1 Study regions (in blue) and the provinces of the late empire 6
2 Porphyry statue of the Tetrarchs, Venice 12
3 The administrative division of Gaul around 481 15
4 The Visigothic Kingdom around 500 15
5 Spain after the Byzantine reconquest (ca.560) 15
6 Byzantine and Lombard possessions around 575 16
7 Late antique cathedrals within approximate path of Arles’ walls 21
8 Monumental nymphaeum in the House of Cupid and Psyche, Ostia 24
9 Pavia 24
10 Aurelian Wall 27
11 Spolia from the late antique wall at Narbonne 28
12 Late antique walls at Carcassonne 28
13 Remains of the Northern Baths, Cimiez (Nice) 34
14 Bath complex at Los Bañales 34
15 Channels of the Aqua Claudia and the Aqua Anio Novus at the Porta Maggiore 36
16 Pont-du-Gard aqueduct bridge, crossing over the Gardon River en route to Nîmes 36
17 Aqueduct arches at Fréjus 37
18 Late antique new bath construction in Italy 39
19 Late antique bath repair and restoration work in Italy 40
20 Late antique baths still in use in Italy 42
21 Late antique disused baths in Italy 44
22 Plan of Ostia 45
23 Late baths installed in the Domus dei Dioscuri, Ostia 46
24 Small Baths, Ostia 46
25 5th c. entrance works at Forum Baths, Ostia 46
26 Frigidarium of the Porta Marina Baths 47
27 Well in the decumanus, Ostia 48
28 Baths in late antique Italy 49
29 New late antique baths in Gaul 49
30 West Baths, Cimiez 50
31 Late antique bath repair and restoration work in Gaul 51
32 Late antique baths still in use in Gaul 51
33 Late antique disused baths in Gaul 52
34 Plan of Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges 53
35 Saint-Bertrand, lower Roman city with upper late antique and medieval city in background 54
36 North Baths, Saint-Bertrand 55
37 Forum Baths, Saint-Bertrand 55
38 Baths in late antique Gaul 56
39 New late antique baths in Spain 57
40 Late antique bath repair and restoration work in Spain 58
41 Late antique baths still in use in Spain 58
42 Late antique disused baths in Spain 59
43 Plan of Complutum 60
44 Forum Baths, Complutum 60
45 Administrative building, Complutum, showing reused nymphaeum façade 61
46 South Forum Baths, Complutum 61
47 Baths in late antique Spain 62
48 New late antique baths in Africa 63
49 Late antique bath repair and restoration works in Africa 63
50 Licinian Baths, Dougga 64
51 Late antique baths still in use in Africa 65
52 Late antique disused baths in Africa 65
53 Plan of Carthage 66
54 Antonine Baths, Carthage 67
55 Plan of the Antonine Baths, Carthage 67
56 La Malga cisterns and Zaghouan aqueduct near Carthage 69
57 Late antique baths in North Africa 70
58 Late antique aqueduct activity in Italy 71
59 Late antique aqueduct activity in Gaul 73
60 Remains of the Barbegal Mill near Arles 74
61 Late antique aqueduct activity in Spain 76
62 Late antique aqueduct activity in Africa 77
63 Bath trends for the western Mediterranean 78
64 Average new bath size 79
65 Late antique aqueducts in the western Mediterranean 81
66 Tubuli in the Baths of the Coachmen, Ostia 83
67 Interior of the Flavian Amphitheatre, Rome 90
68 Theatre of Marcellus, Rome 93
69 Paestum Amphitheatre 94
71 Trajanic structures and medieval deaconry at the south end of the Circus Maximus, Rome 94
70 Pompeii Amphitheatre 94
72 Orange Theatre 95
73 Frejus Amphitheatre 96
74 Bordeaux Amphitheatre 96
75 Mérida Theatre 97
76 Santiponce Amphitheatre 97
77 Mérida Circus 97
78 Khoms Theatre 98
79 El Djem Ampitheatre 98
80 New late antique spectacle buildings in Italy 100
81 Late antique spectacle building repair and restoration work in Italy 101
82 Grumentum Theatre 102
83 Saepinum Theatre 102
84 Greek theatre at Syracuse, with 5th c. trapezoidal kolymbethra marked 103
85 Late antique spectacle buildings still in use in Italy 104
86 Amiternum Theatre 105
87 Late antique disused spectacle building in Italy 106
88 Amphitheatrum Castrense with blocked arches, joining the Aurelian Wall 107
89 Inscription (CIL 6.1716) recording the works at the Colosseum by Decius Marius Venantius Basilius 107
90 Circus of Maxentius, near Rome 108
91 Plan of Aquileia 110
92 Forum of Aquileia 111
93 Late antique spectacle building repair and restoration work in Gaul 113
94 Late antique spectacle buildings still in use in Gaul 114
95 Late antique disused spectacle building in Gaul 115
96 Toulouse Amphitheatre at Purpan 115
97 Plan of Arles in Late Antiquity. Shaded areas are graveyards 116
98 Mosaic from a house in the Trinquetaille, with fire damage indicated 116
99 Constantinian Baths at Arles 118
100 Arles Theatre 119
101 Early medieval defensive tower installed in the substructures of the Arles Theatre 119
102 Arles Amphitheatre 120
103 Postcard of an engraving of the Arles Amphitheatre by J. B. Guibert 120
104 Plan of the constructions inside the Arles Amphitheatre 121
105 Substructures of Arles Circus 122
106 Arles Obelisk 122
107 Plan of the late antique encroachment around Arles Circus 123
108 Model of houses built against Arles Circus at Musée de l’Arles Antique 123
109 Model of late housing and walls around Arles Circus at Musée de l’Arles Antique 123
110 Late antique spectacle building repair and restoration work in Spain 124
111 Late antique spectacle buildings still in use in Spain 125
112 Zaragoza Theatre 125
113 Late antique disued spectacle buildings in Spain 127
114 Mérida Circus 127
115 Plan of Tarragona 128
116 Remains of the Tarragona Theatre 128
117 Tarragona Amphitheatre with 6th-century chapel 129
118 Chapel (Santa Maria del Miracle) in Tarragona Amphitheatre 130
119 Semicircular end of the Tarragona Circus 130
120 North stands of the Tarragona Circus 131
121 Late antique spectacle building repair and restoration work in Africa 134
122 Late antique spectacle buildings in use in Africa 134
123 Late antique spectacle building disuse in Africa 135
124 Aerial view of the Carthage Theatre, 1950 135
125 New late antique spectacle buildings in North Africa 136
126 Tipasa Amphitheatre 136
127 Plan of Dougga 137
128 Plan of the forum at Dougga 138
129 Forum and Capitolium at Dougga 138
130 Macellum, Dougga 139
131 Dougga Theatre 140
132 Remains of the Circus at Dougga 140
133 Mosaic with a circus scene, from Dougga, now in Bardo Museum 141
134 Aïn Doura Baths, Dougga 142
135 Victoria Basilica 143
136 Late antique fortifications, Dougga 144
137 Late antique spectacle buildings in Italy 145
138 Late antique spectacle buildings in Gaul 145
139 Late antique spectacle buildings in Spain 146
140 Late antique spectacle buildings in Africa 146
141 Spectacle buildings in the late antique West 148
142 Restored bar-top at Pompeii with reused marble fragments 152
143 Bath reuse across the West 155
144 Bath reuse by century 156
145 Bath reuse by region and century 156
146 Bath reuse categories by century 157
147 Bath reuse purpose 158
148 Aqueduct arches in Barcelona 159
149 Piazza dell’Anfiteatro, Lucca 160
150 Exterior wall of Lucca Ampthitheatre 160
151 Spectacle building reuse in the West 161
152 Spectacle building reuse (any kind) by century 162
153 Spectacle building reuse by region and century 163
154 Spectacle building reuse categories by century 164
155 Spectacle building reuse by purpose 164
156 Overall reuse numbers 165
157 Reused decorative stones in the late antique or Byzantine fortification at Dougga 166
158 Overall reuse by region 167
159 Cause and effect chart for the decline and reuse of public buildings in Late Antiquity 192