Figures
- 1Average price per opium chest at the Calcutta auctions and opium revenues, 1787–88 to 1822–23. Trocki, Opium, 65 and Richards, “Indian Empire,” 159–65 16
- 2Bengal and Malwa opium chests sold, 1789–90 to 1912–13. Farooqui, Smuggling, 14–15; Le Pichon, China Trade, 19 and Richards, “Opium Industry,” 159–65 21
- 3Bengal opium chests sold and area of cultivation, 1789–90 to 1912–13. Chowdhury, Commercial Agriculture, 22; Le Pichon, China Trade, 19; Richards, “Indian Empire,” 159–65 and 176–77, rco ii, 48 and Statistical Abstracts Relating to British India No. 2 23
- 4Average price per chest at the Calcutta auctions, 1787–88 to 1912–13. Chowdhury, Commercial Agriculture, 19 and 22; Trocki, Opium, 65; rco vii, 62 and Statistical Abstract Relating to British India, No. 21, 30, 39 and 48 24
- 5Cultivated area and price paid to cultivators, 1800–01 to 1892–93. Chowdhury, Commercial Agriculture, 7–25, Opium Report 1883, 37 and rco ii, 59 and 325 30
- 6Bengal and Malwa chests sold, 1789–90 to 1912–13. Farooqui, Smuggling, 14–15; Le Pichon, China Trade, 19; Richards, “Indian Empire,” 159–65 and 176–78; rco ii, 448 and Statistical Abstracts Relating to British India, No. 21, 30, 39 and 48 32
- 7Gross and net revenues in tens of rupees from the Bengal opium monopoly and the Malwa transit duty system, 1876–77 to 1912–13. Statistical Abstract Relating to British India, No. 21, 30, 49 and 48 33
- 8Opium total revenues and Bengal opium revenue in ’000 rupees, 1789–90 to 1912–13. Richards, “Indian Empire,” 159–65 and Statistical Abstracts Relating to British India, No. 21, 30, 39 and 48 35
- 9Opium and land revenues (stacked) and total revenues in ’000 rupees, 1789–90 to 1912–13. Richards, “Indian Empire,” 159–65 36
- 10Walter S. Sherwill, A busy examining hall in the opium factory at Patna, India. Lithograph, c. 1850. Wellcome Library, London 56
- 11Shiva Lal, Examination of incoming opium. Gouache on Mica, 1857. V&A 07361:13(IS). Victoria & Albert Museum, London 57
- 12Shival Lal, Filter test. Gouache on Mica, 1857. V&A 07361:3(IS). Victoria & Albert Museum, London 58
- 13Walter S. Sherwill, The mixing room in the opium factory at Patna, India. Lithograph, c. 1850. Wellcome Library, London 59
- 14Walter S. Sherwill, A busy balling room in the opium factory at Patna, India. Lithograph, c. 1850. Wellcome Library, London 60
- 15Walter S. Sherwill, A busy drying room in the opium factory at Patna, India. Lithograph, c. 1850. Wellcome Library, London 61
- 16Walter S. Sherwill, A busy stacking room in the opium factory at Patna, India. Lithograph, c. 1850. Wellcome Library, London 62
- 17Walter S. Sherwill, A fleet of opium clippers with other boats and rafts on the Ganges. Lithograph, c. 1850. Wellcome Library, London 63
- 18Shiva Lal, Two porters carrying a crate of opium. Gouache on Mica, 1857. V&A 07361:18(IS). Victoria & Albert Museum, London 63
- 19Joint license to cultivate poppy. rco ii, 330–331 79
- 20Individual poppy license. rco iii, 35 80
- 21Nushtur, a tool to scratch poppy capsules. Eatwell, Poppy, 12 139
- 22Average produce and amount paid to cultivators for opium delivered, 1873–74 to 1892–93. rco ii, 325 147
- 23Estimation of the costs of poppy cultivation per bigha by A. Forbes. rco iii, 3 153
- 24Triadic relations. Basu, Agrarian Structure, 77, my own drawing 186
- 25Assessment of the costs of poppy cultivation per bigha by Babu Rasik Lal Ghosh. rco iii, 34 199
- 26Assessment of the costs of poppy cultivation per acre by Duthie and Fuller. Duthie and Fuller, Crops, 67 200
- 27Assessment of the costs of poppy cultivation per bigha by a joint group of poppy cultivators. rco iii, 259 200
Maps
- 1The opium cultivating regions under the Bengal monopoly. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 26: Atlas (1909), 20 66
- 2Bihar Opium Agency. rco ii, 337–38 73
- 3Gangetic Bihar. Yang, Bazaar India, 21 105
Tables
- 1The decline of the British Indian opium industry, 1910–11 to 1939–40. Statistical Abstract Relating to British India, No. 55, 62 and 74 28
- 2Selected commodities and their percentage share in total value of exports, 1811–12 to 1910–11. Chaudhuri, “Foreign Trade,” 842–44 42
- 3Domestic opium production in China, 1836–1906. unodc, “Bulletin,” 21 49
- 4Organisational chart of the Opium Department. rco ii, 319 70
- 5Caste groups, proprietorship and tenant holdings in Saran. Yang, Limited Raj, 44–48 115
- 6Crops of Saran according to their season in percentage of net-cropped area, ca. 1890. ssr, 115 130
- 7Five-year cycle of cropping pattern. Reid, “Settlement report,” 312–13 135
- 8Estimated gross income from cultivating one bigha of poppy, in rupees 151
- 9Estimated costs of poppy cultivation per bigha 161
- 10Negative balances of poppy cultivators in the Bihar Agency, in rupees. rco ii, 325 and 398 168
- 11Assessment of the costs of poppy cultivation per bigha by Prasad Sen. rco iii, 17 199
- 12Cultivated area, average produce and number of cultivators, 1873–74 to 1892–93. rco ii, 325 201
- 13Cultivated area, total payments to cultivators and payments per bigha, 1873–74 to 1892–93. rco ii, 325 203