Index
ʿAbd al-Qādir Gīlānī
113, 139
Abdülaziz, Sultan
20
Abdülhamid II, Sultan
20, 21, 192, 194–97, 200, 202–04, 219, 220, 249
Abdülkerim Nadir (Abdi) Pasha
35, 43–45, 52, 54, 58, 68
Abu Ghraib
33, 34, 41, 63, 65, 74, 78, 80, 100, 139, 167, 203
Administration Law of 1864 (Vilâyet Law)
175, 179, 180, 181, 187
agriculture
agricultural holding
33, 74, 135
agricultural partnership (akd-i şirket)
240
climate
59
grain fields
14, 16, 17, 77, 84, 136, 140, 141, 147, 182, 227, 238
labour
225, 227, 291
niren (fallow)
211, 216
policies
99–102, 181–84, 204–10
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
35, 157
Albu Muhammad tribe
47, 50–53
Ali Rıza Pasha
30–33, 35–41, 43, 57, 65, 110, 113, 114, 120, 121, 129, 139, 153
Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
224, 242, 262, 274
Anglo-Iraqi-Turkish Treaty
274
Anglo-Persian Oil Company
271, 272
Aniza tribe
34, 47, 180
Aqr Quf
33, 34, 69
Baban
32, 53–56
Baghdad Railway
21, 199, 205, 213, 231
Bani Lam tribe
34, 45, 48, 50, 52, 53, 131n49, 163, 165, 180, 181
Basra
Port
224, 229, 231, 232, 265
province
139, 201, 223
Bell, Gertrude L. (1868–1926)
12, 13, 24
budget
Iraq
233, 252, 253
irrigation
100, 168, 266
Ottoman
198, 215, 229, 265
commerce
5, 22, 25, 53, 119n, 165, 166, 169, 176, 177, 186, 205, 206, 229, 267, 285, 289
conscription
29, 49, 165
Cornwallis, Kinahan (1883–1959)
279
Crimean War (1853–56)
48, 127, 133, 162, 166n7, 289
crop sharing (müzâraʻa)
Diyala River basin
77–79, 90, 91
Middle Euphrates
80, 94–97
state land
214, 220, 247, 277–80
summer crops
98, 99
survey of Namık Pasha
73, 74, 203
tax farming
102, 111, 119, 124, 234, 287–90
taxation
200, 238, 248, 249
tribal land
152, 227, 273, 276
currency
Indian rupee
226–69
paper money
125–28, 131, 134, 197, 224, 267
Turkish lira
129, 133, 267
customs
duties
122, 124, 125, 205, 229, 230, 263–66, 270
tax farming
117, 153
Davud Pasha
3, 15, 22, 32, 36
Decree of Muharrem (1881)
198
D’hok (Dahūk)
31, 32, 60
district administration
33, 58, 124, 144, 163, 178–81, 242, 271
Diwaniya
agriculture
82, 123n28, 200
district
33, 41, 46, 50, 163, 165, 175, 197
irrigation
62, 183, 226
tribe
34, 44, 158, 178–80
Diyala River
agriculture
72, 82, 84, 85, 102, 206
irrigation
61, 62, 65, 68, 103, 227, 228
landholding
139, 158, 247, 248
tax farm
110
Dowson, Ernest (1876–1950)
24, 281
Dughara
34, 41, 50, 82, 165, 178, 193
Dujail Canal
33, 62, 63, 75, 92, 110, 111, 123
Dulaim tribe
33, 34, 49, 57, 163, 165, 175, 178, 180, 181, 190, 192, 194, 213, 283, 284
Erbil
77, 88, 136, 174, 176n30, 194, 213, 225
esham (bond finance)
109n2, 127
Euphrates River
Lower Euphrates
34, 40, 61, 62, 64–67
Middle Euphrates
34, 40–43, 61, 80, 82, 84, 156, 158, 160, 186, 193, 207, 226
Upper Euphrates
34, 61, 74, 83, 180
Fahmi, Ahmed
67, 210, 233, 240n35
Fao
124, 197, 223
fiscal deficits
120–23, 126, 128, 134, 229, 230, 235, 274
flooding
28, 41, 60–62, 65, 102n53 139, 140, 183, 193, 216, 226, 227, 239
France
123
Germany
Deutsche Bank
199, 205
Deutsche Orientbank
199, 205
Great Britain
Civil Administration of Mesopotamia
224, 231, 233, 236, 240
Colonial Office
224, 231n20, 235
India Office
124, 223
Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force
223, 231, 238
Royal Air Force
246
War Office
223, 231n20
Great Depression
268, 269, 279
Gulf
30, 48, 51n46, 60, 61, 63, 124, 167, 199, 200n9, 204, 254
Haffar Canal
31, 40, 48
Hamavand tribe
32, 52, 55–57, 193, 194, 213
Hamburg-America Line
199, 205
Hashimi, Yasin al- (1894–1937)
272
Hijaz
125, 158
Hilla
agriculture
66, 82, 139, 155, 164, 168, 183, 226
district
33, 34, 164n3, 175–79, 189
land
194, 200, 207, 213, 244, 246, 284
river
61, 62, 80, 81, 85, 202, 203, 206
taxation
72, 84, 103, 215
Hindiya
canal
41, 51, 168, 183, 202, 226
district
154, 163, 165, 246
Hindiya Barrage
41, 62, 66, 68, 100, 204, 206, 209, 226
tribe
44–47, 158, 193
Hurşid Pasha, Mehmet
27, 72, 73, 75
Husayniya Canal
62, 66, 80, 139, 202, 228
Imperial Ottoman Bank
205, 218n43, 219n44, 224
Iraq and Arabia Army
31, 35, 36
irrigation
dues (rüsûm) on water use
71, 76, 83
irrigated field
71, 72, 76, 77, 79, 85, 103, 110, 141
projects
41, 65, 99
rain-fed field
75, 79
sedd ağası (official)
68
water lifts (karûd)
227
waterwheel
61, 227
Jaf tribe
32, 55, 57, 156
Jidda
125, 132, 163n, 166, 168
Jones, James Felix
63, 65n18, 203
Kaab tribe
31, 34, 48, 156
Kadhimiya
29, 119n, 142n18, 164, 284
Karbala
agriculture
65, 67, 75, 80, 100
city
30, 39, 40, 64, 130, 142n18, 166, 178, 179n35, 202
district
33, 74, 163, 164, 175, 176, 189, 194, 197, 206, 213
Kemball, Arnold Burrowes (1820–1908)
56, 141, 154, 159
Khalis
33, 78, 110, 123, 155, 227, 228
Khanaqin
33, 65, 77, 72–83, 110, 163, 203
Khanaqin Oil Compary
272
Khazaʿil tribe
30, 34, 41, 44, 45, 50, 52, 65, 158, 178, 193
Khorasan
33, 62, 72, 78–80, 90, 110, 155, 163, 228
Kirkuk
city
130, 131, 137, 140, 166, 207, 223
district
56, 77, 88, 136, 164, 174, 194, 197, 213, 223, 283, 284
Kızlarbat (Qizlarbat)
42
Köysanjaq
32, 33, 54–56, 76, 88
Kut (Kut al-Amara)
30, 47, 50, 51, 165, 168, 279, 182
Kuwait
31, 51n46, 63n12, 139, 205
Land Code of 1858
144, 146–49, 150, 156, 161, 169, 170, 173, 184, 186, 195, 209, 210
land registration
Law of Land Registration of 1847
137, 144–46, 149, 150
Law of Land Registration of 1859
170–74
Office of Land Registry
146, 149, 150, 170n18, 171, 173, 174, 185, 189, 190
Land Settlement Law, No. 50 of 1932
274
Land Settlement Proclamation, No. 1 of 1920
246
landholding
foreigners
142, 203
land rent (icâre-i zemîn)
174
private
149, 158, 206, 244, 248, 249, 270
tribal
185, 194, 195, 210, 211, 244
land lease
fees
154, 158, 215, 218
leasehold
5, 210, 211, 281
mudawwala (state) land
220, 238, 239
private land
171, 211
pump owner
273, 276
saniyya (crown) land
214, 218
state land
15, 100n49, 157–59, 201, 243, 251
Law Governing the Rights and Duties of Cultivators
175, 181
Lazma Law, No. 51 of 1932
274–78, 281–85
Longrigg, Stephen H.
233, 233n24, 238
Lynch Brothers
198, 201, 204, 205, 226
Lyon, A. Wallace (1892–1977)
281, 284
Mandali
30, 32, 33, 42, 50, 51, 62, 66, 74, 82, 83, 92, 103, 110, 176, 206
Midhat Pasha, Ahmed
administrative reforms
175–77, 181
agricultural policies
62, 65, 181–83
land reforms
184–91
public finance
121, 122
tribal policies
179–80, 227
Mosul
agriculture
57, 60, 66, 137, 168
commerce
166, 245
district
74, 75, 136, 152, 163, 164, 175, 178, 189
land
138, 151, 173, 207, 272
province
31, 32, 53, 165, 197, 224, 229
mudawwala (state) land
239, 247, 248, 265
Mudros, Armistice of
223
Muhammara
31, 33, 40, 48, 51, 58, 139, 156, 168, 204
Muntafiq tribe
district
165, 175, 178, 180, 190
domain
30, 34, 40
landholding
194, 213, 216, 228
paramount sheikh
65, 156, 179, 181n38
tribal policies
44–52, 180, 197
Musaib
41, 62, 63, 68, 80, 92, 119n22, 123, 158, 164, 167, 203, 227, 228
Muscat
139
Mustafa Nuri Pasha
35, 36, 52, 59, 123, 157
Naht Khana
272
Najaf
1, 30, 119n, 124n32, 130, 142n18, 164, 166, 178, 179n35, 194, 206, 213, 240n35
Namık Pasha, Mehmet (1851–52, 1861–68)
administration
20, 162–65, 178
agricultural policies
101, 168, 182
land policies
21, 161, 169–74, 195, 219
survey of crop sharing
73, 78
tribal policies
45, 46, 56
Necip Pasha, Mehmet
39–43, 132
Oil
201, 205, 263, 264, 270–72
Ömer Lütfi Pasha
35, 49–52, 56–58, 144, 154
öşür (tithe)
14, 59, 77, 171, 192
Ottoman public debt
198, 231, 232, 265
Palgrave, W. Gifford (1826–88)
150–52
prescriptive right (hakk-ı karâr)
14, 25, 55, 158, 160, 212, 248, 273, 275, 278, 279, 281
private land
land transfer
155–60
land use
139, 140, 144
ownership
135, 243, 282
regulations
148, 172, 183, 184, 187, 189, 190
tax
71, 83, 136, 171
province (vilâyet)
dâhiliye (domestic affairs)
26, 175
financial officials
149, 176, 224, 232, 234, 235, 240
sub-district
50–52, 72, 74, 79–82, 92, 115, 146, 165, 175–77, 179–91, 213, 224, 234, 238
treasury
110, 111, 114, 119, 120, 124, 126, 150, 171, 228
public work (nâfia)
99, 119, 122, 123, 126n36, 127, 140, 152, 175, 176, 181, 195, 199, 206, 216, 232
pumps
irrigation
168, 208, 209, 262, 270–72
price
207–09
rakaba (ownership right)
18, 147
Rauf Pasha, Mehmet
194
Rawanduz
32, 53–55, 57, 60, 95, 132n53, 176n30, 194n63
Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke (1810–95)
39, 42, 54, 63, 65n18, 102, 112, 113, 115, 116, 144n, 282
Reform Edict (Islahat-ı Firman in 1861)
20, 28
Reşit Pasha, Mehmet
administration
180
agriculture
78, 102, 103
land policies
153–58, 160, 169, 206
tax farming
116–19
trade
122–25, 132
tribal policy
44–49, 55–58, 64
Royds, G. F. (Captain, director of tapu office)
244, 246
rüçhân hakkı (preference right)
20, 188n51
Samarra
33, 51, 62–64, 74, 80, 92, 119n, 123, 163, 178, 191n60, 194, 203, 213
Samawa
46, 47, 51n46, 52, 82, 99, 163, 168, 193
saniyya (crown) land
201, 202, 214, 220, 238, 239, 243, 247, 248, 265, 291
Saqlawiya canal
33, 62, 63, 69, 99, 100, 183
sarrâf (moneychanger or moneylender)
14, 117, 164, 164n3
serkâr (supervisor of farming)
6, 23, 25, 72, 76, 78, 81, 102, 103, 134, 185, 200, 210, 211, 215, 225, 235, 238, 239, 243, 246, 275, 276
Shahriban
33, 42, 62, 65, 78–80, 102n54, 112
Shahrizor
2, 32, 33, 39, 54–57, 60, 71, 75, 76, 88, 163, 170, 173–76, 178, 189, 194
Shamiya
34, 41, 47, 50, 66–68, 72, 82, 194
Shammar Togha tribe
78, 102
Shatt al-Arab
34, 40, 48, 58, 61, 139, 156, 160, 165, 168, 199n5, 204
Shiite
1, 29, 47, 124, 130, 142, 143, 164, 178, 179n35
sirkal (supervisor of farming or serkâr)
246, 276–78
Sixth Army
4, 31, 35, 43, 45, 49, 56, 178, 179, 197, 200, 223
skip (şıvış) year
120–22
şufʿa hakkı (pre-emption right)
20
Sulaymaniya
agriculture
60, 66, 73, 75, 168, 194
district
32, 33, 44, 45, 54–57, 175, 176n30, 178, 181, 189, 197, 213
Suq al-Shuyukh
46, 47, 51, 156, 166, 168, 213, 216, 227, 234
Takiyüddin Pasha
35, 174, 177
Takvîm-i Vakâyi (government newspaper)
117
Tanzimat (Reformation)
35, 38, 42–44, 72, 99, 115, 120, 126, 137, 150, 197, 198, 206, 218
tapu (land deed registered in the land register)
205, 207, 281–84
tasarruf (possession right)
14, 147, 274
tax
assessment
71, 72, 238, 247, 248
collection
29, 57, 100, 108, 110, 115, 117, 134, 154, 214, 228, 238, 264, 287
exemption
43, 78, 102, 111, 112, 155, 158, 181, 243
direct tax
122, 264–64
income tax
223, 233–38, 264
Income Tax Law
236, 237, 262
indirect tax
122, 125, 218, 265, 266
reforms
235, 238
tax farm (mukâtaa)
confiscation
37, 54
transfer
41, 42, 45, 55
tax farming (iltizam)
Iltizam Regulation of 1929
241
lifetime tax farming
113, 116, 288, 296
procedure
3, 108–12, 176, 190, 200, 210, 239, 240
reforms
114–20
short-term tax farming
109, 288, 293–96
tax farmer (mültezim)
132, 147, 153–58, 185, 196, 215, 216, 219, 264, 276, 282
tribal
38, 43–51, 57, 58, 100–02, 177, 193
taxation
emânet (direct collection)
103, 158, 235, 238
extraordinary taxation
125
privileges
14, 99, 111, 118, 160, 199, 289
remission
215, 229
Tay tribe
130
telegraph lines
53, 64, 123, 124, 130, 166, 176, 179, 180, 182, 198, 239
Tigris River
agriculture
75, 131, 158, 191, 217
irrigation
60–63
navigation
49, 53, 64, 123, 168, 201
timar (fief)
2, 3, 14, 15, 110, 151
trade
foreign trade
204–08, 220, 224
grain exports
31, 125, 166–68, 218n43, 263
regional trade
203, 267
Treaty of Lausanne
224, 231, 265
Turkish Petroleum Company
205
Tuz Khurmatu
137, 140, 201
Ugail tribe
41, 49
ulema
37, 43, 111, 164, 178, 179n35
uqr (ukr)
right
170–74, 184, 187–90, 210, 213, 243, 247, 274, 290
share
21, 73–82, 103, 140, 159, 160, 195
vacant land (mahlûl)
legislation
103, 137, 209, 210, 274
right
145, 156
sale
18, 19, 21, 130, 136–38, 147, 148, 150, 158, 160, 189, 190, 192, 194, 215
vakıf (religious endowment)
13–15, 18, 72, 73, 135, 141, 142, 172, 173, 212
Vecihi Pasha
35, 45, 58, 156, 288
Warriner, Doreen (1904–72)
11, 292
Webster, J. F.
271n15, 277–80, 284
Willcocks, William (1852–1932)
62, 204, 206
Wönckhause, Robert
204
Yemen
125, 132, 139
Young, Edward Hilton (1879–1960)
269
Young Turks
irrigation
206, 207, 218, 226, 227
land policies
196, 203, 204, 210–13, 218–20, 223
taxation
215
zabit
42, 69, 82, 101n52, 113, 164, 282
Zevrâ
177, 182, 184, 186, 187
Zor (Dayr al-Zūr)
180
Zubaid tribe
34, 41, 44, 46, 57, 100, 101n51, 158, 178