1.1 China’s physical environment 35
1.2 Guizhou Province in the Ming and early Qing periods (ca. 1400–1820). (Originally published in Chen Hailian and George Bryan Souza, “China’s Emerging Demand and Development of a Key Base Metal: Zinc in the Ming and Early Qing, c. 1400–1680s,” Journal of Material Culture 22, no. 2 (2017): 186, Figure 4. Copyright © 2017 by Sage Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.) 68
2.1 Geographical distribution of mints and markets in China, ca. 1450–1820 108
5.1 The Southwest in China 245
5.2 The old zinc-mining region in Pu’an (Guizhou), Pingyi, and Luoping (Yunnan) (Place names appeared in the case study of Cao Feng) 262
5.3 Location of BeiKuai zinc mine in Luoping (Yunnan) (Adapted from the DNKCTL, vol. 2. Annotations by the author.) 263
5.4 The most important zinc-mining region in Dading Prefecture (Guizhou) 281
5.5 Administrative map of the Dading Prefecture (Guizhou) around 1849 (Adapted from the Dadingfu zhi, vol. 11, kept in Zhongguo fangzhiku 中國方志庫 (Database of Chinese Local Records) produced by Beijing Airusheng shuzihua jishu yanjiu zhongxin 北京愛如生數字化技術研究中心 (Beijing Erudition Digital Technology Research Center). Accessed 6 February, 2015 via https://crossasia.org/. Annotations by the author.) 282
6.1 Distribution of zinc ore deposits in modern China. (Data derived from Zhao and Wu, Zhongguo qianxinkuang kuangchan ziyuantu, 2.) 300
6.2 Zinc-mining regions in Hunan 335
7.1 Calamine locations in Ming China, 1400–1600. (Originally published in Chen and Souza, “China’s Emerging Demand and Development of a Key Base Metal,” 179, Figure 2. Copyright © 2017 by Sage Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.) 355
7.2 Locations of calamine/zinc mines in Ming-Qing China, ca. 1600–ca. 1670s. (Originally published in Chen and Souza, “China’s Emerging Demand and Development of a Key Base Metal,” 183, Figure 3. Copyright © 2017 by Sage Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.) 362
7.3 Locations of zinc mines in Qing China, ca. 1680s–1830s 374
8.1 Location of zinc mines/smelters at Zhehai (Yunnan) around 1761. (Adapted from the Dongchuanfu zhi, vol. 1, kept in Zhongguo fangzhiku 中國方志庫 (Database of Chinese Local Records) produced by Beijing Airusheng shuzihua jishu yanjiu zhongxin 北京愛如生數字化技術研究中心 (Beijing Erudition Digital Technology Research Center). Accessed 6 February, 2015 via https://crossasia.org/. Annotations by the author.) 410–411
8.2 The Zhehai zinc mine in Yunnan Province on a modern map 412
10.1 Location of Sidingshan zinc mine and its smelters in Guangxi 542
11.1 Distribution of Guizhou-sourced zinc in China in the eighteenth century 592
11.2 Zinc transport route from the Fuji mine-cluster to Bijie. (Adapted from the Dadingfu zhi 大定府志 (Gazetteer of Dading Prefecture) (1849), vol. 11, kept in Zhongguo fangzhiku 中國方志庫 (Database of Chinese Local Records) produced by Beijing Airusheng shuzihua jishu yanjiu zhongxin 北京愛如生數字化技術研究中心 (Beijing Erudition Digital Technology Research Center). Accessed 6 February, 2015 via https://crossasia.org/. Annotations by the author.) 593
11.3 Location of Bijie qianju (zinc storehouses). (Derived from (Qianlong) Bijiexian zhi (1761), vol. 1; annotations by the author.) 594
11.4 Zinc transportation routes and river-dredging projects in Guizhou 596
11.5 Zinc mines, markets, and water connections in South and Southwest China 623