Index
Abenardut 117
Abenlabi family 219
,
220
Abraffim/Abrahim/Abraham Abina(f)fia 35
,
51n123
,
113
Abraham Alcolumbre 162
Abraham Ascandrani 98
Abraham Cabrit 204
Abraham ça Porta 98
Abraham de Torre 69
Abraham Issach of Girona 42
,
101
,
109
,
205
,
239
Abraham Mascharan 65n29
Abraham Mayor 142
Abraham of Draguignan 139
Abraham Ravaya 203
Abraham Vidal 87
Abraym Goluff 222
Açach Abulfada (rabbi) 162
Açach Almachuqui 198
,
206
,
230 –34 239
Açach Amato
case study of economic activities 198
,
206
,
228 –29
linked property and credit transactions 149 –51 154
,
192
purchase of property 88 –89
wealthy landowner 117
Açach Avenpesat 87
,
152
Açach Avenros 65
Açach Cabach 160
Açach Crespi 65
Açach Gallur 88
,
154
,
163
,
232
Açach Goluff 153n8
,
163
,
206
,
215
,
226 –28
ad complantandum leases 63
,
115
adelantado 230n133
,
238
Adret family 98
,
201
agriculture see cultivation
Alagón
grant of wasteland 68
grants as origins of land market 60
loan to Muslim aljama 222
ownership of property in multiple locations 95
,
74n69
property sales and purchases 92n124
,
95
,
160
,
212
,
224
Alazar Abnalazar 214
Alazar family
case studies of economic activities 198
,
206
,
213 –19 221
,
234
,
239
landlords 102
wealthy landowners 117
records of kĕtûbôt125
royal officials 10n23
selling rents 103
,
163
tax-exempt francos 182
,
213 –14
Alazar Goluff 10n23
,
163
,
206
,
215
,
226 –28
Alazar Palomar 227
Alchatarre 190 –91
Alconstantini family 65n33
alfaquim see Jewish courtiers
Alfons i 30
,
182
,
219
Alfons ii 10n23
,
41
,
42
,
46
,
69
,
173
Alfons iii 43
Alfons iv 46
Algeria 140
alienation
cancelled by the courts 35
condition of a will 137
general provisions of law 30
,
32
,
36 –40
limited by sale deed 98
,
101
on non-payment of debt 5
restricted from Christians to Jews 16n31
restrictions in land grants 48
,
62
seigniorial fees payable 232
specific rights of and restrictions on Jews 8n18
,
39 –41 46 –49 79
under Jewish law 51
,
53 –54
aljama
35n28
absolved of under-valuing property in Calatayud 183
appointing tax and tribute assessor in Girona 205
assets seized 240
censal owners 106
charitable foundations 137
decline in Barcelona 82
exemption of francos from its jurisdiction 42
,
182
,
213
involvement in legal proceedings 35
,
44
,
51
,
56
,
86
,
228
issuer of censal 177
jurisdiction over legal cases between Jews 49 –50 182
jurisdiction over tax collection and payment 40
,
74
,
223 –24
laws and customs 66
opposed to land grant in Lleida 68
pleading for waiver of one-third tax on property sales 47
selling property 144
setting rates of tax 112
,
182 –83
aljama, Muslim 103
,
108
,
171
,
210
,
221 –22 226
allodial land
in fifteenth-century Morvedre 114
in Jewish will 138
in land grants 60
leased out 204
pledged 162
possessed by Christians 138
,
160
possessed and transacted by Jews 103
,
106
,
109
,
131
,
138
,
162
,
193
,
194
,
201
,
203
,
235
rights of conversos to possess 39n49
,
240
rights of Jews to possess 8n18
,
29
,
38 –39 42
,
44
,
56
,
79 –80
almagran (tax) 69
Almohad 7
Almoravid 7
alms see charitable foundations and donations
Almudayna (Mallorca) 46
,
67
alquerías, farm-villages/hamlets
gift to son 51n123
granted 58
,
64
,
67
,
68
,
72
inheritance confirmed 134
,
135
leased out 79
purchased 86
sold 48
Alzira 66
,
70
,
134
Andreu de (la) Foz 218
annuities: censal and violari
as an asset class for investors 175 –79 195 –96
borrowings by Jews 163
,
177
holdings by Jews 16n31
,
103
,
199
,
202 –5 207
,
210
,
212 –13 233 –34 239
importance for public finance 10
,
177
legality 175 –76
yields 103
,
178 –79 195
Anton de la Foz 218
aprisio (form of land grant) 60 –61
apuso (tax) 144
arinçada (land measure) 123
Arnaldo David 193
Arnau de Planes 106
Arnau de Roca 102
Arnau de Romani 62
Arnau de Torralquer 62
arova/arroba/arrova (measure of weight) 123
,
229 –30 249 –50
Arrueti family 117
Asher de Lunel 137
Asher Mosse Davi 137
Aster, daughter of Astruc Caravida 106
Aster, daughter of Jucef Issach 203
Astruc Alcolumbre 162
Astruc Avon 49
,
87
,
117
,
162
Astruc Caravida 73
,
88
,
106
,
109
,
147
,
193
,
204
Astruc de Biers 50
Astruc de Tortosa 67
Astruc Jacob 95
,
204
Astruc Lobell Gracia 203
Astruc (Mosse) de Tolosa 98
,
138
Astruc Ravaya (baile of Girona) 96
,
105
,
135, 204
Astruc Saltell 50, 120
Astruc Scandarini 138
Astruc Vidal 73
,
194
Astruga, daughter of Issach Cabrit 204
Astruga, widow of Bonjuha Astruc 203
Astruga, widow of Jucef of Barcelona 35
Astruga, widow of Jucef Ravaya 48
,
85 –86
Astruga, wife of Salamon Alazar 102
,
214
,
217 –18
Astruga, wife of Salamon de la Cavalleria 105
,
147
auction 87
,
103
,
145
,
156
,
200
,
202
aurea (gold coin) xii
,
105
,
108
aviso (tax) 144
Ayhono Abenmenax 10n23
Azarias (doctor) 112
Bafiel/Bayel/Bahiel Alconstantini 65
,
134
baile
in cases involving Jews 43
,
48
,
50
,
51
,
68
,
105
,
136
Jewish royal bailes see Jewish courtiers
right to receive one-third of property sale receipts 29
Banys Nous 141
Barbastro 51
,
74n69
Barcelona
aljama 51
,
66
,
82
archival sources 14 –15 20
,
70
,
99
concentration of vineyards 111
crop rents in 115
cultivation of the trilea judaica 45
destruction of 1391 85
Disputation of 1263 22n46
Jewish land ownership in 3
,
78 –82 119
,
237
Jewish privileges, laws and customs 39
,
50
lease grants 109, 141
mercantile trade 82
,
169
,
175
origins of Jewish settlement 7
,
45 –46
origins of urban growth 63
pledged property coming into Jewish possession 160 –61
predominance of Christian lending secured on rural property 157
property market in the thirteenth century 83
property transactions 87
,
88
,
90
,
95
,
98
,
129
,
146
,
162
,
183
,
189 –91 193 –94 Cap family
rental market 107 –8
tension over rate of lluisme 61
trading in rents 103
,
178n22
Usatges, statutes and customs 31 –32 36 –37 155
wills of Mosse de Tolosa and Astruc Scandarini 1 –2 138 –39
Barnalbo Royz 153
bātîm 1
Belaura, wife of Abraham Issach of Girona 101 –2 109
,
205
,
239
Bellpuig 124
,
126
Belshom Issach 205
Belshom, ward of Bonat of Besalú 136
Benedict xiii (pope) 46
Benimaclet 86
Benvenist Samuel 87
Berengarius, brother of Guillem de Castello 193
Berenguer de Llasera 194
Bernard Coutellar 162
Bernat de Campins 102
Bernat de Camps 204
Bernat de Puigcercos 176
Bernat des Colomer 102
Bernat de Vilarrubia (notary) 20
Besalú 39
,
42
,
85
,
136
,
183
Bêt Dîn 1
,
98
,
130
,
145 –46 226
bezant (poll tax on Muslims) 112
,
181
Bienvenist de la Cavalleria 10n23
,
88
,
102
,
217
,
219 –20 223
Black Death 10
,
12n25
,
82
,
84
,
157
,
179
Blanca d’Arens 204
Blanche, mother of Guillem de Castello 193
Blasco Aznarez de Anso (notary) 15n30
Blas de Corral 225
Bonadona 147
Bonafilia, daughter of Astruc Caravida 106
Bonafilla, daughter of Vidal and Orovida de la Cavalleria 220
Bonafilia of Puigcerdà 138
Bonafos de la Cavalleria 88
,
95
,
151n5
,
160
,
163
,
206
,
212
,
220 –27
Bonafos of Tolosa 2
Bonafos, son of Saltell Gracian 120
Bonat de Besalú 136
Bonjuda Cap 162
Bonjuda de Torre 131
,
201
Bonjuda, son of Saltell Gracian 120
Bonjuha Astruc 203
Bonjuha Bedoç 95
,
202
,
204
Bonjuha Cabrit 205
Bonjuha Cap 136
Bonjuha Cresques 202
Bonosa, widow of Issach Benvenist 183
Borja 75
,
124
,
126
,
129
builder 232
Caçon Cabach 160
cafiz/cafices/cahiz (measure of wheat) xiii
,
100
,
154
,
212
,
216
,
217n74
,
230 –31 249 –50
Calatayud
aljama 47 –48 106
,
183
charter of royal privilege 39
land grants 46
land pledged 156
legal proceeding in 48
property transactions 43
taxes and tax exemption 112
,
182 –84
Barcelona 45 –46 125
,
138
,
142
,
183
,
191
events of 1391 233
Girona 110
land grants in 65 –66
land holdings and residence within and without 45 –46 73
,
194
,
237
Mallorca 46
,
67
Perpignan 41
Valencia 41
,
46
,
65 –66 105
,
108
Calle de los Estudios 217
Cantalobos de las Fuentes 74
Cap family 21n40
,
78, 92n122
,
199 –202 239
capon/chicken/hen (in rents) 108
,
109
,
115
,
117
,
193
,
194
Carcassonne 136 –38
Cardona 157
,
159
,
172
carta de gracia (redeemable pledge) 158
carta de procuración (deed of attorney) 225
carta de transportación (deed of transfer) 225n110
Castelló Blanquet 105
Castellón de la Plana 12n25
,
90
Castile
Bonjuha Cabrit and war against 205
crop rents in 115
cultivation 111
emigration to 214
events of 1391 in 85
Jewish officials 135
land area measures in 247
kĕtûbôt 122
,
124
,
127
population 14
Catalina del Hospital 87
Catalonia
constitution of 1359 61
inheritance practices 63
Jewish baile general 85
manpower shortage in ‘Old Catalonia’ 59
population 12n25
,
13
privileges standardised 40
Spanish March 60
territorial expansion 12 –13
cemetery 45
,
72n63
cens (annual rent) 49
,
61
,
103
,
106
,
178
,
210
,
219n85
censal see annuities
Cerdanya 39
Cervera 124
,
125
Cetina 74
Champagne 114
charitable foundations and donations
distress sales 54
foundation in name of Samuel Ha-Sardi 130
heqdeš 193 –94
holders of property and rents 105 –6 126
,
144
,
147
,
192
,
194
,
202
,
241
houses donated 144
in wills 98
,
136 –38 142
,
147
trading in censals 202
Cidella, widow 143
clerics 8n18
,
37
,
47
,
56
,
68
,
101
,
165
cloth merchants and trading 161
,
206 –7 212
,
226 –27
clothing, jewellery, precious metals as valuable assets 124
,
129
,
131
,
137
,
180
,
239
Comemoracions 32
confiscation and expropriation of property
and minorities theory 6
,
236
archival sources 14n26
case of Mosse Alconstantini 42
,
68
case of Mubarak the murderer 86 –87
in Jewish law 53 –54
in legal proceedings 42 –44
jurisdiction of Jewish courts 24
of loans 174
,
195
risk attached to land grants 59
,
64 –65 135
risk on mortgaging of leased land without landlord’s approval 155
Conflent 39
confraria (Jewish guild) 142
confraria de los cabarim (Jewish Burial Society) 226
confraria de talmut tora (Jewish educational charity) 144n112
converso (Jewish convert to Christianity) 11
,
39
,
105
,
147
,
227 –28 239 –41
corral (courtyard) 102
,
149
,
162
,
223
,
224
,
229
Corts
Barcelona (1228) 29
,
38
Barcelona (1283) 38
Barcelona (1294) 39n49
,
240
Girona (1241) 171
Monzón (1362–1363) 175
Constanza (queen) 86
Cresques (alfaquim) 109
Cresques, son of Vidal Gracian 120
Cruxia, wife of Samuel Ha-Sardi 92n123
,
98
,
130
cuartera (measure of land) xiii
,
76
,
77
,
246
,
248
cultivation
as rationale for land purchases and holdings 2 –3 11
,
87
,
235 –36
evidence for cultivation by Jews 111 –15
evidence from crop and cash rents 117 –19
factor in development of land markets 58 –59 63
in responsa 24
Daroca 48
,
50n113
David Abendean (alfaquim) 182
David Abnadaivan (alfaquim) 65
David Mascharan 65n29
default 46
,
73 –74 159 –62 171 –74 195 –96 213
,
218
demography see population
dînār/îm xii
,
2
,
96
,
98
,
139
,
141
,
176
diversification see investment theory
divorce 122
Dolç Abnarrabi 88
,
101
,
206 –7 209 –10 212
Domingo Calçena 218
Domingo Martín de Aguilón (notary) 15n30
,
16
,
20
,
162
Domingo Palomar 227
donatio 240
dowries see kĕtûbôt
drapers see cloth merchants and trading
Dulcia, daughter of Astruc Caravida 106
Dulcia, wife of Mosse Astruc 241
Ebro 59
,
216
Elche 10n23
,
48
,
69
Ellena, wife of Joan de Banyeres 162
Elvira and Shemtov 92n122
Elvira Sánchez de Ahuero 87
emigration 40
,
65, 214
emphyteutic tenure seigniorial rights
basis of censal 175
,
178
financial asset 103
,
106
,
178
,
210
,
239
in repartiments 60
Jews as tenants 80
grants of 81
,
100
,
106
,
109
,
117
,
164
,
212
,
224
,
232
nature of 6
,
61
restrictions on alienation 37 –38 49
trehudo (rent) 87
,
101
,
163
,
219n85
encumbrance (vinculo) 49
entrada see seigniorial rights
Épila 60
erm (wasteland) 117
establiment (leasehold possession) 110
Esteve Escasset 161
exaricus 75
,
112
Eximeno Oscha 87
fadiga see seigniorial rights
faixa (piece of land) 160
fanegada/es (measure of land) xiii
,
60
,
65
,
76
,
77
,
246
,
248
,
249n13
farming see cultivation
farms, reials and farmhouses
all purchases in Valencia confirmed 41
grants 58 –59 64
,
65
,
67 –70 75
,
134
possession of 87, 224
purchased 42
,
200
sold to pay debts 44
Fernando i 46
Ferrario de Albarets 162
Fez 40
fifteen arches (property tax) 183
Figueras 112
fines 34
,
42
,
135
,
173
,
183
florin (rates of exchange) xii
,
245
fogage (tax on occupancy) 217
Fourth Lateran Council (1215) 184
franco 42
,
182
,
207
,
213 –14
fueros Huesca and Jaca
conversion of Jews and Muslims 240
dowries 36
,
123
,
133
familial gifts 37
inheritance 132 –33
notaries 17 –18
pledges 155 –56
property rights and laws 29 –39 46 –48
sale of rents 102 –3 178 –79
tithes 183 –84
furs of Valencia 31
,
33
,
35
,
37
,
46
,
50
,
61
Gabriele de Muttanda (converso) 105
gardens
62
,
65 –66 69
,
135
as element of property transacted 71 –72 80 –82 86
,
95
,
98
,
105
in fueros 33
,
55
in urban development of Barcelona 63
in wills 140
leased out to Christians 100
,
102
,
105
rate of lluisme in the ‘ort i vinyet’ area of Barcelona 61
sizes of plots 77
,
248
taxes levied in the Huesca ordinances of 1340 182
Gardeny 71
,
89
,
91
gatehouses 146
gates 45
Gause 65
Geraldo of Monte Accuto 162
gift/donation
donations with prior pledges 5
exemption from pre-emption rules in Jewish law 55
gifts with houses and lands 43
,
50
,
138
,
141 –43 154
,
227
Hebrew sources 20n40
,
21
,
141 –43
in archival sources 4
,
71
,
85
,
86
,
90
in fueros 37
in responsa 24
,
129
,
140 –43
in wealth estimates 238
rights to alienate granted land by gift 62
used to purchase property 86
Girona
archival sources 16 –17 70
censals 179
,
202 –3
charter of privilege 39
conversos 228
,
241
crop shares 117 –18
economic activities of the Jews 172, 202 –5 234
,
239
Hebrew sources 20n40
,
22n46
Jewish royal officials 85
legal proceedings 44
origins of settlement 7
property and charitable donations 147
property transactions 73
,
82
,
88
,
95–96
,
101 –2 104 –7 109 –10 117
,
144
,
192 –93 194 –95 203 –5
rents and yields 107 –9
threat of dispossession 42
Goig, wife of Bonjuda Cap 162
Goig, wife of Issach Cap 131
,
142
,
144
gold 131
,
180
gold coins
minted by Jew 220
value equivalence xii
,
244 –45
Goluff family 198
,
206
,
226 –28 234
,
239
Gostança Baldovin 102
Gracian Cap 201
grape trading 113 –14 180
,
207
,
210 –12 217 –18 220
,
223
,
227
,
229
,
232
,
250
guarantee/guarantors
guarantors needed in property sale 34
in kĕtûbôt 122
,
130
loans 56
,
87
,
150
,
157 –59 171
,
173
,
229
pledges 154 –55
property title and sales deeds 34
,
47
,
53
,
151 –153
verification of income and wealth 170
guardian 1
,
37
,
128
,
130
,
141
,
143 –46
Guillem de Castello 193
Guillem de Vilebra 62
Guillen Callent 228
Guillen Torner 165
hălākhâ see Jewish law
Hasdai Crescas 206
hăzāqâ 52
hazelnuts 117 –18
hectares xiii
,
65
,
76 –78 100
,
154
,
190
,
212
,
246 –49
heirs wills and inheritance
disputes with widows 55
,
123
,
130 –31
inheritance confirmed on write-off of royal debt 120
orphans 11
,
92
,
121
,
130
,
133 –34 141
,
143 –46 148
,
191
property as source of liquidity for 143 –46
property divided between 96
property purchased by or on behalf of 137
,
140
restitution of property after heirs clear debts and taxes 44
sales of property by 90
,
120
heqdeš see charitable foundations and donations
honors 46
,
61
,
108
honrat 159
hospicium 49
,
87
,
96
,
183
,
203
,
241
archival sources 21n40
fueros 18
,
30 –31n6 33
,
35 –37 47
,
155
Jewish tax and tribute collector 10n23
plea of aljama over one-third tax 47
privileges of aljama 49
property transactions 71
,
89
,
91
tax ordinances of the aljama (1340) 112
,
182
Inca 67
Infançon 48
inheritance see wills
investment theory
diversification 132
,
169 –70 196
portfolio of assets 80
,
169 –70 173
,
196
,
226
,
234
,
239
,
241
Issach Abennaçora (alfaquim) 69
Issach Abraham of Girona 42
,
205
Issach Cap 1
,
125
,
131
,
142
,
144
,
161
,
201
Issach of Tolosa 1
Issach Efraim 96
,
241
Issach Gracia 50
Issach Mohassel/Mohaçel 194
Issach Passarell (adelantado) 238
Issach (bar) Šešet (rabbi) 22n46
,
130
,
133
,
140
,
176 –77 207
Issach, son of alfaquim Aron 134
Issach, son of Escim Cordovi 105
Issach Vidal 10n23
Iucef (alfaquim) 66
Izrael Abnizrael (rabbi) 163
Jaca
fueros 30 –31n6 33
,
35 –36 47
,
53
,
155
,
184
kĕtûbâ in 124 –125 129
privileges (1285) 50n113
sueldos de xii
,
243 –44
Jacob Avenrodich 44
,
88
Jacob b. Abraham Cohen 136
Jacob de Montpellier 137
Jacob Menahem 69
Jafia Maimó 51
Jafuda Nagi 44
Jahuda de la Cavalleria (baile) 68
,
86
,
105
,
112
,
220 –21
Jahuda del Calbo 43
Jahuda Goluff 163
Jamilla del Blanco 153
Jamilla, wife of Alazar 214
Jamilla, wife of Mayl Alazar 102
,
214
Jamilla, wife of Mosse Alazar (doctor) 214
Jamilla, wife of Salamon Abnarrabi 101
,
212
Jaume i 31
,
38
,
46
,
47
,
49n113
,
86
,
113
,
171
,
174
,
240
,
243
Jaume ii 3
,
10n23
,
18
,
40
,
42
,
47
,
69
,
205
,
240
Jento Arueti 224
Jento Çarragoçi 164
Jento Chinillo 106
Jerusalem 42
,
205
Jewish courtiers
adelantado 230n133
,
238
alfaquim 65 –66 69
,
109
,
134
,
182
,
219
baile 10n22
,
42
,
68
,
79
,
85
,
96
,
105
,
112 –13 120
,
135
,
204
,
219
‘courtier-nĕśî’îm’ in Barcelona 78
farmers of tax, rent and tribute 10n23
,
169
,
177
,
179 –80 200 –201 217
,
219 –20 223
,
226
,
234
,
239
Jewish law (hălākhâ)
alms in responsa 147
cultivation 112
disguised usury and property 55
,
97
,
110
,
112 –13 176 –77 190
gifts 142 –43
inheritance and wills 133
,
139 –41 146
marriage contracts and dowries (kĕtûbôt) 35
,
121 –22 129 –30
jurisdiction of 24
,
35
,
39
,
43
,
49 –51 55 –56 182
pledges of land 162
property rights in 52 –57
responsa as a source 21 –24 148
taxation of land and evidence of capital gains 96 –97
widows and orphans in responsa 143
,
145 –46
wine trade 112 –14
Jiménez Trigo 224
Joan de Banyeres 90
,
109
,
131
,
161 –62 173, 201
Joan de Savinyan 117
Joan (infant) 227
Johan Sartia del Parell 153
jornal (measure of land) xiii
,
76
,
77
,
108
,
194
,
195
,
246
,
249
jovada/es (measure of land) xiii
,
62
,
65 –67 69
,
76 –78 246 –47
Juan Blasco de Azuara (notary) 15n30
Juan López de Barbastro (notary) 15n30
Juan Sánchez de Calatayud (converso) 228
Juce Alazar 163
Juce Almali 73
,
102
Juce Bienvenist 88
,
163
,
220
,
222
,
224
Jucef Avinçaprut (baile) 113
Jucef Bados 105
Jucef Cresques de Torre 101
Jucef de Besers of Vilafranca 183
Jucef Ibn Vives 70
Jucef Ravaya (baile) 10n22–23
,
85
,
135
Jucef, son of Mosse Avincabra 182
Juce, son of Abraham Mayor 142
juderías
as main centres of Jewish residence 13n25
,
46
,
65
,
73
,
149
,
237
land grants in 9
,
65
jurats 202
jurisdiction of Jewish courts see Jewish law
just price 35 –36 53
,
152
,
176
,
190
kĕtûbâ/ôt Jewish law
archival and responsa as records 21
,
24
as evidence for property and wealth transfers 124 –31 180
,
201
,
204
,
238
as source of liquidity for widows 145 –46
guaranteed by lien over assets 122
,
130
laws and customs 35
,
121 –24
linked to gifts 141 –43
linked to inheritance 133 –34 136
,
139 –41
knights 8n18
,
37
,
41
,
47 –48 56
,
59
,
62
,
68
,
86
,
101
Labayren 65
land grants
alienation clauses in 37
,
48
as indication of status 119
,
237
as part of trends in property transactions 71
communal land grants 45 –46 66
,
67
contributing to property acquisition, alongside purchases 3
,
9
,
79 –80 86
,
88 –90 97
,
237
encouraging immigration by Jews 40
grants to Jews in the repartiments 64 –67 75
grants to Jews outside the repartiments 68 –70 86
inherited 134 –35
plot sizes 76 –77 246
repartiments and the development of land markets 58 –64
landlords
absentee 34
,
59
,
64
,
68
archival record 80
,
87
,
100 –102 211 –12 223
,
232 –33
consent required for mortgaging 155
economic rationale 98 –99 118 –19 180 –81 237
gift of leased property 141
‘golden age’ of the thirteenth century 83
grants of leases 80 –81 82n97–98
,
99 –102 106
,
109 –10 117
,
151
,
164
,
207
,
212 –13 218
,
224
,
228
,
232
in Jewish law 55
,
109 –110
in land grants 59
Jewish landlords in medieval England 8
receiving crop rents 107
,
115
,
230 –32
regulated by civil law codes 37 –38
rents and yields 83
,
106 –9
trading in rents 103 –6 108
La Palazuelo 73
Las Fuentes 74
latrine 44
lending and credit pledges
163 –65 212
archival sources 15 –17 19n38
,
20 –21n40
as cause of property holdings outside Jewish quarter 73
,
149
,
194
lending as a form of investment 8
,
170 –75
loans or security ceded 16n31
,
202 –3 207
,
213
,
214
,
215
,
218
,
222
,
227 –28
moratorium on loan repayments 174
,
195
mortgaging of royal revenues 70
,
177
previous studies of Jewish lending 4
,
157
,
171 –72
property as means of settling debts 43
,
44
,
46
,
88
,
92
,
95
,
105
,
143
,
148
,
150
,
154 –55 210
,
213
,
234 –35
property transactions and pledges as disguised lending 4 –6 55 –56 90
,
97
,
99
,
109 –11 140
,
149 –54 162
,
165
,
173
,
176 –77 190
risk/return profile 196
role of mortgaging in development of land markets 62
sale of rents to settle debts 103
,
108
security 105
,
117
,
155 –59 171n5
,
173
,
177
,
203
terms of loans and measurement of capital committed 199
usury 6
,
11
,
55 –56 99
,
109 –10 112
,
150 –51 162
,
165
,
171
,
175 –77 190
,
236
Levi Jasquell 203
liquidity 2
,
11
,
58
,
62
,
86
,
92
,
120
,
131
,
143 –44 146
,
148
,
241
litigant 51
Lleida
land grant 67 –68
legal proceedings and royal edicts 48
,
74n69
,
161
,
183
minting of sueldos of Jaca 243
property transaction 143
Llobregat 71
lluisme/laudimium/laudemio/loysme see seigniorial rights
Lorcha, wife of Jucef Issach 203
Maimon Cap 201
Maimonides 110n56
Malila 48
,
86
Mallorca
charters of privilege 39 –41 46
conquest 12
repartiments 59
,
67
malluello 101
,
117
,
126
,
223
,
225
,
229
Manresa 71
,
100
,
117
,
124
,
141
mansus/manse 59
,
137
,
162
,
200
María Ballerías, wife of Tomás de Castella 232
María Bayle 163
María Díaz 86
María Garez 224
María Fernández de Pancarbo, wife of Pedro d’Anguas 102
María Sánchez de Martorell 154
María Valconchan 223
María, wife of Berengarius de Valte 162
Marta, wife of Domingo Calçena 218
Martín de la Canbia 100
Martín Sánchez 86
matānâ lĕkhûd 122
,
125 –27 129
Mayl Alazar 102
,
214
,
218
Maymó Momet 44
Maymon, son of Zalema 137 –38
Mazeleon Avenaraya, widow of Bahiel Averros 144
melioramentum 132
merino 42
,
48
Miguel de Azer 106
Miguel de Roz 164
,
212
Milagro 126
Military orders
St. John of Jerusalem/Hospitallers 205
,
213
Templars 31
mills 33
,
48
,
58
,
59
,
63
,
65 –66 68
,
112
,
114
,
134
,
169
,
180
minorities theory 6
,
8
,
236 –37
Mira Almali 228
Mirabel 2
mitgeres (measure of barley) 107
modiata (measure of land) xiii
,
76 –77 120
,
189 –90 246 –48
Mogoria 138
môhar 122
,
125 –28 131
money of account xii
,
209n41
,
243
,
245
Mont Juic 45
,
120
Montcada family 31
Montclús 41
Montpellier 12
,
71
,
89
,
137
Montuiri 67
Monzón 51
,
54
,
71
,
74
,
91
,
175
morabatin exchange rates xii
,
244 –45
Morella 51
Morenta 2
morería 228
mortgages see pledges
Morvedre (Sagunto)
land grants 65 –66 68
,
134
peita (tax) 182 –83 238
privileges (1285) 50n113
property acquisition 79
,
90
wine production 112 –14
Moses ben Naḥman 22n46
Mosse Alazar 110n54
,
216
Mosse Alconstantini/Algostani (baile) 42
,
65
,
68
,
134 –35 180
Mosse Alfrangil 164
Mosse Asmies Cabrit 203
,
204
Mosse Astruc 241
Mosse Avincabra 182
Mosse Cabrit 96
,
241
Mosse de Abarracin 142
Mosse Franciscuel 109
Mosse Gallur 88
Mosse Montanyo 162
Mosse Ravaya (baile general of Catalonia) 85
Mosse, son of Vidal Gracian 120
Mostaganem (Algeria) 140
moveables 35
,
43
,
86
,
124
,
130
,
134
,
138 –40 152 –53 155
,
157
,
163
Mubarak the Murderer 86 –87
Muça Ablacren 10n23
Muça of Portella (baile) 68
mudéjar see Muslims
Muslims
adversely affected by repartiments and other land grants 42
,
58
,
62
,
64 –67 69
applicability of Jewish law to dealings with Jews 56
applicability of Muslim law to Jews in Algeria 140
borrowing 103
,
159
,
161
,
171
,
174 –75 210
,
221 –22 226
,
228
,
230
,
234
builder 232
censals issued 210
conversion 240
exarici 75
,
112
murdered by Mubarak 87
Muslim land coming into Jewish hands through lending or sale 75
occupation and conquest 7
,
9
,
58
,
59
poll tax (bezant) exemptions 112
,
181 –82
population in Valencia 59
property sales 223
sale of aljama rents 103
,
108
sale of royal revenues from 70
tax exemption of community elite 42n66
tenants 2
tithes 184
treatment in civil law 29
,
32 –33 39
,
47 –48 50n113
,
155 –56
wine trade 23
,
113
mutuum 171
,
174
Naçi Azday 68
Narbonne 6
,
114
,
137
,
139
,
190
,
220
Navarre 30 –31n6 124
,
126
,
129
nĕdûnyʼā 122 –31 139
Nicholau de Bien 100
Nicholau Mamillo 100
Nicholau Mocaravi 160
nikhsê mĕlôg 122n10
,
129
nikhsê ṣōʼn barzel 122n10
Nisîm Gêrôndî (rabbi) 22n46
nobles 30
,
32
,
33
,
37
,
40
,
43
,
47
,
61
,
66
,
128
,
133
,
177
,
179
notarial records
as source for Barcelona and Zaragoza 14 –16 22
,
34
,
70
,
81
,
90
,
99
,
132
,
175
,
198 –99 201
,
206
as source for lending in Girona 202
evidence for Jews as merchants in Marseille 171n3
in analysing economic activities and rents in Perpignan 4
,
18
,
70
,
83
in estimating population and economic activities in Santa Coloma 4
,
76n75
many property purchases excluded from 34
survival rate of 17 –20
unable to identify who cultivates land 116
notaries 15 –16 17 –20 50
,
106
,
128
,
144
,
160
,
162
,
194
,
206
novenario 37
,
47
occupation (of property) 33 –34 38
,
52
,
60 –61 99
,
162 –63 224
oil 51
,
139
,
180
,
229
olive groves/trees 73 –74 90
,
101
,
106
,
115
,
120
,
126
,
131
,
160
,
212
,
218
,
225
,
228
ônā’â 53
orchards xiii
,
48
,
60
,
63
,
69
,
71
,
75
,
98
,
160
,
184
Orovida, widow of Vidal de la Cavalleria 103
,
206
,
220 –22
Oro Xaprut 153n8
ostatge 157
ownership of property in multiple locations 74 –75 92n124
,
212
,
224 –26
pagesia 110
Palma de Mallorca 16n33
,
137
Pascua Florida 106
Pedro d’Aguillar 223
Pedro Ferrández de Felices 106
Pedro Martínez (notary) 144
Pedro Pérez de Cella 224
peita 183
,
238
Pere Albert 32
Pere Crespià 193
Pere de Bosc 102
Pere de Torre (notary) 20
Pere i 182
,
219
,
243
Pere ii 10n23
,
38
,
47
,
61
,
69
,
86
,
112
,
135
,
244
,
245
Pere iii 32n15
,
50n113
,
61
,
106
,
205
,
227
,
243
,
245
Pere Joan (converso) 241
Pere (king of Aragon, 1094–1104) 33
Pere Soler 222
Perfet Bonafos 98
Perfet Gracian (baile) 120
,
189
Perfet, son of Vidal Gracian 120
Perpignan
appetite for property investment 4–5
,
169
charter of privilege (1243 and 1269) 8n18
,
39
,
41
land grant in 68
late settlement by Jews 6
,
7
prices, wages and rental trends 83
,
94
,
211
property transactions 81
,
100
,
109
,
143 –44
restriction on exercise of pre-emption rights 38
wealth estimates 238
wills 136
,
139
,
244
pĕšût 2
Petra 67
Petro de Deo 162
Petronilla (queen) 12
Pina 183
pledges lending and credit
acquisition of pledged property 4
,
46
,
73
,
79
,
149
,
159 –61 200 –201 218
,
225 –26 233 –34
and censals 175 –77
economics of enforcement 160
guaranteeing land sales and purchases 149
,
151 –53 164
,
223 –24
pledges in civil law 33
,
36
,
47
,
155 –57 174
in gifts 5, 142
in Jewish law 35
,
53
,
55
,
110
permitted by property deeds 49
permitted on land grants 62
rent charges and letting to pledgers 71
,
81
,
93
,
103
,
109
,
116
,
144
restricted on leased property 38
sale of pledged property 33 –34 90
,
161
,
212 –13
securing borrowing by Jews 81
,
87
,
161 –63 229
security for lending 2
,
11
,
14n26
,
21n40
,
58
,
62
,
96
,
109
,
139
,
155 –59 165
,
171
,
200
taxes on 182 –83
vifgages 55
,
110
population/demographics 9 –10 12 –14 59
,
66
,
75 –76 113
,
172
,
198
,
206
precious metals 124
,
180
,
182
,
239 gold and silver
pre-emption 36
,
38
,
52
,
54 –55 61
,
152
,
162
,
232
prices of land and property
capital gains and losses 96
,
98
,
107
,
118
,
164
,
181
,
184 –95 225 –26
linkage to property market and economic cycles 63
,
82 –84 181
,
185 –88
mean and median prices 93 –97 188
on sale of property of converso 228
prices of farms and landed estates 48
,
86
,
95
,
98
,
200
prices of individual sales of houses and buildings 87
,
95 –96 105 –6 149
,
153
,
160
,
183
,
194
,
203 –4 212
,
228
,
229
,
232
prices of individual sales of land (fields, vineyards) 120
,
160
,
189 –190 193
,
194 –95 200 –201 205
,
212
,
218
,
223 –25 229
prices of traded rents 98
,
103
,
106
,
108 –9 110
,
120
,
163
,
178–79
,
193
,
201
,
204
,
217
,
232
trends from archival records 185 –88
principal of loan 55
,
103
,
152
,
163
,
201
,
209 –10
pro convivio (tax) 182
property and land market development 9
,
54 –55 57
,
58 –64 70
,
80 –85 92
,
107 –8 180 –81 184 –85 189 –90 237
,
239
property rights 8 –9 14n26
,
21
,
24
,
29 –57 145
,
159
,
181 –82 236
,
239 –40
property taxes see taxation
property valuation 145
,
182 –83
public finance 10
,
177
,
223
Puigcerdà 16n33
,
136 –38
quaternxii, 107
,
120
,
243
Queralt 7n18
,
138
rahal/reial 41
,
64
,
67
,
69
Rahel, wife of Issach Mohassel 194
Raimon Cerdà 193
Raimundo de Galato 189
Ramon Berenguer i 31
Ramon Berenguer iv 12
,
31
,
39
Ramon de Banyeres 161
Ramon de Trilea 138
Reina, daughter of Samuel and Cruxia Ha-Sardi 98
Reina, widow of Bonjuha Cap 136
Reina, widow of Caravida Ravaya 144
rentier 2
,
10
,
11
,
64
,
99
,
107
,
115
,
177
rents received on fields, vineyards and olive groves 2
,
87
,
100 –103 105 –9 115 –18 164
,
212
,
228
rents received on houses 56
,
94
,
98
,
102
,
105
,
107 –9 141 –42 144
,
147
,
165
,
178 –79 193 –94
repartiments see land grants
responsa see Jewish law
Rhineland 114
Roden 103
,
221
,
226
Roussillon xii
,
12
,
38
,
79
,
137
,
176
royal monopolies 169 –70 179 –80 196
,
234
,
239
rural-dwelling Jews 4
,
45
,
64
,
75 –76
Salamó Alconstantini (alfaquim) 134
Salamó Ibn Adret (rabbi) 1
,
22n46
,
23
,
45
,
53 –55 96
,
112
,
130
,
131
,
135 –36 140 –41 145
,
183
Salamon Abnarrabi 73
,
100
,
154 –55 160
,
164
,
206 –13 218 –19 223 –24 239
Salamon Alazar 74
,
102
,
106
,
217
Salamon Alazar (mayor de días) 163
Salamon Alazar (physician) 217
Salamon Alazar, son of Don Juce 218
Salamon Alazar, son of Yzra 142
Salamon Asayuel 96
Salamon Asdai 73
,
194
Salamon Astruc Adret 205
Salamon b. Ammar 67
Salamon Bonjuda, son of Saltell Gracian 120
Salamon Golluf 50
Salamon, son of Bonafos de la Cavalleria 220
sales deeds 34
,
36 –37 97
,
151 –52
Salon-de-Provence 128 –29 136
,
139
Saltell da Porta 105
Saltell Gracia 202
Saltell Gracian 120
,
141
Samuel Abenvives 69
Samuel Abinafia 50
Samuel Abnarrabi 112
Samuel Abnarrabi, son of Salamon 92n124
,
163
,
206 –9 212 –13 225
Samuel Benvenist 87
Samuel Cap 1
,
88
,
98
,
103
,
131
,
144
,
145n114
,
160
,
191
,
193
,
198 –202 239
Samuel (de) Torre 105
,
131
Samuel Golluf 106
Samuel Gracia 50
Samuel Ha-Hardi 2
,
98
,
130
,
145
Samuel Levi 222
Samuel, son of Abraham Mayor 142
Samuel, son of alfaquim Aron 134
Sancho (king of Navarre and Aragon) 33
San Miguel de los Navarros (parish) 153
,
165
San Pablo (parish) 154
Santa Coloma de Montbui 124
,
125
Santa Coloma de Queralt 4
,
7
,
71
,
75
,
76n75
,
89
,
91
,
124 –25 172
Santa María del Mar 21n40
,
178
,
245
Sant Feliu of Girona 101 –2
security of tenure 33
,
38
šĕʾēlôt û-tĕšûvôt see responsa
sêfer tôrâ 136
Segorbe 49
Segura de León 127
seigniorial authority 31
,
40
,
60 –61
seigniorial rights
100
as part of the return on property 61
,
107
,
143
,
181
,
192 –94 196
,
204
,
212
,
233
,
236
braciaticum/braçatge (payment of one-seventeenth) 115
entrada (entry fines) 61
,
69
,
84
,
102
,
107
,
109
,
116 –18 181
,
196
fadiga (right of pre-emption) 38
,
41
,
100
,
194
,
200
foriscap/ium (transfer fee) 41
,
61
,
204
lluisme/laudimium/laudemio/loysme (transfer fee) 41
,
61 –62 100
,
107
,
178
,
200
,
204
retained on grant of lease 100
,
110
,
117 –18 164 –65 232
rights in a manse sold 162
tasca (payment of one-eleventh) 117
senatus consultus velleyani 35
,
123
Senton (Shemtov) Cap 43
,
201
servitude 49
share-cropping 60
,
75n74
,
83
,
101
,
115 –19
shekel 122
Sheshet ben Issach Benveniste (baile) 219
shop 43
,
83
,
106
,
142
,
182
Sicily 85 –86 135
silver xii
,
122
,
131
,
180
,
189
,
243 –44
sitio (property tax) 182
Sitt, widow of Mubarak the Murderer 87
Sol, wife of Mosse Alfrangil 165
Stephan David 193
Sukôt (Feast of Tabernacles) 106
synagogue 2
,
7
,
21n40
,
43
,
47
,
48
,
52
,
54
,
72n63
,
126
,
138
,
142
,
146
tailor 87
,
228
,
230
Talmud 2
,
124
,
131
,
133
,
162
taqānâ/ôt 54
,
182
Tarazona 74
Tarragona 66
,
128
taxation aljama
archival sources 14n26
conversos 240
disproportionate burden on Jews 171
disputes arising from property ownership in multiple locations 41
,
74
,
224
exemptions and privileges 40 –42 48
,
51
,
60
,
69
,
74n69
,
96
,
112
,
213 –14
hypothecated to censal payments 175 –78
impact on economic attractiveness of different assets 5
,
184
,
196
in Jewish law 21
,
183
in public finance 10
in wealth estimates 238
one-third tax on property sales 29
,
47
,
48n101
,
56
,
161
,
183
payment alongside Muslims 75
property as tax base 63
,
74
,
96
,
112
,
181 –84 217
sale of property to meet obligations 44
,
49
,
91
,
144
tax farming 10n23
,
68
,
169
,
177
,
179 –80 200 –201 217
,
219
,
220
,
223
,
226
,
234
,
239
Teresa Pinsers, wife of Andreu de la Foz 218
termino 164
terno xii
,
93 –94 96
,
105n37
,
106
,
193 –94 200
,
204
,
243
,
245
Teruel xiii
,
30
,
33
,
36n32
,
43 –44 71
,
88 –89 113
,
142
,
156
,
176
,
248
Testament 106
,
134
,
137
Third Lateran Council (1179) 240
tithe 39
,
60
,
66
,
79
,
183 –84
title (property)
archival records 14n26
in fueros and civil law codes 17
,
30
,
32 –34 41
,
43
,
47
,
49
,
178
,
181
inherited land 132
,
135
in Jewish law 51 –57
pledged property 200
protected by terms of sales deed 152 –53
transfer of 61n12
,
163
Todroz Bienvenist 220
,
223
Toledo 3
Torrellas 68
Torrelobatón 127
Tortosa 31
,
32
,
38
,
39
,
40n56
,
44
,
67
,
74n69
,
155
tôsefet kĕtûbâ 122
Tours 137
trebut 37
trehudo see emphyteutic tenure
Trijueque 127
Trilea Judiaca 45
Tudela 3
,
124
,
126 –27 129
Tuscany 84
Uncastillo 48
Urgell 156
Usatges de Barcelona 31 –32 36
,
37
,
155
Usatges i Constituciones de Catalunya 50
usufruct 55
,
102
,
110
,
122
,
124
,
126
,
134
,
176
Valencia
archival sources 16n33
censals 179
charitable foundation 147
charters of privilege 39 –41 50n113
,
74n69
conquest 12
,
31
cultivation in 111
events of 1391 179
furs and legal proceedings 31
,
33
,
35
,
37
,
44
,
46
,
49 –50 61
,
136
Hasdai Crescas’s attempts to revive community after 1391 206n29
poll tax on Muslims (bezant) 112
,
181
property transactions 48
,
49
,
79
,
86
,
95
,
105
refuge for Rabbi Issach Šešet, fleeing Zaragoza 207
repartiments and other land grants 59 –60 62
,
64 –70 75
settlement 7
,
46
,
59
,
65
,
181
sous de Valencia xii
,
243 –44
trading in rents 108
wine production 113 –14
Valles Beltran 224
Valls 136 –37
Vic 59
,
124
,
157
,
172
Vidal Abnarrabi 207
,
209
Vidal Caravida 203
,
205
Vidal de la Cavalleria 103
,
160
,
206
,
212
,
220 –21
Vidal of Montpellier 137
Villafranca 43
Villa Mayor 164
Villareal 71
vinculo 49
vineyards property transactions: trends and patterns and prices of land and property
areas of plots 76 –77 247
civil law codes and legal proceedings 33 –35 41
,
43
,
47 –48 155
in dowries and kĕtûbôt 123
,
126 –27 129
,
131
in gifts 142
in repartiments and land grants 58
,
60 –62 65
,
68 –69 134
in wills 2
,
120
,
137 –39 141
,
147
leased out 73 –74 87
,
100 –103 109
,
115
,
117
,
162
,
218
locations of 75 –76
pledges 21n40
,
56
,
156
,
160
,
162
,
200n4
,
223
,
225
purchases and sales 43
,
86
,
92n122
,
103
,
109
,
120
,
131
,
144
,
149
,
160
,
189 –91 193
,
200
,
201
,
212
,
218
,
223
,
224
,
229
purchases and sales of grapes of 112
,
116
,
223
,
229
,
232
rental yields on 107 –8
rented from Christians 81
,
117
sale and leaseback 164
taxes on 182 –83
trading in rents on 104 –5 143
violari see annuities
Visigothic law 123n16
,
132
viticulture 114
Vives Abenvives 48
Vives, son of Jucef Abenvives 86
warranty 153
widows
as lenders 220
,
221
as lessors 101
,
102
Christian and Muslim widows as counterparties 102
,
154
,
156
,
195
,
212
,
223
,
224
civil law and legal proceedings 55 –56
holding censals 103
,
203
inheriting land grants 68
in Jewish law 121 –23 129 –30 133
,
139 –41 147
in property transactions 35
,
85 –87 90
,
101 –2 153n8
,
183
,
191
,
193
,
200
,
206
,
212
oaths 123
,
139
property as source of liquidity for 11
,
92
,
121
,
143 –48 228
purchasing grapes 217
settling the debts of their husbands’ estates 162
wills of 136 –37 139
wills and inheritance
241
archival records 16n33
,
121
,
132
,
136 –39
charitable donations 106
,
147
,
194
disputed by the crown 135 –36
disputed in civil courts 51
evidence for real estate in 1 –2 134 –41
evidence for the value of a morabatin 244 –45
gifts in 143
Hebrew records 1 –2 21
,
98
,
136n66
in fueros and Christian custom 63
,
131 –33
in Jewish law and custom 124
,
133 –34
in responsa 135
,
139 –41
in wealth estimates 238
joint inheritance and the sale of property 146 –147
wine 3
,
23
,
66
,
77
,
111 –15 117
,
142
,
182
,
211
,
236
witness 1
,
34 –35 39
,
47
,
53 –55 134
,
140
,
155
workshops 58
,
72 –73 81
,
89
,
91
,
108 –9 165
,
179
,
192 –93
Xaltiel, son of Mosse de Tolosa 1 –2 98
Xàtiva 10n23
,
40n56
,
47
,
50n113
,
66
,
69
,
86
,
134
Xerta 71
Yemen 40
yield (financial)
driving decisions on asset portfolios 181
,
196 –97 203
in estimating capital investment from rents 211
market rental yields in Barcelona 83
on lending 199
on sale and leaseback 164 –65 212
on sale and purchase of rents and rented property 98 –99 103
,
105 –9 118
,
178 –79 191
,
193
,
195
,
232 –33
on trading of censals and rents 176
,
178 –79 203 –4
Yom Tov Ašĕbîlî (rabbi) 22n46
,
129 –30 145
,
244
Yzra Alazar 142
,
163
,
214 –15 216 –218
Yzrael Abulfada (Rabbi) 162
Zalema 137
Zaragoza
archival sources 15 –16 19n38
areas of residence 46
borrowing 112
,
164
,
209 –10 222 –23 232
building works 232
case studies of economic activity 206 –33 239
civil law and legal proceedings 42 –43 47 –50 56
events of 1391 85
,
233 –34
form of sales deeds 152 –53
gifts and donations 142
,
144
,
154
holdings of censals 210
origins and charter of settlement 7
,
59
privileges 112
property leased out 73 –74 100
,
102
,
106
,
117
,
218
,
223
,
228
,
232
property purchased 42
,
87 –88 106
,
109
,
149
,
160
,
164
,
192
,
212
,
218
,
223 –26 229
property sold 49
,
212
,
218
,
223
,
228
,
229
,
232 –33
property sold between Jews 160
,
232 –33
purchase of grapes and viticulture 111
,
113
,
116
,
210 –11 217
,
223
,
229
,
232
purchase of oil 229
rents payable to charitable foundation 106
sale of rents/censals 163
,
178n22
,
179
,
217
zuna/açuna 55
zuzim 122
,
125 –26 131