All buildings, piazzas, fountains, and fresco cycles are in Rome unless otherwise indicated.
1.1 Giovanni Battista Piranesi, View of the Roman Campidoglio with the Staircase Leading to the Church of the Aracoeli, 1757. Photo: Davison Art Center, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, open access image 32
4.1 View of St. Peterâs and the Vatican Palace. Photo: Public domain (I, Dfmalan [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)] or CC-BY-SA-3.0 76
4.2 Anonymous, Pope Paul IV Carafa, from O. Panvinio, XXVII pontificum maximorum elogia et imagines â¦, Rome, 1568. Photo: Public domain (http://www.pitts.emory.edu/woodcuts/1568Panv/00019429.pdf) 76
4.3 Plan of the piano nobile and ceremonial rooms of the Vatican Palace. (Graphics © Margaret A. Kuntz) 78
4.4 Giovanni Ambrogio Brambilla, The Coronation of Cosimo I deâ Medici as Grand Duke of Tuscany by Pope Pius V in the Sala Regia, with Cardinals and Others in Attendance, from Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae, Rome, 1582. Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, Transferred from the Library, 1941, 41.72(3.75) 79
4.5 Giovanni Ambrogio Brambilla, The Sistine Chapel during a Papal Ceremony with Mass, seen toward the West with the Altar and Michelangeloâs Last Judgment, from Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae, Rome, 1582. Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, Transferred from the Library, 1941, 41.72(3.76) 81
4.6 Federico Zuccaro, Design for an Easter Sepulcher in the Pauline Chapel, c.1580. Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, Lord Palumbo, David T. Schiff, Drue Heinz and W. Mark Brady Gifts, in memory of Jacob Bean, and Harry G. Sperling Fund, 1993, 1993.120 82
4.7 Anonymous, Papal Benediction in St. Peterâs Square, from Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae, Rome, late 1570s. Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, Transferred from the Library, 1941, 41.72(3.68) 83
4.8 Anonymous, The Ostension of Veronicaâs Veil in St. Peterâs, from Mirabilia Romane urbis (S.l., s.a.). Photo: Bibliotheca HertzianaâMax-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rom 85
4.9 Anonymous, Corpus Christi Procession in St. Peterâs Square at the Time of Pope Innocent X, c.1646. Photo: Palazzo Braschi, Rome, Italy/De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images 88
4.10 Corpus Christi Processional Route, superimposed on a detail of Antonio Tempesta, Map of Rome, 1645. Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1983.1027[1â2]; Graphics © Margaret A. Kuntz 89
4.11 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Baldacchino, 1623â34, St. Peterâs Basilica. Photo: Dnalor_1, Wikimedia Commons, license CC-BY-SA 3.0 91
4.12 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Cathedra Petri, 1656â66, St. Peterâs Basilica. Photo: Dnalor_01, Wikimedia Commons, license CC-BY-SA 3.0 96
5.1 Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi, New Plan of the Conclave ⦠for the Vacant See of Pope Innocent X, 1655. Photo: Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, DC 101
7.1 Anonymous, Portrait of Pope Gregory XIII Surrounded by the Deeds and Edifices of His Pontificate, 1582âc.1585. Photo: Rijksmusem, Amsterdam, RP-P-2005-331 133
7.2 Hieronymus Wierix, Copy of the Miraculous Image in S. Maria Maggiore of Mary Holding the Christ Child, 1563âbefore 1600, Rijksmusem, Amsterdam, RP-P-1898-A-19835 143
8.1 Matthäus Greuter after a drawing by Paolo Guidotti Borghese, Theater for the Canonization of Sts. Isidore, Ignatius Loyola, Francis Xavier, Philip Neri, and Teresa of Avila, 1622. Photo: Archivio della Congregazione dellâOratorio, Rome, C.I.S., XXXVI, 4 152
8.2 Anonymous, Standard of St. Philip Neri with the Madonna and Child Jesus, 1622. Photo: Polo Museale del Lazio-Archivio fotografico, Rome 153
8.3 Lazzaro Baldi, Rose of Lima Crowned by Angels and Holding Baby Jesus with Peoples of Peru Genuflecting Before Her, 1668. Photo: Pamela M. Jones 165
12.1 Anonymous, Pietà from a Maundy Thursday processional float, 1700. Photo: Public domain (Lalupa [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], from Wikimedia Commons) 226
12.2 Oratory of the Gonfalone, inner entrance wall; frescoes by Federico Zuccaro, Matteo da Lecce, and Cesare Nebbia, 1573â76. Photo: Barbara Wisch 230
14.1 Girolamo Frezza, Possesso of Pope Innocent XII, 13 April 1692, 1692. Photo: The British Museum, London, 1871,0113.205 © Trustees of the British Museum 253
14.2 Monogrammist HCB, Joust for the Marriage of Annibale Altemps and Ortensia Borromeo in the Belvedere Courtyard, 5 March 1565, 1565. Photo: The British Museum, London, 1871,0812.775 © Trustees of the British Museum 257
14.3 François Collignon after Andrea Sacchi, Joust of the Saracen in Piazza Navona, 25 February 1634, 1634. Photo: The British Museum, London, 1869,0410.717 © Trustees of the British Museum 258
14.4 Dominique Barrière after Niccolò Menghini, Apparato for the QuarantâOre in Il Gesù, February 1646, 1646. Photo: The British Museum, London, Ii,5.148 © Trustees of the British Museum 260
14.5 Vincenzo Mariotti after Simone Felice Delino, Apparato for the Recovery of Louis XIV at Trinità dei Monti, 20 April 1687, 1687. Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, RESERVE QB-201 (171)-FT-5 263
16.1 View of Rome, from Hartmann Schedel, Liber chronicarum, Nuremberg, 1493, n.p. Photo: Private Collection 289
16.2 Leonardo Bufalini, Map of Rome, 1560; orig. 1551. The British Library, London, © British Library Board, Maps S.T.R. 175 291
16.3 Leonardo Bufalini, Map of Rome (dets., St. Peterâs left, Circus Maximus right). Photo: The British Library, London, © British Library Board, Maps S.T.R. 175 293
16.4 Antonio Tempesta, Map of Rome, 1593. Photo: The Newberry Library, Chicago, Novacco 4F 256 294â95
16.5 Stefano Du Pérac (attrib.), The Seven Churches of Rome, 1575. Photo: The British Museum, London, 1874,0613.582 © Trustees of the British Museum 298
16.6 Giovanni Battista Falda, New Map of Rome, 1676. Photo: Collection of Vincent J. Buonanno 299
17.1 Papal infrastructural projects (Drawing: Ryan Taunton, © Carla Keyvanian) 308
17.2 Sixtus IVâs projects around Piazza Navona (Drawing: Ryan Taunton, © Carla Keyvanian) 311
17.3 Antonio Tempesta, Map of Rome, Part 1 with Piazza del Popolo, 1645. (Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1983.1027[1]) 315
17.4 The Lateran under Sixtus V (Drawing: Ryan Taunton, © Carla Keyvanian) 319
17.5 Lievin Cruyl designer, Giovanni Battista Falda engraver, View of the Porta Flaminia and Piazza del Popolo, from F. Desseine, Beschryving van ât niew of hedendaagsch Rome, Amsterdam, 1704, fol. 163, pl. 2. (Photo: Bibliotheca HertzianaâMax-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rom) 323
18.1 123 Documented Public Fountains of Rome, 1631 (Graphics: K. Rinne © 2016). Inventories and archival documentation for all fountains can be found by using the search tool at K. Rinne, Aquae Urbis Romae: The Waters of the City of Rome, www3.iath.virginia.edu/waters 331
18.2 Giovanni Battista Falda, Another View of the Fountain and Castello of the Acqua Paola, in Le Fontane di Roma nelle Piazze, e Luoghi Publici della Città , con il Loro Prospetti, Rome, 1675(?), pl. 12. Photo: Collection of Vincent J. Buonanno 332
18.3 Giovanni Battista Falda, View of the Fountain in the Middle of Piazza Navona under the Obelisk, in Il Nuovo Teatro delle Fabriche, et Edificii, in Prospettiva di Roma Moderna, Rome, 1675(?), pl. 26. Photo: Collection of Vincent J. Buonanno 335
18.4 Domenico Fontana, Plan and View of the Acqua Feliceâs Fountain, in Della Trasportatione dellâobelisco Vaticano et delle fabbriche di Nostro Signore Papa Sisto V, Rome, 1590, Book 1, pl. 56. Photo: Bibliotheca HertzianaâMax-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rom 338
19.1 Pietro Ferrerio, Palazzo della Cancelleria, from Palazzi di Roma, Rome, 1670â78(?), pl. 24. Photo: Boston College, Public domain 345
19.2 Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and Michelangelo Buonarroti, Palazzo Farnese, 1513/14â49. Photo: Andrea Jemolo/Scala/Art Resource, NY 346
19.3 Baldassare Peruzzi, Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne, 1532â36. Photo: Author 347
19.4 Pietro Ferrerio, Palazzo Built by Cardinale Capodiferro, from Palazzi di Roma, Rome, 1670â78(?), pl. 32. Photo: Boston College, Public domain 352
19.5 Reconstruction of Francesco Peparelliâs piano nobile plan of Palazzo Pamphilj, 1634â38 (Graphics: Susan Leone, © Stephanie C. Leone) 354
19.6 Reconstruction of Girolamo Rainaldi and Francesco Borrominiâs piano nobile plan of Palazzo Pamphilij, 1645â50. (Graphics: Susan Leone, © Stephanie C. Leone) 355
19.7 Francesco Peparelli, Girolamo Rainaldi, and Francesco Borromini, Palazzo Pamphilj with S. Agnese in Agone, in Piazza Navona, 1634â50. Photo: Mimmo Capone 356
19.8 Francesco Borromini, Section drawing of the salone of Palazzo Pamphilj, April 1646(?), Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City, Vat. lat. 11258, fol. 192. Photo: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City, Vat. lat. 11258, fol. 192, © 2017, reproduced by permission of Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana with all rights reserved 356
19.9 Francesco Borromini, Gallery of Palazzo Pamphilj, 1646â47, with Pietro da Cortonaâs vault frescoes of the Story of Aeneas, 1651â54. Photo: Stephanie C. Leone 357
19.10 Carlo Maderno, Palazzo Mattei di Giove, 1598â1616. Photo: Alinari/Art Resource, NY 359
19.11 Pietro da Cortona, Gallery vault with Story of King Solomon, Palazzo Mattei di Giove, 1622â23. Photo: Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY 360
19.12 Carlo Maderno, Courtyard with antiquities, Palazzo Mattei di Giove, 1598â1616. Photo: Andrea Jemolo/Scala/Art Resource, NY 360
19.13 Ottavio Mascarino, Plan of piano nobile of Palazzo del Cardinale Tolomeo Galli (formerly Palazzo Castellesi, designed by Bramante, 1499â1503[?]), 1590â1600, Accademia Nazionale di San Luca, Rome, Fondo Mascarino, n. 2414. Photo: Accademia Nazionale di San Luca, Rome, Fondo Mascarino, n. 2414 362
20.1 Bernardo Pinturicchio and Pier Matteo dâAmelia(?), Group of Singers, c.1486â92, Loggia of Innocent VIII, Villa Belvedere, Vatican City. Photo: Musei Vaticani, Vatican City 369
20.2 Johann Sadeler after Jan van der Straet (Johannus Stradanus), Apollo as Protector of the Arts and Sciences, 1597. Photo: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, RP-P-OB-7479 372
20.3 John Robert Cozens, View of the Villa Lante on the Janiculum in Rome, 1782â83. Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Rogers Fund, 1967, 67.68 373
20.4 Domenico Fontana, Fountain of the Prisoner, c.1585, formerly Villa Montalto, now Villa Mameli. Photo: Denis Ribouillault 375
20.5 Amico Aspertini, Elevation of the Belvedere Courtyard Seen as a Ruin, c.1530â40, The British Museum, London, Aspertini Album [London II], 77, fol. 39r. Photo: The British Museum, London, Aspertini Album [London II], 77, fol. 39r, © Trustees of the British Museum 378
20.6 Richard Wilson, Rome from the Villa Madama, 1753. Photo: Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Paul Mellon Collection 380
20.7 Baldassare Peruzzi, The Illusionistic Colonnade of the Room of the Perspectives Reflected in the Convex Shield of the Goddess Bellona, Sala delle Prospettive, Villa Farnesina, c.1516â17. Photo: Denis Ribouillault 382
20.8 Israël Sylvestre, Casino del Monte (Villa Ludovisi), c.1650. Photo: Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, MA 385
21.1 Hendrick van Cleve III, Sculpture Garden of Cardinal Cesi (det.), 1584, National Gallery in Prague (Sternberg Palace), Prague. Photo © David R. Marshall 393
21.2 Giacomo da Vignola, Guglielmo della Porta, and Giovanni Mynardo (Jean Ménard, attrib.), The Farnese Table (det. of top), c.1565â73. Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1958, Acc. No. 58.57aâd 395
21.3 Cerasi Chapel, S. Maria del Popolo, 1600â01. Photo © David R. Marshall 398
21.4 Annibale Carracci, The Holy Family with Infant St. John the Baptist (The Montalto Madonna), c.1600. Photo: Courtesy of Sothebyâs, London 399
21.5 Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Victorious Cupid (Amor Vincit Omnia), 1601â02. Photo: Berlin, BPK-Bildagentur 401
21.6 Simon Felice, View of Villa Borghese, after 1677. Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 61.532.26(15) 402
21.7 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius, 1618â19. Photo © David R. Marshall 403
21.8 Ceiling, S. Maria in Trastevere, 1617. Photo © David R. Marshall 404
21.9 Ceiling, S. Crisogono, 1618â22. Photo © David R. Marshall 404
21.10 Francesco Borromini, Illusionistic colonnade, Palazzo Spada, 1652â53. Photo © David R. Marshall 408
21.11 View of the Galleria Colonna, finished 1700. Photo: Bibliotheca HertzianaâMax-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rom 410
22.1 Jan Brueghel the Elder (attrib.), Vase of Flowers, c.1590. Photo: Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali e del Turismo-Galleria Borghese, Rome 424
23.1 Giovannino dei Dolci(?), Facade of S. Maria del Popolo, 1477. Photo: John Beldon Scott 428
23.2 Jacopo da Pietrasanta, Facade of S. Agostino, 1483. Photo: John Beldon Scott 428
23.3 Carlo Maderno and Carlo Rainaldi, Facade of S. Andrea della Valle, 1667. Photo: Patricia Waddy 429
23.4 Giacomo della Porta, Facade of Il Gesù, 1577. Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Alessio Damato 430
23.5 Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Facade of S. Spirito in Sassia, 1545. Photo: Patricia Waddy 432
23.6 Carlo Maderno, Facade of S. Susanna, 1603. Photo: Patricia Waddy 433
23.7 Carlo Rainaldi, Facade of S. Maria in Campitelli, 1667. Photo: John Beldon Scott 434
23.8 H. Wölfflin, Renaissance und Barock, Munich, 1888, Projects for Il Gesù: Giacomo da Vignola (left), Giacomo della Porta (right). Photo: John Beldon Scott 435
23.9 Giacomo della Porta, Facade of S. Luigi dei Francesi, 1587. Photo: John Beldon Scott 436
23.10 Guidetto Guidetti, Facade of S. Caterina dei Funari, 1563. Photo: John Beldon Scott 440
23.11 Giacomo da Vignola, Facade of S. Maria dellâOrto, 1579. Photo: Lori Penn-Goetsch 442
23.12 Fausto Rughesi, Facade of S. Maria in Vallicella, 1605. Photo: John Beldon Scott 443
23.13 Carlo Maderno, Facade of St. Peterâs Basilica, Vatican City, 1614. Photo: John Beldon Scott 444
23.14 Giovanni Battista Soria, Facade of S. Maria della Vittoria, 1627. Photo: Patricia Waddy 445
23.15 Giovanni Battista Soria, Facade of S. Carlo ai Catinari, 1638. Photo: Patricia Waddy 445
23.16 Alessandro Algardi, Facade of S. Ignazio, 1650. Photo: Lori Penn-Goetsch 446
23.17 Martino Longhi the Younger, Facade of SS. Vincenzo e Anastasio, 1660. Photo: Lori Penn-Goetsch 447
23.18 Martino Longhi the Younger, Facade of S. Antonio dei Portoghesi, c.1640. Photo: John Beldon Scott 448
23.19 Pietro da Cortona, Facade of S. Maria in Via Lata, 1665. Photo: John Beldon Scott 449
23.20 Francesco Borromini and Carlo Rainaldi, Facade of S. Agnese in Agone, 1666. Photo: John Beldon Scott 451
23.21 Francesco Borromini and Bernardo Castelli, Facade of S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, 1667/1677. Photo: John Beldon Scott 452
23.22 Pietro da Cortona, Facade of S. Maria della Pace, 1667 (Dominique Barrière, in G.G. Deâ Rossi, Insignium Romae Templorum Prospectus â¦, Rome, 1684, pl. 72, etching). Photo: John Beldon Scott 453
23.23 Pietro da Cortona, Facade of SS. Luca e Martina, 1669. Photo: John Beldon Scott 454
23.24 Giovanni Battista Montano, Facade of S. Giuseppe dei Falegnami, 1602. Photo: John Beldon Scott 455
23.25 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Facade of S. Andrea al Quirinale, 1670. Photo: John Beldon Scott 456
23.26 Cardinal Luigi Omodei, Facade of SS. Ambrogio e Carlo, 1684. Photo: Patricia Waddy 457
24.1 Giovannino dei Dolci (attrib.), Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, and Vincenzo de Rossi, Interior of S. Maria della Pace with the Cesi Chapel, 1482â1525 (church) and 1524â50 (chapel). Photo: Bibliotheca HertzianaâMax-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rom 462
24.2 Andrea Sacchi, Jan Miel, and Filippo Gagliardi, Urban VIII Visiting Il Gesù on 2 October 1629 for the Centenary Celebrations of the Jesuit Order, 1641â42. Photo: Gallerie Nazionali di Arte Antica di Roma, Palazzo Barberini e Galleria Corsini: Palazzo Barberini 464
24.3 Cristoforo Casolini and assistants, Scenes from the Life of Mary, apse of Madonna ai Monti, 1581â1610. Photo: Bibliotheca HertzianaâMax-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rom 465
24.4 Baldassare Croce (frescoes), Matteo Zaccolini (architectural decoration), and Flaminio Vacca (sculpture), North wall with Susanna and the Elders, S. Susanna, 1595. Photo: Bibliotheca HertzianaâMax-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rom 466
24.5 Nicolò Circignani and Matteo da Siena, Scenes of Martyrdom under Emperors Valerian and Numerian (left), Scenes of Martyrdom under Emperors Diocletian and Maximian (right), S. Stefano Rotondo, 1582â85. Photo: Bibliotheca HertzianaâMax-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rom 467
24.6 Pompeo Targone and workshop and Stefano Maderno, Confessio with sculpture of St. Cecilia, S. Cecilia in Trastevere, 1600â04. Photo: Barbara Wisch 469
24.7 Philips Galle after Francesco Vanni, Scenes from the Life of St. Cecilia, c.1600. Photo: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam RP-P 1906-2707X 470
24.8 Giovanni Lanfranco, Assumption of the Virgin, dome of S. Andrea della Valle, 1625â27. Photo: Polo Museale del Lazio-Archivio Fotografico, Rome 475
24.9 Pietro da Cortona (frescoes), Cosimo Fancelli and Ercole Ferrata (stucco angels), Miracle of the Virgin during the Construction of the Church, Holy Trinity, and Intercession of the Assunta, S. Maria in Vallicella, 1646â65. Photo: Bibliotheca HertzianaâMax-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rom 476
24.10 Andrea Pozzo, Allegory of the Missionary Work of St. Ignatius, vault of S. Ignazio, 1693â94. Photo: Polo Museale del Lazio-Archivio Fotografico, Rome 478
24.11 Andrea Pozzo, QuarantâOre Apparato for Il Gesù, from Perspectiva pictorum et architectorum, Rome, 1693, Fig. 71. Photo: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, Munich 478
24.12 Carlo Rainaldi (architect), Cesare Brandi (frescoes and altarpiece), and Giuseppe Mazzuoli, Francesco Cavallini, and Pier Paolo Naldini (sculpture and stuccowork), Interior of SS. Nomi di Gesù e Maria, 1678â86. Photo: Bibliotheca HertzianaâMax-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rom 479
29.1 Title page, Mirabilia urbis Romae nova recognita et emendata â¦, Rome, 1550. Photo: Houghton Library, Arc 767.62*, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 550
29.2 Francesco Stelluti, Trattato del Legno Fossile Minerale â¦, Rome, 1637, Fig. 7. Photo: Houghton Library, f Typ 625.37.808, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 555
29.3 Stefano Du Pérac, Title page, Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae, Rome, c.1574â77. Photo: Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, NYDA.1951.001.00001, Columbia University, New York 560
30.1 Federico Zuccaro, Taddeo Zuccaro in the Belvedere Courtyard in the Vatican Drawing the Laocoön, c.1595. Photo: The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, 99.GA.6.17 567
30.2 Anonymous, Interior of the Palazzo Farnese, from Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae, Rome, 1560. Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 41.172 (3.50) 572
30.3 Anonymous (Low Countries), Initiation of a New Member into the Bentvueghels in Rome, c.1660. Photo: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, SK-A-4672 577
30.4 Pieter van Laer, Card Players in the Roman Forum, c.1630. Photo: Mount Edgcumbe House and Country Park, Torpoint, Plymm.035 578