Index
References to the “Sacred Heart of Jesus” are abbreviated to SHJ, except for its own main entry where it is spelled out in full.
Page references to illustrations are in bold.
Alacoque, Marguerite-Marie
beatification
277
biography
60
criticisms of
60
Drawing of the Sacred Heart
47, 48, 113
Jesuit promotion of
227
praying before the SHJ
91
visions
46, 47, 153–4, 164
Albertus Magnus
39
Anselm of Canterbury, St., on the SHJ
35–6
Aquinas, Thomas, St.
58
panis angelicus hymn
183
archangels, seven
182–3
Aristotle
De Animalibus
65
the heart as seat of the soul
67
art viewing, and humoral effect
67–8
atrial crosses
204, 204
and obsidian mirrors
204–5
Augustine of Hippo, St.
Confessions
123
De trinitate
123
on the heart
31
in SHJ images
228–9
Avicenna, Canon of Medicine
65
Aztecs see Mexica
Balbuena, Bernardo de, La grandeza mexicana
267
Barbé, Jean Baptiste, “The Vision at La Storta”
241
baroque Catholicism
criticism of
250
definition
6
Jesuits’ espousal of
6, 49, 50, 54, 236
success of
273
Barthes, Roland
106
Batoni, Pompeo, Sacred Heart of Jesus
18, 19, 91
adaptations
256–7, 257, 259, 264, 265, 266
criticism of
252
detail
248
popular features
251–2
as sottoquadro
251
Benavides, Allegory of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
174
annotated
177, 178
Benedict XIV, Pope
221, 251
Bernard of Clairvaux, St., on the SHJ
36
Bernardino of Siena
39
Blasi, Camillo
56, 60
Bonaventure, St., on the SHJ
36–7
Bravo, Francisco, Opera medicinalia
69
Brazil, suppression of Jesuits
25, 54
Bynum, Caroline Walker
101
Cabrera, Miguel
13
Allegory of the Holy Eucharist
149, 165, 167, 178–80
annotated
166, 167
apocalyptic reading
180–2
Books of Samuel
186
Christian/Mesoamerican, blending
210
Christ’s body
180
detail
184
Ecclesiasticus
186
and End of Days
180
John inscription
187
Lamb of God
180
light effects
210, 211, 212
Resurrection motif
180
Revelation references
184–5, 215
seven archangels
182–3, 184
SHJ as throne
183–4
Song of Songs references
185
text and image relationship
187
textual inscriptions
184–6
and triumph over disease
188
Miracle of Saint Aloysius Gonzaga
18, 223
Sacred Heart
109, 110, 118, 120–1, 170, 195
devotional puncta
136
measurements
129
as mnemonic device
130
as part of altarpiece
129
side wound
130
Calatayud, Pedro SJ
53, 256
Camille, Michael
27
Campanella, Angelo, Sacred Heart of Jesus
258, 259
Capponi, Lorenzo, O Sanctum Cor Iesu
257, 258
Cardaveraz, Augustín SJ
256
Castillo, José de
95
Catherine of Siena, St.
in Morlete Ruiz Sacred Heart of Mary
138–9
on the SHJ
40
Catholic Enlightenment, and SHJ cult
16
Catholicism, Mexican
198
baroque Catholicism
Celestini, Nicholas SJ, miraculous healing of
221, 223, 237–8
Chantal, Jeanne-Françoise de
44
Charles III, King of Spain
25, 54
expulsion of Jesuits
250
Clement XIII, Pope
237, 251
Codex de la Cruz Badiano
76
Codex Vaticanus, “Signs of the Twenty Days”
78
Colombia, and SHJ
99
Colombière, Claude de la SJ
49
Corpus Christi, feast of
157
confraternities
160
consecrated host in monstrance
160, 161
establishment of
160
in New Spain
159–64
public processions
208
and SHJ
155
Correa, Juan, Allegory of the Holy Sacrament
162, 163, 164
Council of Trent, and the Eucharist
154, 161
Counter Reformation
58
creole nationalism
and cult of SHJ
269–72
emergence
266–7
and Virgin of Guadeloupe
268
visual culture
268–9
Croiset, Jean SJ, La devotion au Sacre Coeur
49, 92
Croiset, Jean SJ
229
The Crucifixion, and Mesoamerican beliefs and practices
198
Curanderismo, popular healing
70
Dalwood, Dalwood
27
Dominicans, and the SHJ
39
Dürer, Albrecht, Adam and Eve
67
Ecuador, and SHJ
97
emotions, and SHJ
69
Enlightenment see Catholic Enlightenment
Espindola, Nicolás, on Christ’s side wound
130–1, 135
Esteyneffer, Juan de, Florigelio medicinal
69
Eucharist
allegories
162, 163, 164
artistic representations
161–2
in Catholic dogma
154
and due “worship of latria”
157
eschatological significance
156, 176
and Ignatius Loyola
243–4
indigenous reception of
158–9
and the Last Supper
156
and monarchy, identification with
219
New Spain
confraternities
160
ubiquity
161
and SHJ
5–6, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 58–9, 84, 275
artistic entanglements
164–5, 165, 166, 166, 168, 169, 261
in Morlete Ruiz’s Sacred Heart of Jesus
155
in Nativity scenes
173–6, 174, 175
near feast days
164, 170
novenas
164, 171
Oviedo’s sermon on
151–4, 170, 195–6
in post-Tridentine period
154, 156–7
textual celebrations
167–8, 170–3
source of controversy
158
and the sun
201, 206, 207
symbols of
167
Eudes, Jean
44
Heart of Mary, feast day, founder
45
Le Coeur admirable
45
portrait
45
Society of Jesus and Mary, founder
45
Eudist Grand Seminary (Rennes)
45
exhibitions, El Corazón Sangrante/The Bleeding Heart
2
Five Wounds, cult of
32
Florentine Codex
76, 81, 82, 211
four elements, and medicine
65
four humors
and the four elements
65
and medicine
65
variations
65
Fragua, Lorenzo, Hermanada idea de sacerdotes y religiosas
208
Franciscans
254
in New Spain
85
and SHJ
39
Galen
65
heart as attracting organ
67
Gallifet, Joseph de SJ
49, 94
carnality of Sacred Heart
247, 99–100
De cultu sacrosancti cordis Dei
4, 23, 100, 152, 154, 229
on images
51, 112–14
on SHJ
247
Gertrude of Helfta, St
28, 118, 200
Jesuit promotion of
227
in Morlete Ruiz Sacred Heart of Mary
138–9
popularity
88
and SHJ
44, 60, 87–8, 140, 244
gold
and the divine presence
211
types of
212
Gonzaga, Aloysius SJ
curative powers
237–8
devotion to SHJ
238–9
iconographic attributes
236–7
life and death
236
patron of Jesuit colegios
237
patronage
237
in SHJ images and texts
226
González, Miguel, The Virgin of Guadalupe
212
a good death, and SHJ
47, 48–9
Grégoire, Henri, Abbé
60
Gregory the Great, St., on the heart
31
Gutierréz, Antonio
69
Hamusco, Juan Valverde de
70
Harbison, Craig
227
Harvey, William, Exercitatio Anatomica
55, 104
the heart
“alphabetic”
85, 86
Aristotelian notions of
104, 152
on Atrial Cross
87
as attracting organ, Galen’s view
67
Augustine on
31
on building façades
85–6
centrality
displacement of
55
in the humoral body
66–7
as fountain of life
152
as furnace
216
Gregory the Great on
31
illustrations (1699)
52
in Mesoamerican cultures
71–2, 72, 73, 74–5, 74
as conscious organ
76
Mesoamerican knowledge of
75–80
Mesoamerican/Christian, entanglement
84
Mora on
104
in Old and New Testaments
29–31
Origen of Alexandria on
30–1
Oviedo on
104, 152
as seat of memory
116, 117–18
as seat of the soul
Aristotle’s view
67
Nahua view
79
significance for Mexica
80
symbolic cleaning of detritus from
67
heart sacrifice; Sacred Heart of Jesus
heart sacrifice
77, 82
early colonial descriptions of
81–3
Mexica
81–2
to the sun
73, 81–2, 83
heliocentrism
Copernicus
216
and the Jesuits
218
and SHJ
216–20
and sun as center of the universe
21
Herrera, Miguel de, Sacred Heart
124
embellishments
18
mnemonic reading
123, 125, 126–8
Hippocrates
De aere, aquis et locis
65
De Humoribus
65
Holy Blood, cult of
32
Holy Family
226
Hoyos, Bernardo de, El Thesoro escondido
53, 62, 92, 229
Huitzilopochtli
268
humoralism
in cultural metaphors
69
medicine
65, 69
and personal temperament
69
Ibarra, José de, Adoration of the Eucharist
180, 181
identities
Christian and indigenous, amalgamation
12
Mexican, emergence
269
images Sacred Heart of Jesus, images
attacks on role of
251
as didactic tools
58, 85
and meditation
123
imitatio Christi, SHJ
118
Inés de la Cruz, Juana sor
267
The Divine Narcissus
268
Jansenists
55, 56, 229
downfall
273, 276
Jesuits
and baroque Catholicism
6, 49, 50, 54, 236
continuing influence in New Spain
248
expulsion from Spanish lands
6–7, 17, 54, 250
criticism of
255–6
refuge in Bologna
271
foundation
41, 54
and heliocentrism
218
restoration (1814)
274
and saints
233
and SHJ cult
6, 42–3, 54, 234–6
suppression in
Brazil
25, 54
France
54
visual culture, supporting
254–6
Jesus Christ
as light of the world
198–201, 206, 208
as sacramented sun
205, 207–8, 208–9, 216
as solar figure
199, 200, 200
as solar god
201–6
use in conversion
201, 202
John of Arderne, Mirror of Phlebotomy and Practice of Surgery
65–6, 66
Jonas, Raymond
269
Juárez, José, Adoration of the Holy Name of Jesus
227
Kahlo, Frida
2
Kristeva, Julia
106
Kubler, George
198
Last Supper, and the Eucharist
156
light, as supernatural sign
199
López, Andrés
Allegory of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
260, 261
Sacred Heart of Jesus with Saints
246
detail
260–4, 262
iconographic changes
248–9, 259–60, 272, 273
López Austin, Alfredo
75, 76–7
Louis XIV, King of France
47
Loyola, Ignatius SJ
41
and the Eucharist
243–4
La Storta vision
240, 241
in SHJ images and texts
226
Spiritual Exercises
122, 239, 241–2
Loyola, Juan de SJ
El Corazón Sagrado de Jesus
62, 274
Meditaciones del Sagrado Corazón de Jesus
120, 243
Madre María de la Encarnacíon, St, in Morlete Ruiz Sacred Heart of Mary
138–9
Man of Sorrows, visual tradition
120
Manzanos, Nicolasa de
91
Margaret of Cortona
39
María Magdalena dei Pazzi, St., in Morlete Ruiz Sacred Heart of Mary
138–9
Martinez de Pocasangre, Miguel Antonio, Painting with the Sacred Heart
168
Martínez, Francisco, Our Lady of Guadalupe
270
Maya
belief in cosmic balancing forces
75
eagle feeding on a heart, relief
72
heart as organ of consciousness
76
Mechthild of Magdeburg, St.
139, 200
medical astrology
65, 66
medicine
and the four elements
65
humoralism
65, 69
Mexican texts
69
meditation, image-based
123
memory, the heart as seat of
116, 117–18
Mesoamerica Maya; Nahua
knowledge, of the heart
75–80
medical manuscripts
76
Spanish conquest of
84
stylized images of the heart
71, 72, 72, 73, 74–5, 74
syncretic religious beliefs
80
Mexica (Aztecs)
heart sacrifice
81–2, 203
medical knowledge
75–6
significance of the heart
80
Mexico
medical texts
69
role of saints
232
Royal and Pontifical University
70
SHJ
books and images of
3, 63, 97, 272
confraternities
62
consecration to
277
cult
276
Michelangelo, Last Judgment (Sistine Chapel)
196
Michelet, Jules
60
mnemonic
“Mnemonic Alphabet”
86, 86
SHJ as
85, 102, 108, 110, 112, 118–19, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126–8, 130
monarchy, and Eucharist, identification
219
Montoya, Delilah, Sagrado Corazón
2
Mora, Juan Antonio de
Devoto culto
23, 53, 62, 222
frontispiece
24, 95–6
on the heart
104
Sacred Heart of Mary, woodblock print
145
Morales, José Eligio, Allegory of the Sacred Heart
224
Morlete Ruiz, Juan Patricio
13, 105
Christ Consoled by Angels
106–7, 107, 150
Christ’s back wounds
106, 107
and emotional communities
107–8
Painted Altarpiece of Virgin of Sorrows
143
Sacred Heart of Jesus
4, 16, 25, 25, 64, 71, 88, 89, 97, 154
color contrasts
27
crown of thorns
26
and the Eucharist
155, 209
and heliocentrism
217
among holy persons
222
mimetic presentation
27
Sacred Heart of Mary
137–8, 138
annotated
139, 139
Muratori, Ludovico Antonio
251
Nahua
cold-hot dichotomy
75
and European humoral theory
76
and cosmic balancing forces
75
heart
as divine fire
76–7
as seat of the soul
79
sacrificial heart offerings
77
nationalism see creole nationalism
Natoire, Charles, Sacred Heart of Jesus
51, 52, 95, 99, 100, 113, 273
Nava, José, Christ Seated with a Monstrance
168, 169
Nepomuk, John
Jesuit icon
232
in SHJ images and texts
226
Nero, Filippo
40
New Spain
5
Mexico
Christ’s Passion, depiction
106
Corpus Christi feast
159–64
Eucharist in
160
Franciscans
85
geographical extent
7n14
medical institutions
70
SHJ in
10–14, 57, 63, 64, 94–9
solar metaphors, and political power
218–19
visual culture
87–8
nuns, wearing escudos
265, 267
Oratorians
254
Oviedo, Juan Antonio SJ
on the heart
104, 152
sermon on SHJ and the Eucharist
151–4, 195–6, 242
Páez, José de
Sacred Heart
151, 153, 154
as tabernacle door
189, 191
Sacred Heart of Jesus
224, 225, 228, 235–6
papal bull, Auctorem Fidei
247
Peñalosa, Pedro, on the SHJ
115
Pérez, Vicente, Allegory of the Sacred Heart
179
Peru, SHJ
98
Philip V, King of Spain
53
Pía Unión congregations
274, 276
Pistoia, Synod of
247, 252
Pozo, Juan del, SJ
140
Regis, Francis, in SHJ images and texts
226, 244
reliquaries (relicarios)
274
and rock crystal material
213, 214
Ricci, Scipione de’, criticism of SHJ cult
252–3
Riccioli, Giovanni Battista SJ, Almagestum Novum
218
rock crystal
in reliquaries
213, 214
and the Resurrection
213
and SHJ, comparison
213, 214–15
Rodríguez, Antonio, Ecstasy of St. Augustine
132, 133
Rose of Lima, St., in Morlete Ruiz Sacred Heart of Mary
138–9
Rubin, Miri
34–5
Rywalt, Christopher, Sacred Heart of Elvis
2
Sacred Congregation of Rites
6, 55
Sacred Heart of Jesus (SHJ)
affective image
110–11
ambiguities
130–1
Anselm of Canterbury on
35–6
Bernard of Clairvaux on
36
bleeding
33–5
as body and soul
32
Bonaventure on
36–7
carnal versus emblematic depiction
89, 92, 99–102
Catherine of Siena on
40
and Christ’s bodily suffering
32, 112
and Christ’s love for humankind
3, 36, 112, 140
in Colombia
99
in company of saints
92, 222–4, 225, 226
confraternities
52–3, 108
growth in 18c
110
Mexico
62
Spain
53
consecration of humankind to SHJ
277
and Corpus Christi feast
155
and crown of thorns
26, 115
cult
2, 45
attacks on
249–51, 252–4, 256
and Catholic Enlightenment
16
and creole nationalism
269–72
growth
44, 48–9
as heresy
57
and the Jesuits
6, 42–3, 49, 54, 234–6, 274
Mexico
276
and mysticism
59–60
in New Spain
15, 63, 64
opposition to
5–8, 53–8
papal approval of
6
perceived novelty
56
and scientific discourses
101–2
and visions
59, 60
in Western Europe
15
curative powers
221
devotion to
110–11, 134–7
diagnostic reading of
102
dispersal of artworks
17–18
and Dominicans
39
in early modern period
3–4, 40–5
Ecuador
97
emblematic representations
40–1, 42
Cor Iesu Amanti Sacrum
42
Schola cordis
42
and the emotions
69
in encyclicals
2–3
enthronement
3
Eucharistic association see Eucharist and SHJ
European images (18c)
89–94
Feast and Office, established
55, 251
and female religious figures
38
feminization, criticism of
60
framing figures
89–90
and Francis Regis
226, 244
and Franciscans
39
French royal connections
47
Gallifet on
99–100, 247
gender issues
131–2
and Gertrude of Helfta
60, 87–8, 140, 244
and God’s scientific creation
103
and a good death
47, 48–9
and heliocentric theories
216–20
and the Holy Lance
35
hymn to
36
images
Iberian
90
iconic
2, 111
power of
112–16
standardized
276, 278
imitatio Christi
118
lactation scenes
132, 133–4
as light
196
liturgical feast day
45, 251
in medieval period
31–7
metaphor or carnal organ
56
in Mexico
3, 61, 97, 272
as miraculous imagery
15–16
mnemonic readings of
85, 102, 108, 110, 112, 118–19, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126–8, 130
multiple meanings
14
mystical experiences of
37–8, 40
naturalistic images
28
New Spain
10–14, 57, 63, 64, 94–9
oil paintings on copper
209–10
origins
28–9
Peru
98
political connotations
265
post-Council of Trent
40
printed texts
14
prints
94–5, 112–16
and imprinting
116–17, 119–20
metaphoric connotations
116–20
provenance issues
17–18
rock crystal, comparison
213, 214–15
and Sacred Heart of Mary
137–8, 140–50
and St. Teresa of Avila
40, 87, 88
with saints
92, 93, 222–4, 225, 226–7, 244–5, 244
and salvation
37
seeing, ways of
120–2
side wound
26, 34–5, 39, 110, 115, 130–1, 135
in Spain
90–3
substitute for Christ
101
talisman, against plague
48
tattoo image
1, 1
terminology
19–20
as throne
183–4
tin retablo
275
Valentine shape
32, 33, 87, 90, 91
and Virgin of Guadalupe
270–2, 270
visual motifs
29
woodcuts
33, 34, 277
Sacred Heart of Joseph
149
devotion to
148
Sacred Heart of Mary
iconography
143–4
popularity
277
and SHJ
137–8, 140–50
single sword piercing
140, 143–4, 145
stylized representation
140
woodblock print
145
saints individual saints, eg, Gertrude of Helfta
hagiographies, and SHJ
229
in images of SHJ
92, 93, 222–4, 225, 226–7, 244–5, 244
and the Jesuits
233
in major texts about SHJ
230, 231
in Mexico
232
post-Tridentine role
232
significance of
232–3
and visions
226–8
Sahagún, Bernardino de, Psalmodia Christiana
205
Sales, François de
140
Traité de l’amour de Dieu
44
salvation, and the SHJ
37
Sawday, Jonathan
64
Society of Jesus and Mary
45
Solís, Antonio de
El sol de la eucharistia
207
illustration
207
Sotomayor, Basilio
El devoto del Sagrado Corazón de Jesus
100
on images
114–15
sottoquadri
18, 251
Spain, SHJ
90–3
Stabat Mater hymn
142
Stafford, Barbara Maria
28, 102
the sun
and the Eucharist
201, 206, 207
heliocentric theory
219
tabernacles
189–94
dimensions
194
doors, SHJ imagery
151, 189, 190, 191, 192
imagery
189–90
as liturgical objects
194
part of retablo
189, 193
portability
189
Tedeschi, Pietro, Sacred Heart of Jesus
256–7, 257
Teresa of Avila, St.
in Morlete Ruiz Sacred Heart of Mary
138–9
popularity in New Mexico
88
and SHJ
40, 87, 88
terminology, SHJ discussion
19–20
teyolia (animistic life force)
11, 76, 77
and Christian soul
78–9
transformation to a bird
84
Tinoco, Juan, St Gertrude
88
Tonatiuh (sun god)
202, 203
the Trinity
226
Tronocoso, Baltasar
El Sagrado Corazón del Santissimo Patriarcha Sr. San Joseph
149
Sacred Heart
96, 115
Urban IV, Pope
160
Valadés, Diego de
“Mnemonic Alphabet”
85, 86
Rhetorica Christiana
85
Vázquez, José María, Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception
266
Verheyen, Philippe, human heart, illustration
52
Vesalius, Andreas
104
Vetancurt, Augustín de, Teatro mexicano
69
Vidal, José, SJ
140–1
Villalava, Diego Francisco, Devota es citación a los siete angeles custodias
183
Villalpando, Cristobal de
Lactation of St. Dominic
132
Our Lady of Sorrows
140, 141
Triumph of the Eucharist
162, 227
Villegas, Juan de, Allegory of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
175
Virgin of Guadalupe
22, 108, 248
and creole nationalism
268
González painting
212
Martínez painting
270
and the natural world
103
and SHJ
270–2, 270
Virgin of Sorrows
141, 145
Visitadines
44
visual culture
creole nationalism
268–9
New Spain
87–8
Wierix, Antoon
“Christ Sweeping the Human Heart”
67, 68
Cor Iesu Amanti Sacrum
41, 89
Fons Pietatis
43
Zenil, Nahum B.
2
zodiac man
66, 77, 78
Zumárraga, Juan de, Doctrina Cristiana
158