- 1 Doha Amendment: status of ratifications on 6 August 2018 17
- 2 Paris Agreement: status of ratifications and submissions of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) on 14 May 2017 19
- 3 Price of 1 eu Emission Allowance (EUA) from 2012 to 2018 28
- 4 Carbon leakage effect: the development of various global macrovariables indexed to 1990 31
- 5 Extent of restriction of foreign climate policies in the aviation sector and extent of carbon leakage prevention 41
- 6 Greenhouse gas emissions in the model of the Environmental Kuznets Curve 48
- 7 Phases of green growth 48
- 8 Greenhouse gas emissions, analysis by source sector, eu-28, 1990 and 2015 49
- 9 Extent of regulatory cooperation 66
- 10 Extent of recognition of standards 80
- 11 Cross price elasticity of demand 138
- 12 Extra-eu trade of energy in 2015 158
- 13 The relevant market for like and DCS products 169
- 14 Climate measures without legal conflict 229
- 15 Restriction of WTO free trade rules 230
- 16 The ambitious climate measure restricts WTO free trade rules but has supportive effect on another climate measure 230
- 17 No restriction of WTO free trade rules; the lenient climate measure de facto limits the ambitious climate measure by carbon leakage 232
- 18 eu ETS and ETS-ba restrict WTO free trade rules and the competing climate policy; the lenient climate measure restricts the ETS by carbon leakage 232
- 19 eu ETS and ETS-ba restrict WTO free trade rules and the competing climate policy but recognise equivalent efforts; the lenient climate measure restricts ETS by carbon leakage 240
- 20 Jurisdiction on aviation 320
- 21 Constellation (4): Restriction of aviation extended to international flights starting or landing at an eu airport; restriction of Article 1 Chicago Convention and of the competing climate policy; the lenient climate measure restricts the ambitious climate measure by carbon leakage 336
- 22 Constellation (5): Restriction of aviation extended to international flights over eu territory; compensation of carbon leakage 336
- 23 Emissions per capita 2014 371
- 24 GDP per capita 2016 372
- 1 Phases of the eu ETS 23
- 2 Merchandise trade: top 10 exporters in 2016 34
- 3 Merchandise trade: top 10 importers in 2016 35
- 4 Overview of mandatory ETSs 68
- 5 Constellations of ETS and ETS-ba 115
- 6 Example of price change due to the ETS 135
- 7 Constellations of ETS and ETS-ba: compliance with Article III GATT 192
- 8 Constellations of ETS and ETS-ba: compliance with Article III compared to Article XX GATT 241
- 9 Climate-related product distinction 247
- 10 Constellations of ETS and ETS-ba implying technical regulations 259
- 11 Constellations of ETS and ETS-ba implying technical regulations: conformity with the necessity test (Article 2.2 and fifth and sixth recital of the preamble of the TBT Agreement) 265
- 12 Constellations of ETS and ETS-ba implying technical regulations: conformity with non-discrimination rules (Article 2.1 and the sixth recital of the preamble of the TBT Agreement) 274
- 13 Services and service providers potentially affected by the ets and the ETS-ba 284
- 14 Sectors potentially affected by the ets and the ETS-ba 289
- 15 GATS rules affected by the ets and the ETS-ba 313
- 16 Restrictions of the aviation sector 326
- 17 GATS rules violated by the ets and the ETS-ba 341
- 18 Constellations summarising the legal requirements for ETS and ETS-ba 344
- 19 Comparison emissions-based versus price-based ETS-ba 356
- 20 Reform proposals for the ETS Directive 2003/87/ec 375