |
| mea | Multilateral Environmental Agreement |
| mes | Market Economy Status |
| mfn | Most-Favoured-Nation |
| mic | Multilateral Investment Court |
| mofcom | Ministry of Commerce (of China) |
| mra | Mutual Recognition Agreement |
| nafta | North American Free Trade Agreement |
| ndrc | National Development and Reform Commission of China |
| oecd | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| pa | Partnership Agreement |
| parc | Partnership Agreement on Relations and Cooperation |
| pca | Partnership and Cooperation Agreement |
| pdca | Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement |
| pta | Preferential Trade Agreement |
| qmv | Qualified Majority Voting |
| reach | Regulation (ec) No 1907/2006 on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals |
| rta | Regional Trade Agreement |
| saa | Stabilisation and Association Agreement |
| sacu | Southern African Customs Union |
| sadc | Southern African Development Community |
| scc | Standard contractual clauses |
| scm | wto Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures |
| sdgs | Sustainable Development Goals |
| SDoC | Supplier’s Declaration of Conformity |
| sem | Single European Market |
| sez | Special economic zone |
| sia | Sustainability Impact Assessment |
| sme | Small and medium sized enterprises |
| soe | State-owned enterprise |
| sps | wto Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures |
| swift | Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication |
| tbt | wto Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade |
| tdi | Trade Defence Instruments |
| tec | Treaty Establishing the European Community |
| teu | Treaty on European Union |
| tfeu | Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |
| TiSA | Trade in Services Agreement |
| tpc | Trade Policy Committee (of the Council of the European Union) |
| tpp | Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (now cptpp, Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) |
| trips | wto Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights |
| tsd | Trade and Sustainable Development |
| tsia | Trade Sustainability Impact Assessment |
| ttip | Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership |
| UN | United Nations |
| unga | United Nations General Assembly |
| unced | United Nations Conference on Environment and Development |
| uncitral | United Nations Commission on International Trade Law |
| unctad | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
| unece | United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |
| unsceghs | United Nations Sub-Committee of Experts on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals |
| usmca | United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement |
| vat | Value Added Tax |
| vclt | Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties |
| vcltio | Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations |
| wipo | World Intellectual Property Organization |
| wto | World Trade Organization |
| wto gpa | World Trade Organization Agreement on Government Procurement |
| wto scm Agreement | World Trade Organization Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures |
| wto trips Agreement | World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights |