Figures and Tables
Figures
1.1
Woodcut illustration of a minting scene, from Emperor Maximilian I, Der Weisskunig. 3
1.2
Cut halfpenny of Harthacnut (1040–1042), Winchester mint, uncertain moneyer, found at Kimpton, Hampshire. 13
1.3
The “Wilton Cross”, consisting of a lightweight solidus of Heraclius (610–641) mounted in a gold cross inlaid with garnets, found at Wilton, Norfolk. 14
2.1
Valuation of piccolo relative to the grosso at Venice, 1200–1500. 29
2.2
Grams of silver per penny at Florence and Venice. 30
2.3
Number of pennies in different florins of account at Florence 1430–1500. 35
4.1
Constantine I (306–337), gold solidus, Ticinum mint. 65
4.2
5th-/6th-century minimi from the Basilica Hilariana (Rome). 68
4.3
Theoderic (493–526), silver quarter-siliqua. 72
4.4
Bronze follis of King Theodahad (534–536). 73
4.5
Gold solidus of King Theodebert (534–548). 74
4.6
Gold tremissis of King Cunincpert (688–700). 76
4.7
Silver denier/denarius of Charlemagne (768–814). 82
5.1
Silver denier of Pepin the Short (751–768). 96
5.2
The Spillings hoard. 101
5.3
Silver “Otto-Adelheid” penny. 107
5.4
Silver bracteate of Conrad I of Meissen (1130–1156). 109
5.5
Silver penny of King Cnut (c.900), York. 112
6.1
a) Archbishops of Cologne, silver pfennig of Adolf I (1193–1205), diameter 19mm; b) archbishops of Mainz, Henry I of Haarburg (1142–53), silver bracteate struck at Erfurt, diameter 33mm. 127
6.2
12th-century anonymous silver denier of Blois diameter 20mm. 128
6.3
Map showing location of hoards of the Short Cross (1180–1247) period found in Continental Europe. 135
6.4
English silver penny of Edward I (1272–1307) struck at Bristol (c. 1280–1282), diameter 20mm. 136
6.5
Silver gros tournois of Louis IX of France (1226–1270), diameter 26mm. 138
6.6
a) Sicily, William I (1154–66), gold tarì, Messina mint, 1154, diameter 11mm; b) Castile, Alfonso VIII (1158–1214), gold maravedí alfonsí, Toledo mint, 1191 diameter 28mm. 141
6.7
Gold florin of Florence, 1252. 143
10.1
Scandinavian Viking-Age beads from Birka, Sweden. From graves 550 (top) and 1067 (below). 235
10.2
French antiquarian and collector Charles Patin, seated in front of his medal cabinet with a coin in his hand, a medal around his neck, and other art and naturalia items surrounding him. Engraving by Theodor Roos in Thesaurus Numismatum (Patin 1672). 240
10.3
Reconstruction and documentation of a hoard from Neftenbach, Switzerland. The coins were deposited in a bronze jug, some singly and some wrapped into rolls, covered by cloth and hidden below the floorboards of a building. Mixed with and on top of the coins there was foxtail millet. 248
10.4
A Khazar coin inscribed “Musa rasul Allah” (Moses is God’s messenger), found 1999 in a hoard from Spillings, Gotland, Sweden. The coin (dated c. 837) is unique and the only physical proof of the Khazars’ conversion to Judaism before A.D. 800. 251
10.5
Lead token mould found in Akko, Israel (IAA 2002–294). 254
12.1a
“Pada”, Type PIb. Obv. helmeted bust right. Rev. banner containing tot / xx, “pada” in runes to right. 297
12.1b
“Pada”, Type PIIa. Obv. diademed bust right. Rev. “pada” in runes in circle. 298
12.2
Series R, Type R1. Obv. “epa” in runes before radiate bust right. Rev. standard containing tot / ii, cross below and pseudo-letters to either side. 299
12.3
“Two Emperors” type. 303
12.4
Series V, Type 7. 304
12.5
“Cross and Rosettes”, Type 106 variant. 309
12.6a
monitascorvm type, Type 9 variant. 310
12.6b
monitascorvm type, Type 14 variant. 311
12.7
Archer Group, Type 94. 313
13.1
Silver denarius of Bolskan. 4.11 g, diameter 18 mm. 327
13.2
Count Ermengol V of Urgell (1092–1102), billon denier. 0.91g, diameter 18mm. 327
13.3
Sancerre, billon denier of Count Steven II of Champagne and I of Sancerre (1152–1191). 328
Tables
9.1
Estimated total value of coins in circulation in the British Isles. From M. Allen, “Sterling area” (less-17% data added by author). In £ millions. 212
9.2
Available stocks of gold and silver. From M. Allen, “Sterling area”. 213