Index of Terms and Subjects
abbreviations (system of)
163, 175, 271, 277 n.43, 279
abridgements. see matn; mukhtaá¹£ar
abrogation
210â212
academic (dialogue/discussion)
297, 381
accountancies
134, 137, 140, 303, 361 n.122, 368
actors
21, 35, 37â38, 47, 68, 217, 377, 382
in fiqh (jurisprudence)
64, 69
local political
152
in waqf (pl. awqÄf)
68, 72
administration/guardianship (of waqf)
17, 34, 81, 85â87, 94, 95, 102, 110, 116, 121, 128, 130, 131, 139, 358, 382.
naáºar
centralized
92, 94
control of
116
dÄʾira
120, 130
idÄrÄt
132
mutawallÄ« (for foundersâ families)
352, 353â354, 356, 366
private
86, 136â137, 368
public
26, 76â77, 182, 353â354
restructuring of
92
types of
77, 82, 110
wilÄya
3, 82, 88, 90, 136â137, 314, 325, 334â336, 352, 354
administrators/guardians (of waqf)
35, 68, 69, 70, 90, 152.
nÄáºir; walÄ«
Ê¿Ämil (pl. Ê¿ummÄl)
86, 106, 118
mutawallī
3, 29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 87, 241, 255, 260â261, 270, 274, 309, 314, 315, 322, 328, 348, 355â356, 357, 358, 362, 368
and leases
288, 289, 290, 292, 296, 301
of mosque waqfs
269
private
114, 124, 125â126, 136â137, 368
rights/role of
35, 345, 348, 364, 369
takes surplus
344â345, 348, 349
private
134 n.217
public
73, 97, 118, 131, 309
training of
117
and wilÄya
87, 352
agency
12â13, 56
social
41
agents (wakÄ«l, pl. wukalÄ). see representatives/agents
agricultural land/fields
10, 31, 32, 33, 77, 85, 131, 140, 189, 252, 257, 261, 275, 307, 315, 321, 324, 325, 330, 381.
land
leases/rents
291, 294, 300â301, 302, 310
surplus of
186
and terraces
10, 59, 188 n.5, 320 n.10, 321 n.15
ahl al-bayt (descendants/house of the Prophet)
63, 69 n. 91, 145â146, 167 n.86, 175 n.114, 210, 211
allegiance
129, 147
analogy. see qiyÄs
animals/livestock
78â79, 188 n.5, 315, 319
anthropology
16, 27, 29, 56â57, 185
of Islam
43â45
of law
45â46
Arabic (language)
27, 163
grammar
61, 103 n.89
Arabists
43, 74
arbitrators (muḥakkamīn)
311
archives (public)
20
area studies
42
argumentation
206, 220, 226, 378.
debates/discourse
assessors
128, 303.
estimates
assets (of waqf)
10, 33, 72, 105, 106, 125, 130, 134, 138â139, 140, 247, 255, 257, 286, 304, 335, 354, 364
control over
345
economic management of
32
exchange of (badal, ibdÄl, istibdÄl)
104â105, 133, 289, 310
ḥaṣr
132
registration
local knowledge of
267â268
maintenance of
261, 306â307
al-mawqÅ«f, al-Ê¿ayn (pl. aÊ¿yÄn), al-raqaba
29, 257, 289, 335
selling shares of
36, 251â252
tenant investment in
258â259
type of income produced
77
association (jamaʿiyya; Jamʿiyya)
291, 316, 320
authority
12â13, 51, 65, 87, 164, 187, 233, 237, 293, 295, 297, 306 n.127
religious
54
sources of
64, 212, 227
textual
55
of walī
269, 274
of Zaydī imams
167
awlÄd (children)
203
al-banÄt (children of exogamously married women)
194, 196, 222â223, 228, 238, 250â251
exclusionary (waqfs)
status of
224, 245
al-á¹£ulb (nasab line/patrilineal descendants)
358
term/meaning of
200 n.37, 215, 245â246
bayt al-mÄl. see treasury
behaviour
patterns of
27â28, 35, 74
social
48, 51, 54
beneficiary(ies) (of waqfs)
3, 35, 98 n.63, 114â115, 119, 140, 290, 301, 349, 358
cease to exist (inqiá¹ÄÊ¿ al-maá¹£rif)
114, 125 n.179, 231, 352â353, 374 n.16
children and mothers
226
definitions of
133, 227
al-maṣrif, al-mawqūf ʿalayhi
3, 29â30, 37â38, 255, 265, 270, 323
of private/family waqfs
276
public
125, 289, 357â358
public and private
25, 344, 348
takes guardianship
353â354
types of
77, 80, 82, 202, 217, 234 n.149, 323
bequest/testament (mÅ«á¹£Ä Ê¿alayhi)
358.
testaments/testamentation
biographical encyclopaedia
172, 176
books
175.
texts/works
branch (farʿ, pl. furūʿ)
54 n.66, 262.
rules
bureaucrats/civil servants
68, 99, 121
cause (Ê¿illa)
220
certainty
64
charity
106, 126 n.181, 191 n.10, 199, 291, 382â384
continuity of/continuous
3â4, 217, 219, 327, 343
forms/types of
234, 236
local
311, 318
á¹£adaqa (pl. á¹£adaqÄt)
4, 109, 190, 206, 222, 236, 318, 339
jÄriya (continuous)
3â4, 219, 327
waqfs as
4, 193, 217, 231, 249, 254, 330
children
233, 244.
awlÄd
of daughters (awlÄd al-banÄt)
188â189
eldest son (bikr)
253
equality/equal treatment of
206, 229
circumstances (iqtiá¸Äʾ al-ḥÄl)
286
cisterns
79, 320, 323.
water
public rainwater (maʾjil, mÄjil, pl. mawÄjil)
79, 315
waṣīya/waqf of
318â320, 356
civil war
131â132
clans
188, 316.
tribes/tribal
classes
18, 250.
elites
lower (muzayyin, pl. mazÄyina)
151
sayyid (pl. sÄda) houses/families
88
codes
49.
decrees; law(s); rules
Civil Code (1979)
183, 291â292
Civil Code (rev. 2002)
291
Egyptian Civil Code
296
codification
56, 60, 66, 148, 180, 182, 185, 191 n.11, 199, 203, 207, 219, 221, 235, 242, 244, 249â250, 255, 313, 356 n.105, 360, 378, 381â382.
decrees
act of
49â50
field of
70, 187, 215, 369, 381
ideal types of
187
imamic
67, 68
of Imam YaḥyÄ
237
of Sharḥ al-azhar
287
by state
70, 253
validity of
69
of waqf law
16, 26
Yemeni republican
142
Codification Committee (Hayʾat TaqnÄ«n Aḥkam al-SharÄ«Ê¿a al-IslÄmiyya)
182â183
Codification Committee (Lajnat TaqnÄ«n al-SharÄ«Ê¿a al-IslÄmiyya)
184
collective holding
251 n.198, 301 n.109
colonial
administrators
248
British India
248â249
commentaries/explanations
143â144, 162, 178.
exegesis
on KitÄb al-AzhÄr
166â167
sharḥ, pl. shurūḥ
61, 219, 269
comments (on margins; ḥÄshiya, pl. ḥawÄshÄ« or hÄmish, pl. hawÄmish, or taÊ¿lÄ«qÄt)
163, 178
commoners
226â227, 232, 235, 242
Ê¿ÄmmÄ«, pl. Ê¿awwÄm
203, 221 n.113, 225 n.120, 240, 244, 359
communication
69, 380
community
138, 261
compensation
228, 361â363, 365
for exclusion
199
conditions, chain of
288
confiscation
of land
120 n.166, 362
of waqf
126, 127, 347 n.77
conflict(s)
36, 256
sectarian
137
confusion
278, 283â284, 286
consensus
49, 58, 146, 148, 178, 202, 212, 222, 249, 249 n. 193, 256, 365, 374
of early scholars
164
ijmÄÊ¿
63, 107 n.102, 210, 372, 379
of law school
177, 294
of Zaydī madhhab
149, 171
constructivism, social
40
context
58, 71, 143
continuity
4
of charity
343
charity
doctrine of
33
contracts/contractual
10, 256, 263, 288, 377.
leases/rents
law
5, 9, 66, 168, 256, 269
validity of
66, 270
corpus
58
of legal rules (furūʿ)
146â147
and media
377
corruption
88, 104, 138
court(s)
71, 381â382
of appeal
116, 225â226
cases
21
legal
decisions
40 n.25, 262
practice
220â221
system
69, 252, 369
critical realism
370
culture
56â57, 378, 380
currency
33, 134
curriculums
123
custom
153, 228, 238, 345, 353, 355â356, 359, 361â362, 364, 376
and leases
363
local
301, 343 n.64, 349
as source of law/validity
351, 365â366, 367
Ê¿urf
5, 13, 24 n.32, 48, 168â169, 183, 203, 230 n.137, 245â246, 309, 347, 351, 376, 379
DaÊ¿Ê¿Än treaty
114, 116
damage/disadvantage
229, 282, 284.
harm
á¸irÄr, muá¸arr, muá¸Ärra
211â212, 219, 238
dams (sudÅ«d wa-ḥawÄjiz)
79.
water
daughters
187â188.
children; women/females
debates/discourse
382
cross-disciplinary
29
fiqh (jurisprudence)
48, 69, 149, 237â238, 261, 291, 299, 325, 379, 383
decrees
199
of 1971
231â232, 235
ikhtiyÄrÄt
68, 180â181, 221
imamic
40 n.25, 55â56, 66, 67, 187, 187 n.2, 287
of Imam YaḥyÄ
221, 225â226, 227â229, 240, 242, 251, 359 n.115, 360
[law] no. 7 (of 1987)
133, 135
no. 18 (of 2001)
136, 368 n.141
no. 20 (of 1968)
132
no. 26 (of 1968)
132â133, 289
no. 42
140
no. 51 (of 2002)
136
no. 63 (of 1977)
133
no. 64
138
no. 73 (of 1969)
132, 134 n.217
no. 78 (of 1976)
133
no. 99 (of 1996)
234, 292â293
no. 100 (of 1969)
133
deficiency (fasÄd)
196.
suspension/conditional
definitions
318
demarcation (taḥjīr)
275â276, 291, 295, 299, 311
democracy
185
deposit/entrance fee (Ê¿inÄʾ)
304.
fees; Ê¿inÄʾ
deputy (wakīl)
132.
representatives/agents
descent/descendants
78, 114, 151, 167 n.86, 200, 201, 322, 336, 366, 373
of founder
119 n.158, 270, 345, 364, 369
male line (dhurriyya)
218, 223, 231, 233, 245â246
development projects/sector
11â12
dictionaries
39
disabled (Ê¿Äjiz; dawÅ« l-Ê¿ÄhÄt)
78, 230, 234, 342.
poor/sick
discursive tradition
44â45
dispositions
9, 189 n.7, 193, 221 n.113, 236, 335.
testaments
charitable (al-taá¹£arrufÄt al-tabarruÊ¿iyya)
231, 235
by commoners
225 n.120, 226 n.127, 232, 240
conditional (nadhr)
240â241
perpetual vs. one-time
190â191
disputes (ikhtilÄf)
244â245.
conflict(s)
dissolution (of waqf)
88, 234, 252.
privatization/privatizing
district(s)
mudÄ«riyya, pl. mudÄ«riyyÄt
139, 302
nÄḥiya
121, 127
sub-districts (Ê¿uzla, pl. Ê¿uzal)
139 n.236
divorce
360
doctrines
379.
norms
dome (qubba, pl. qibÄb)
23, 93â94, 118, 329, 331.
mosques
doubt
64, 213â214
drought
101
economy
36, 123, 132, 247, 252
editions/translations
39
education
8, 18, 323 n.18, 370
religious
78â79, 111, 323 n.18
state
135
waqf (pl. awqÄf) for
116, 123
elites
248, 252, 370
educated (ahl al-ḥall wa-l-Ê¿aqd, lit. âthose who untie and bindâ)
147
local
5, 7, 59, 68, 69, 72, 73, 76, 96, 110, 112, 124, 128, 131, 139, 381â383
political
88
tribal
148
Zaydī
152
emic (models)
51, 380
endowments
189 n.6, 247.
waqf (pl. awqÄf)
enforcement
69, 70, 185, 253, 257
epistemology
50
equality (musÄwÄt)
240
estimates (khará¹£, á¹iyÄfa)
128, 139â140, 311.
assessors; harvest/crop
ethnographies
27, 63, 203, 254, 367
methods of
16â17
etic (concept)
380, 382
evidence
burhÄn
223â224
criteria of
168
and proofs (Ê¿adilla wa-Ê¿ilal)
199
exceptions
312, 322, 342â343, 344, 348, 362
permanent vs. temporary
346â347
of private rights
369
exchange (Ê¿iwaá¸, ibdÄl, and istibdÄl)
36, 104â105, 308, 310â311
of waqf asset
24, 107, 289
exclusionary (waqfs)
219, 226, 228, 231, 243, 252
awlÄd al-banÄt (children of exogamously married women)
189, 192, 199, 200, 201â202, 204, 209, 213â214, 215â216, 221, 224, 227, 229, 232, 235, 238, 243, 244â246, 249
executor/guardian (waṣīy)
193, 355, 357â358
exegesis (tafsīr)
61, 212 n.85, 270 n.29, 372.
commentaries/explanations
exogene factors
59
family(ies)
88, 114â115, 188, 252.
houses
educated
18 n.25, 383
landowning
188, 250, 253
patriarchal
186
shaykh(s)
148, 301
Zaydī(s) dynasties/elites
149, 152
FÄá¹imids
148
fatwÄ(s)
40 n.25, 67, 68, 172, 179 n.124, 187 n.2, 199, 206, 214, 216, 221 n.113, 227, 305â306, 320 n.11, 360, 367
collections
142, 154, 165â166, 168, 195, 203, 222, 246, 272
fees (deposit/entrance, termination; Ê¿inÄʾ)
259, 294 n.88, 309.
rights
right of tenants (to remain)
304â305
females. see women
festivals (religious)
79, 120
field studies/fieldwork
16â17, 140 n.241, 141, 315, 323â324
fiqh (Islamic legal theory/scholarly jurisprudence)
4, 7, 9, 11, 16, 26, 51, 55â56, 60, 62, 67, 70, 71, 151, 154â155, 159, 160 n.62, 186â187, 191, 242, 255, 257, 260, 312, 328, 369, 377â378, 381
academic
55, 179, 191, 215
vs. applied
177
actors
64
classical Sunnī
147, 239
and codification
66, 287
commentaries
40 n.25, 144, 161
comparative
245, 283 n.61
corpus of
61, 62
defined
54
field of
74â75
ideal
191 n.11, 302, 311, 345
vs. real/codified
70, 133, 179 n.124, 377
practical/applied
40 n.25, 166, 177, 314, 345, 352, 360, 377
religious vs. legal
65
texts/works
72, 142â143, 152, 180, 246, 360
theoretical
13, 185
Zaydī rules
133, 168â169
footnotes/notes
163, 171, 178, 181, 276.
glosses
to fiqh books
191
ḥÄshiya
274, 365
foundations (awqÄf). see waqf (pl. awqÄf)
founders (wÄqif, wÄqifÅ«n)
7, 29â30, 37, 201, 355, 358
death of
35
descendants/heirs of
36, 125 n.179, 132, 314, 343, 345, 354, 356â357, 358, 361, 364, 369
intentions of/piety
213, 246, 311, 366
power of
349, 351
taking/keeping waqf
119 n.158, 346, 353
will/wishes of
103, 119 n.158, 136, 306
free will
147, 375 n.18
fundament (qÄÊ¿ida)
198
genealogy
114, 151, 162, 208
scholarly
146
of three-year rule
300
General Peopleâs Congress (GPC)
137
gifts
198, 256, 291
hiba
189â190, 196, 235 n.151, 239, 351
glosses (on margins)
163.
footnotes/notes
ḥawÄshÄ«
170 n.99, 171â172, 173â174
God
14â15, 32, 37, 69 n. 91, 377
as owner of waqf
30, 255, 260, 272, 353, 364
for the sake of (fÄ« sabÄ«l AllÄh)
204
as source of laws (sharīʿa)
30
good
2, 236, 317, 375 n.18
common/public
2, 12, 14â15, 120 n.162, 314, 370
/interest (maá¹£laḥa, pl. maá¹£Äliḥ)
125, 183
governorates (muḥÄfaáºat)
139 n.236
governors, system of
96
grave(yards) (of saints/dignitaries)
79, 120.
tomb complexes; turab
guests
22, 78.
travellers
HÄdawÄ«(s)
167 n.86, 210 n.77
waqf model
192â193, 196â197, 198â199, 200, 201â202, 206â207, 243, 249
al-HÄdawiyya
144â145
HÄdawÄ«-ZaydÄ«
95, 144, 150, 195 n.22, 216, 249, 377
campaign against
207
codification/rulings
179, 229
contractual law
270
fiqh
180, 205
law school (madhhab)
171, 214, 228, 243, 359
tradition
235, 285
views
164 n.72, 184
ḥadÄ«ths (Prophetâs actions and sayings)
4, 39, 63, 106, 120 n.161, 153, 158 n.52, 163â164, 191 n.10, 205â207, 225, 226, 238, 297, 372, 378
on actions and merit
217
ÄḥÄd [single transmission], vs. mutawÄtir
209 n.76, 211â212
âa third, and a third is muchâ
195, 236
authenticity of
40
citations of
220
commentaries
61, 215
âHe [the mutawallÄ«] can take from the waqf as salary â¦â
345
âno endowment in circumvention of Godâs sharesâ
247
âno harm in Islamâ
219
âno testamentation to an heirâ
164 n.72, 193, 202, 206, 208â212, 220, 225 n.121, 379
no waqf after the revelation of the inheritance rules
247
scholars
164, 237
sciences
204, 221 n.115, 237
as sources/proofs
95 n.52, 168
Sunnī
149, 242â243, 248 n.191
collections
145, 147, 167
âThe right of the one who demarcates (al-mutaḥajjir) â¦â
276
Ḥanafī(s)
61, 171, 245â246
areas
259
fiqh
293, 294, 296
judges
221
law school
294
waqf
193 n.13, 292 n.83, 344, 346
Ḥanbalī(s)
299
handwritten
comments/notes
165, 176, 276, 280, 366
texts/manuscripts
61, 130 n.201, 172â173, 221, 242
al-Ḥaqq party (Zaydīs)
137, 152
ḥarÄm
105, 107, 269, 365.
prohibition(s)
harm
225â226, 306.
damage/disadvantage
á¸irÄr, muá¸Ärr
219, 225 n.122
harvest/crop
101, 112, 117, 126 n.181, 134, 140, 188 n.5, 252, 258, 302â304, 321, 336.
produce
assessors/estimators (khurrÄá¹£, qubbÄl, á¹uwwÄf)
96, 128
estimates/measurements of (khará¹£, á¹iyÄfa, muqÄsama)
128, 139â140, 279
health
care [for sick]
79â80
waqf (al-awqÄf al-á¹£iḥḥiyya)
135â136
heaven/hell
51
heirs
197, 206, 226, 230, 237â238, 355, 366.
descent/descendants
exclusion of
233, 243â244
heirâs heir vs. direct
241
patrilineal descendants (awlÄd al-á¹£ulb)
358
rights of/equality
235, 238, 379
heretical (takfīr)
155
hermaphrodites
200 n.37, 201 n.40
hierarchy
74
hijras (non-tribal sayyid enclaves)
9, 89, 122â123, 128, 148, 150
ḥikr
295, 307â308.
leases/rents
hindrance (ḥaáºr)
278, 280â281
historiography
153
history
29, 143, 254
of codification
183, 220, 243
of Islamic law
27
social
20, 27
of state administration/guardianship (of waqf)
96â97
of waqf
80, 91
holy/sacred (status)
146, 376
of waqf
88, 104â105, 310, 364 n.128
hospitals
5, 135.
health
houses
32, 79, 140, 257
heads (Ê¿alÄ l-ruʾūs) of
322
ibdÄl. see exchange( Ê¿iwaá¸, ibdÄl, and istibdÄl)
ideal (doctrine/theory)
32, 74, 186
vs. local norms
344
vs. practice/real world
13, 259
idolatry
120
ijÄratayn
295, 307â308.
leases/ rents
ijÄza certificates
146
ijtihÄd (production of new law)
41, 63, 184, 245, 291
doors of, closed
40, 41
ikhtiyÄrÄt (lit., âchoicesâ)
119â120, 205, 207, 220, 227.
decrees; imamic
of Imam YaḥyÄ
183, 242
of ministry of justice
230
illegal (bÄá¹il, ghayr á¹£aḥīḥ)
13
illiteracy
73
imamate
148, 151, 152, 231
as hereditary
204
imamic
decrees
142, 148, 177, 219, 287
dÄ«wÄn
98
fatwÄs
187
gaze (al-naáºar al-sharÄ«f)
127
sharʿī past
230
imams
63, 68, 69 n. 91, 73, 87, 89, 102, 104, 147, 148, 162, 189, 196 n.24, 355, 379
role of
90, 147â148, 149, 207
Ê¿inÄʾ
261, 307â308, 309, 311.
fees; rights
income. see revenue/income
inductive [approach]
52, 380â381
inference
57, 63
inflation
259, 263
informants
48, 142â143, 152, 183â184, 300, 366â367
narratives of
14, 17â20
infrastructure
1â2, 5
projects
11, 383
public
14â15, 36, 373â374
roads
79
inheritance
3, 206, 211 n.82, 218, 228, 256, 291, 342, 360
and/vs. waqf
13, 241, 250
rules
4, 25, 26, 55 n.68, 119, 185, 186, 190, 192, 201, 221, 223, 226, 227, 230 n.137, 243, 247, 249â250, 322, 370
circumvention of
187â189, 193, 196, 199, 203, 233, 238, 240, 248, 253
shares
212, 217
womenâs right to
197, 251
initiation (Ä«jÄb)
359 n.114.
waqf (pl. awqÄf)
injustice (áºulm)
98
inspection/inspectorship (naáºÄra)
3, 119.
naáºar
inspectors
38, 87, 123, 124, 302.
nÄáºir; waqf (pl. awqÄf)
intention
219, 223â224, 366 n.134
good (qurba)
204, 216, 243â244, 335
piety/pious
interdisciplinarity
52
interest
308
on loans (rabawiyyÄt)
365
or utility (maṣlaḥa)
5, 13, 48, 271, 282â284, 286â287
public
15, 120 n.161, 153
maṣlaḥa
intergenerational
perspective
191
transfer of wealth/property
197, 218, 227, 235, 240â241, 243, 249â250
interlegality
46
intertextuality
74
invalidation
233, 269, 270, 282, 283
of contracts
278â279
of waqf
206, 234, 243
inventory lists
34.
registers
investments
133, 252, 258, 292â293, 305 n.123, 307, 350, 365
of tenants
295, 306â307, 363
irrigation. water
channel/system
103â105, 108
Ghayl al-Barmakī and Ghayl al-Aswad
103
laws
67
Iá¹£lÄḥ party/Islamists
137, 184
leaders
138
Islam[ic]
45, 49, 52, 54, 55, 59, 378, 382
concept of
43â44
law (sharīʿa)
2, 9, 12, 15, 19, 25, 27â28, 38â39, 41, 44, 45, 46, 49 n.54, 52, 142, 160, 191 n.11, 312, 314, 370, 378, 380
sharīʿa
schools
123
madrasas
studies/study of
25, 27, 39, 41â42, 43
Islamicists
43
Islamists
7, 138, 151
Islamization
137
Ismaʿīlīs
148
MakÄrima/al-Baá¹iniyya
121
istibdÄl. see exchange (Ê¿iwaá¸, ibdÄl, and istibdÄl)
jihÄd
115
judgements
54, 382.
decrees; rulings
judges
5, 22, 37â38, 60, 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 115, 121, 133, 184â185, 189
ḥÄkim (pl. ḥukkÄm)
205, 355
handbooks for
180
MaÊ¿had al-Ê¿AlÄ« li-l-Qaá¸Äʾ (High Institute for Judges)
173
training of
117
judiciary
87, 111, 133, 182, 243, 383
jurisprudence
40 n.25, 48, 50, 149, 168.
fiqh
jurists
160, 183â184, 189, 367
faqÄ«h (pl. fuqahÄʾ)
60, 65, 69 n. 91, 73, 201, 231, 242, 312
training of
117
khurūj, doctrine of
9 n.15, 147, 151
knowledge
37, 45, 55, 59 n.76, 146, 157 n.49, 191 n.11
of administrators
255
authoritative
145â146
Barthâs concept of
28, 44 n.35, 45, 56â57, 75, 378
certain/true
63â65, 169, 177
of codification
177
corpus of
70, 259
fields of
15, 26, 29, 59, 72, 186, 255, 369, 377â378, 380
of fiqh
70, 177, 199, 299, 383
forms/types of
29, 169
judicial
121, 123, 153
legal
12, 28, 38, 54, 56â57, 71, 251, 260
local
16, 191 n.11, 311
public (shuhra)
24 n.35, 56, 70, 268
memory
transmission of
58â59, 60
of waqf
12, 16, 25, 55, 60, 70, 73â74, 213, 240, 242, 357, 382â383
everyday
26, 56, 72, 73, 235, 250, 255, 300, 314, 318, 369, 378, 380
land
120 n.166, 130, 185, 190, 240, 250, 286, 320 n.10, 329
common
315, 320
grazing
188 n.5, 319
as investment
323
loss of
188
measurement of
311
ownership
186, 254
physical area of
134
prices
252, 308, 320
revival of barren (iḥyÄʾ al-mawÄt, taḥjÄ«r)
275, 291
demarcation
right to use
237
usufruct
waqf (pl. awqÄf)
22â23, 103â104, 117, 131, 134, 135, 138, 295, 301, 308, 322â323, 362â363
landowners/landowning
23, 49, 59, 72, 152, 302, 304â305
elites/families
188, 250, 253
interests of
68
language
67, 73, 218 n.101
of fiqh
68, 181â182
Law of Personal Status
173, 239, 247, 291
law(s)
5, 28, 41, 46â47, 49, 56, 66, 72, 74, 260, 268, 367, 382â383.
Islam[ic]
applied
160, 203, 261
branches of (fiqh, furūʿ)
15
case (law)
46, 187, 367, 378
codes
181
codes
codified
185, 381
colonial
248â249
common (law)
72
criminal (jinÄʾiyya)
173
curriculum, Sunnī and Egyptian
183
custom as source of
351, 359
definition of
32, 48 n.51
Egyptian testament (QÄnÅ«n al-waṣīya al-Maá¹£rÄ«)
246
irrigation
67
judgeâs
56, 60, 75
letter of
49â50
local/customary
2, 9, 11, 45â46, 67
modern western
380
Muslim state
46
personal status
184
personal status laws
positive
187
principles of (uṣūl al-fiqh)
61
ritual (Ê¿ibÄdÄt)
181, 377
schools
39, 40, 42, 61, 149, 158, 167, 177, 183â184, 293
sources of
69 n. 91, 169, 183, 286, 375
textbooks on
235â237
tribal
2, 9, 46, 67, 275
valid
160, 365, 367
of waqf
1976
183, 229â230, 232â233, 234, 235, 237, 290, 292
1992
184, 234, 235, 290
Egyptian (1946)
184, 238
lawyers (muḥÄmÄ«)
235
learned (mutaʿallimūn)
79.
scholars
leases/rents
101, 133 n.210, 257, 258â259, 260, 274, 311, 312, 369.
sharecropping
contracts (ijÄra, inÊ¿iqÄd)
255â256, 262, 264, 272, 281, 291â292, 299
defined
255 n.2, 256, 293
dual (ḥikr, aḥkÄr, iḥtikÄr or ijÄratayn)
259, 290, 294, 308
fair/free market (ajr/ujrat al-mithl)
263, 304, 309
fixed (price)
100â101, 302â303, 308
of flats/shops
138
immediate and deferred (muʿajjal and muʾajjal)
259, 308
law, Ḥanafī
294
long-term, and validity of
268, 270, 286 n.72, 288, 290, 293, 295, 300
mushÄraka type
303â304
of/for waqfs
133, 264, 276, 294, 298, 301
open-ended/continuous/perpetual
259, 279, 294
of other property
292
renewal of
279, 291, 293, 300
three-year rule (maximum lease period)
255, 259, 263â264, 269, 271, 272, 274â275, 282â284, 286â287, 288, 289, 291, 293, 296, 299, 310, 312â313, 376â377, 383
legal
52 n.61, 65, 223â224.
ruses
actors/persons
67, 291
cases
26, 250, 382
consciousness
203
debates/disputes
14, 68, 186â187, 215
documents
71â72, 377
effect (muḥkama)
210
vs. illegal
66
innovation
367
jÄʾiz, á¹£aḥīḥ
13
reality
160
sharʿī dispositions
335
system, formal
368
legality
88, 187
legitimacy
10, 12â13, 55, 63, 69, 131, 167, 257, 300
of ruler(s)
180
of state/government
68
of waqf
14, 25, 195
validity
liberal socialists
151
liberation (taḥrīr) waqf assets
24.
exchange
linguistic turn
40
literacy
73, 122â123
literalists
63, 376
lithographs
169.
handwritten; texts/works
logic
54, 61
madhhab
160 n.62, 172, 178, 209, 252, 312, 362, 366.
fiqh
consensus, Zaydī
149, 171
inter-madhhab
158
views/positions of
233, 287, 288
maʾdhūniyya (allowance)
307, 308â309
al-Madrasa al-Ê¿Ilmiyya
117, 121â122, 125, 182, 229
madrasas (Islamic schools)
13, 56, 62
maintenance
263 n.12, 308, 329, 338
of mosques
138
of waqf asset
261, 306â307, 328, 341, 348
of water project
317
male(s)
195, 197, 201
children
190
descent line (awlÄd al-á¹£ulb)
189, 228, 231, 243
MÄlikÄ« (law)
297
and waqf
31 n.11, 246
market
complexes
140
price/rate
35, 258, 260, 261, 297, 311
rent
258, 260, 263, 290, 292, 293, 294, 299, 304â307, 308, 361 n.121, 362 n.123
marriages
78
endogamous
4, 188
maṣlaḥa (interest, utility)
168â169, 177, 271, 289, 294, 379
defined/discussed
373â377
matn (pl. mutūn) (abridgements)
61â62, 157, 159â160, 162â163, 262, 265, 268, 307.
mukhtaá¹£ar
of KitÄb al-AzhÄr
168, 181
of Sharḥ al-azhÄr
174
maxims
172, 176, 177 n.118, 367, 378â379
measurement
279
experts/specialists (qayyÄsÄ«n, massÄḥīn)
311, 320 n.10
assessors
libna
335
qadaḥ
303, 361 n.122
qafīzes
361â362, 365
mediation (of conflicts)
316
memorization
159â160
memory. knowledge
public
20, 34, 125 n.179
of waqf
37
merit [from God] (ajr, thawÄb)
4, 30, 217.
piety/pious
methodology
374
ministers
96, 132, 134.
nÄáºir
ministry(ies)
123, 133, 368
of awqÄf
19, 23, 78, 81, 86, 135, 138, 182, 289, 296, 301, 302, 318, 338, 341, 342
control over/power struggles
137, 139
establishment of
129, 131â132
permissions
231
and religious guidance (irshÄd)
6, 20â21, 132, 133, 137
and social affairs (al-awqÄf wa-l-shuʾūn al-ijtimÄÊ¿iyya)
132
al-turab wa-l-ṣiḥḥiyya
135â136
of education (WizÄrat al-tarbÄ«ya wa-l-taÊ¿lÄ«m)
121, 125, 126, 135
as mutawallī (of waqf)
296
mismanagement
88, 114, 362.
corruption
of waqfs
119
miswadda. see register(s)
models. HÄdawÄ«(s); waqf (pl. awqÄf)
emic
51, 380
Islam, sharīʿa, fiqh, waqf
50â51, 54
normative
380
waqf
35, 36â37, 357, 360
modernity
86, 380
modernization
5â6
monism
48
morality
14, 261
moral(s)
12, 30, 51, 72â73, 191 n.11, 261, 268â269, 323, 384
condemnation/criticism
120, 218, 220, 223, 250
issues
65, 218
validity of
320, 381
wrong (makrūh)
191, 239, 268, 278
reprehensible
morphology (iÊ¿rÄb)
61
mosques
1, 6, 33, 77, 78â79, 101, 122, 124, 140, 193, 297, 343, 365, 370, 373
caretakers of
89, 108, 124
control of
86, 137
dramas/poems about
102â103
Friday/congregational (al-jÄmiÊ¿)
89
income for
6, 128, 135
interests of
269, 274
surplus of/from
89â90
and waqf (pl. awqÄf)
24, 84, 89â90, 134, 138, 297, 349, 352, 368 n.142
muʾadhdhin
102, 124 n.177
Muʾayyadiyya
145
mudīr (director, representative)
122, 127 n.188.
representatives/agents
al-waqf
38, 130, 139, 302
muftī
49 n.54, 224
mujtahids
147.
ijtihÄd
rulers
150
scholars/experts
68, 120 n.161, 169, 207
mukhtaá¹£ar (abridgement)
61, 156â157, 162, 264, 307, 312.
matn
genre
49 n.52, 50, 262
textbooks/judgesâ manuals
42
Muslim Brotherhood
183â184
Muá¹arrifiyya
155
Mutawakkilī kingdom (al-Mamlaka al-Mutawakkiliyya)
150
Muʿtazila
146
theology of
375 n.18
nadhr
195 n.20, 235 n.151
conditional disposition/gift/vow
240â241, 351â352
naql (document re-written)
321
narratives
akhbÄr
206
oral
56, 73
al-NÄá¹£iriyya
145
nasl
245â246
naáºar
87, 136
administration/guardianship (of waqf)
82, 121, 328, 341
nÄáºir (inspector/minister)
98, 111, 114, 127, 139, 218
al-awqÄf al-dÄkhiliyya
113, 116
al-awqÄf al-ḥaramayn
129
al-awqÄf al-khÄrijiyya
113
al-nuáºáºÄr
94
al-waqf (pl. al-awqÄf; public/state)
94, 95, 100, 101, 112, 338
al-waá¹£ÄyÄ
84, 86, 113â115, 116, 125, 126 n.181, 130, 136, 231 n.139, 323 n.17, 342
necessity/need (ḥÄja; á¸arÅ«ra)
104 n.96, 294, 297, 322
neo-Sunnī(s)
95, 145â146, 149, 167, 183, 202, 238, 260
neo-traditionism
65
neo-traditionists
63, 376
normative
380
/prescriptive definitions
38
reality
70
texts
27, 39, 51, 53, 55, 288, 312
normativities
46
norms
28â29, 35, 51, 58, 75, 160, 220, 353
hierarchy of
379
ideal vs. practical/local
312, 344
notary(ies)
37, 64, 66, 70, 71, 73, 189, 332
notes/topics (masʾala, farʿ)
227.
rule(s)
obligatory (wÄjib)
211â212
observations
14, 15, 43, 46â47, 50
offices (maktab, makÄtib, maktabÄt)
129, 139
Orientalism
27
orientalist(s)
39, 51â52
scholars
42, 248â249
orphans/orphanages
5, 365, 374
Ottomans
90, 94, 95, 96, 110â111, 112, 115â116, 145 n.7, 204
occupations
149, 150
owner
mÄlik
257, 365
of waqf, God as
30, 255, 260, 272, 353, 364
ownership
295
communal
188
documents
188, 334
law
30â31, 185, 192, 381, 384
notion of/issues
22, 256
private
188
rights
248
structures
93
of tenant in asset
307
and thing owned (mÄl)
257
transfer of
292
of waqf (pl. awqÄf)
24 n.35, 284
parents
188
patriarchy
186, 251
patrilineal
agricultural society
238
descendants/descent (nasab)
188â189, 200, 358
patronage
7
permissibility (jawÄz)
212
perpetuity/perpetual
31, 379.
continuity
leases/rents (Ê¿inÄʾ and ḥikr)
294 n.88
vs. one-time dispositions
190â191
waqf as
341
personal status laws
184, 239, 291
[QÄnÅ«n] al-aḥwÄl al-shakhá¹£iyya
173, 247
piety/pious
138, 199, 213â214, 220, 261, 327, 379
intention/purpose (qurba)
4, 31, 193, 195â196, 198, 216, 217â218, 223, 226, 228, 230, 232â233, 249, 329, 362, 372
plague
91
plaintiff (muddaʿī)
223â224
pluralism
50, 366
legal
45â48
polemics
41, 168â169, 216, 287
police/military
69
politics/political
59, 65, 68, 130, 188
instability/chaos
252
poor/sick
(sickness) of death (maraḠal-mawt)
190, 236
waqf services/stipends for
1, 2, 78â79, 108, 125, 226, 250, 297, 373
population
123, 252
possessor
37.
ownership
and sale of waqf (bayʿ al-yad)
365
of usufruct (á¹£Äḥib al-manÄfÄ«Ê¿)
269â270, 274
power
59, 68, 69, 131
social and political
380
sources of
188, 190
practice(s)
56, 58, 75, 191, 222, 238, 258
local
43, 74, 203, 314, 357
of waqf
10, 37, 258, 381
praxiology
46â47, 50, 63
perspective/approach
52, 147, 297, 313
preachers
108
predestination
147, 375 n.18
pre-emption (shufʿa)
232, 320 n.10
right of
208â209
preference/preferred (tarjīḥ; rÄjiḥ)
197, 209
printing
169â170
private/family (waqfs)
22, 26, 55, 84, 114â115, 125, 126, 173, 185, 192, 203, 209, 218, 221, 225 n.120, 226â227, 232, 235, 248, 249, 250, 270, 301, 344, 352 n.94, 364 n.129
and/between heirs
129, 234
vs. charitable/public
86, 254, 281, 305, 343
dhurrÄ«, ahlÄ«, khÄṣṣ
3, 35, 77, 85â87, 216, 223
exclusionary form of
188â189, 213â214, 220, 223, 227, 242â243, 250, 252, 332, 343
limitation/restriction of
119, 206, 242
privatization of
232 n.142, 252
and registration of
114 n.139, 115
semi-familial/mixed
314, 343, 344
types of
215â216
privatization/privatizing
308
taḥrÄ«r (lit. âmaking freeâ)
193 n.14, 307, 310â311
of waqf
88, 105, 118, 126, 232 n.142, 234, 252, 301, 384
produce. harvest/crop
coffee
95
grain
134, 321, 364
grapes
134
sorghum (dhurra)
130, 134, 303
prohibition(s)
3 n.5, 24, 106, 139, 238, 255, 332, 364, 373.
damage/disadvantage
absence of
185, 202, 213, 215
of harm (á¸irÄr)
219
damage/disadvantage; harm
legal
212, 220
property
197, 257, 346, 373, 384
defined
256
of founders
353
inviolability/sanctity of (Ê¿ismat al-amwÄl)
257
law
256, 257
mÄl, amwÄl, milk, amlÄk
107, 188 n.5, 201, 256â257, 265, 274, 276, 329, 364
one-third restriction
195â196, 233, 235, 238, 239â240, 243â244
of orphans
365
private
88â89, 105, 107, 188 n.5, 198, 201, 230 n.135, 231, 256â257, 258, 265, 274, 276, 292, 343, 364
vs. waqf (pl. awqÄf)
119, 125 n.179, 131, 267, 274, 288
transfer of
3, 66, 71, 218, 250, 358
public (waqfs)
3, 6, 22, 24, 26, 34, 78, 81, 82, 85, 87â89, 114 n.139, 134 n.217, 192, 235, 258, 270, 308, 322, 339, 342, 344, 348, 358, 362 n.123, 363, 368
Ê¿Ämm, khayrÄ«
3, 77, 374
with (public) beneficiary
365
defined
76
family controlled
356
inspector
101
nÄáºir
âlostâ/unknown beneficiary
79, 114
for poor and mosques
297
and private rights to
342, 343, 344, 360
pure (khÄliá¹£)
258, 306
services
370
publicness
21, 279
purchase (of awqÄf)
105, 107
and sale (bayʿ)
196
sales
qÄá¸Ä« (pl. quá¸Ät, or quá¸Äh)
88, 89 n.34, 110 n.118, 151, 151 n.24, 207, 355
chief (also shaykh al-IslÄm)
95, 149
houses/families
18, 114, 150, 251, 301
qanÄt. see water
qaṣīda
102â103
QÄsimÄ« (dynasty/imamate)
11, 95â96, 164, 204, 241 n.168, 242.
imamate
authority of
167
imams
89
imams
and period of chaos/unrest
110, 112
al-QÄsimiyya
144
qÄt
18â19, 336, 341
qiyÄs (analogy)
63â64, 199, 206, 220, 226, 235â236, 237, 291, 375, 379
question
istiftÄʾ
323
masʿala
356â357
quotations/references
46, 155, 162â164, 206, 297
QurʾÄn
13, 51, 58, 63, 69 n. 91, 149, 164 n.71, 167, 238, 260, 286, 367 n.138, 370, 372â373, 378â379
citations of
220
exegesis (tafsīr)
61, 212 n.85, 270 n.29, 372
on inheritance
211 n.82
reading/recitation
106, 241
schools
331
verses
205â206, 226
2:180
211 n.81
4:12
211, 225 n.122
36:12
372 n.4
on waqf
6, 51, 64â65
Rasūlids
90â91, 149
rationalists
63
real estate
10, 254, 292.
property
reason (Ê¿aql)
146â147, 153, 267, 373
rebellions (Ḥūthī)
137
record keeping (istidÄna)
133
references, chains of
57â58, 63â64, 297, 300
reforms
118, 138
taxation and agrarian (of Muḥammad ʿAlī)
248
of waqf (pl. awqÄf)
116, 122â123, 128, 129, 308
of waá¹£ÄyÄ
126
register(s)
court
7, 10
dafÄtir
127
miswadda (pl. miswaddÄt)
19, 21â23, 34, 92â93, 99, 127, 334, 336, 340
al-Ê¿Ämma (general)
101
al-aÊ¿yÄn (inventory)
303â304
al-Manṣūriyya
130
al-masÄjid al-mansiyya (of forgotten mosques)
92
of public waqf
117
al-Rasūliyya
130
al-shÄmila (comprehensive)
127
al-sinÄniyya
92â94
al-taqyīd
332
public
71
of waqf (pl. awqÄf)
70, 99, 130, 135â137, 321 n.15, 328 [fig. 14], 329, 332, 333 [fig. 15], 384
electronic
138â139
private/family
114 n.139, 115
public
322, 324
waá¹£ÄyÄ
130
registration
89, 124, 341
project (ḥaṣr)
24, 138â139
relativism (methodological)
59
religion
261, 370, 373, 378, 382
and law
153
religious
267, 268
education in the city (waqf darasa)
111 n.122
law, vs. human law
376
matters and guidance (irshÄd)
132
obligations/worship (Ê¿ibÄdÄt)
257, 287
schools (madÄris al-Ê¿ilmiyya)
173
sciences
18
sphere vs. civil public sphere
5
system vs. humanitarian (system)
14
rent. see leases/rents
reprehensible/reprehensibility
283, 285
karÄha
274, 278, 280â281
makrūh
239, 267â269, 274
representatives/agents
116 n.146
Ê¿Ämil (pl. Ê¿ÄmilÅ«n or Ê¿ummÄl)
127, 137, 138, 139
al-turab
121
al-waqf
38, 109, 121, 302
zakÄt
128
neighbourhood (Ê¿Äqil, Ê¿uqqÄl)
311
wakÄ«l (pl. wukalÄʾ)
116, 127, 139, 296
republic(an)
231
ministry
131
state
87, 150, 229â230
waqf law(s)
142, 181, 183, 232, 234, 244, 292
decrees
resources
3â4, 73, 306, 370, 381
access to
31, 35
revelation
210, 271.
QurʾÄn
texts of
63, 177, 291, 376
revenue/income
32, 113, 329, 332, 336, 355, 362, 364
benefits (manÄfiÊ¿)
314
collection of
140
as á¸arÄʾib
303, 362
excepted income waqf
344, 346â348, 352, 362, 366
al-ghalla
31, 344
from land
189
and mosque waqf
135, 257
private
108
rental
255
sources of
188
tax(es)
95
waqf (pl. awqÄf)
97, 99, 100â101, 103, 119, 127, 128, 139â140, 303, 321, 327, 332, 343 n.64, 346, 348, 353
zakÄt
129
revisionists
40â41
revolution (1962)
131, 150, 383
rights
3, 115, 257, 369
of access/use (usufruct)
255, 256, 260, 272
customary
258
ḥaqq
257, 276
al-yad (âright of the handâ)
261, 304â305, 306â307, 311
Ê¿inÄʾ
304â305
Ê¿inÄʾ
runoff
319, 320 n.11
sale of (naql al-yad)
305
of tenants
284, 305
transfer/transmission of
66, 255, 262, 272, 348
ritual(s)
120
law (Ê¿ibÄdÄt)
181, 377
rulers (sulá¹Än)
147, 148
interests of
68
rule(s)
162.
inheritance
built on probable knowledge (masÄʾil farÊ¿iyya, áºanniyya)
176
circuvention of Godâs
217
of demarcation (taḥjīr)
275â276, 295
farʿ, pl. furūʿ
, 146, 158, 173, 198
fiqh (jurisprudence)
168â169, 179 n.124
ḥukm, aḥkÄm
143, 262, 282
of judicial procedure (ijrÄʾÄt al-qaá¸Äʾiyya)
173
of law
261
in matn
159â160, 162
validated
171, 181, 183
waqf (pl. awqÄf)
6, 176â177, 221, 262
of waṣīya
221 n.113, 240
rulings
49, 182, 230
runoff area (rahaq, marÄhiq)
311, 319
rural
areas
251, 383
economy
123
leases vs. urban plots/assets
300
ruses (legal)
31 n.11, 216, 225 n.120, 241, 253, 342, 344
ḥīla (pl. ḥiyal)
4, 40 n.25, 208, 232â233, 332 n.37
sabīls (public water stands)
79, 89, 117, 125, 317, 319, 325, 329, 329 n.28, 330 n.32, 337.
water
market
331, 338â339
in Sanaa
369
saint(s)
120
tombs, and waqf
126, 302
Salafīs
6, 63, 65, 137, 138, 146, 151, 153, 238, 267 n.21, 377
defined
183â184
/Zaydī ideological conflict
152
Salafism
151â152
salary(ies)
135, 138, 309
for administrators/inspectors (Ê¿amÄla)
99, 139â140
of mutawallī (administrator/guardian)
345, 348, 357
pay lists (ahl al-waáºÄʾif)
108
for scholars/students
88, 121
of waqf administrators
110, 322
sales
3, 305
bayʿ
196, 256, 261, 365
and leases/rents (i.e., sale of usufruct)
255 n.2, 256
of waqfs
106â107, 365
sayyid (pl. sÄda) houses/families
18, 88, 89 n.34, 110 n.118, 114, 146, 150, 151, 251, 301
scholars
73, 88, 89, 147, 152, 162, 175, 379
of ḥadīth
164, 237
Islamic/religious (Ê¿ulamÄʾ)
5, 8, 38, 65
of law (mashÄʾikh al-Ê¿ilm)
173
mujtahids
68, 120 n.161
Muslim
248
orientalists
248â249
salary(ies) for
88
of the school (ahl al-madhhab)
171
uṣūl
211
Zaydī
95 n.52, 158
scholarships
1, 2
schools
1, 2, 88, 121, 128.
education; madrasas
QurʾÄnic and sharÄ«Ê¿a
5
waqf (pl. awqÄf) for
302
sciences
380
of ḥadÄ«th (Prophetâs actions and sayings)
204, 221 n.115, 237
religious
18
sharīʿa
159
scribes
64
secretary
kÄtib al-waqf
334
ministerial (wakÄ«l li-shuʾūn al-waá¹£ÄyÄ wa-l-turab)
136
secretaryship
113, 116
sectarian conflict
137
secular
267â268
ShÄfiÊ¿Ä«(s)
61, 63, 149, 194 n.15, 204, 260, 297
areas/regions
80, 94 n.50, 95, 120, 138, 241
fiqh
246, 293, 298
law (schools)
11, 151, 191, 245
lawyers and judges
183
subjects [i.e., people]
150
on three-year rule
272
on waqf
31 n.11, 193 n.13, 359 n.114
sharecroppers (shurakÄʾ)
322
sharecropping
101, 126 n.181, 301, 304 n.122, 336
customary (mushÄraka, al-sharika al-Ê¿urfiyya)
258, 302â303, 360
fraction
279, 361 n.121
leases
101, 261, 307, 310
shares. inheritance
of harvest (qisÄm)
118
of waqf
252
sharḥ (pl. shurūḥ; commentaries/explanations)
61, 157, 174, 219, 262, 268, 269, 272
genre/works
162â163, 181, 312, 381
sharīʿa (sharʿī)
39, 40, 43, 46, 49 n.52, 51, 54, 55, 63, 65, 67, 70, 75, 118, 149, 150, 167, 185, 196, 215 n.94, 217â218, 233, 242, 256, 282, 291, 362, 364, 367, 373, 374, 375â377, 378, 382
and codification
69
definition of
40 n.25, 41â42, 50
education/schools
117, 123, 176, 383
and fiqh (jurisprudence)
51, 237
ḥÄkim (judge)
133
implementation of
72
judgements
180
language, vs. modern legal terms
173
past/history
183
rules
148, 198, 223, 286â287
sources of
30, 214, 366
texts
160, 221 n.109
as theoretical concept and emic ideal
41
and waqf law
184, 195, 217
shaykh(s)
60, 96, 110 n.118, 115, 252
families
148, 301
al-IslÄm
95, 149
position of (mashyakha)
315â316
Shīʿī(s)
146, 167 n.86
fiqh and testamentation
209
law
190
position
246
and waṣīya
192, 193
shops
257, 261, 325, 327, 340
and flats, leases/rents of
138
sick. see poor/sick
slavery
376
social
fields
53â54
mobility
151, 383
power
257
responsibilities (takÄful ijtimÄÊ¿Ä«)
376
services
79
setting
14, 58, 60, 62, 71, 73
theories
41
socialism
131, 151
social sciences
45, 47
society
as agricultural
188, 238, 258, 263
and common good
14â15
sociology/sociological
45â46
reality
70
sources
hierarchy of
69 n. 91, 378â379
uṣūl
147
spouses
188.
marriages
wives
226
state/government
96, 133, 254, 370
-administered waqfs
76â77, 82, 89
-appointed administrators (Ê¿Ämil, pl. Ê¿ÄmilÅ«n, or Ê¿ummÄl)
84â85, 383
central
7, 76â77, 82, 110 n.118, 111, 113
vs. civil
383
codification by
68, 70, 253, 381
control/lack of (i.e., unrest)
7, 110, 112
education
135
law
9, 68, 244, 367, 383â384
as meta-mutawallī
34
modern
36, 381
property/land
3, 83 n.15
republican
87, 150, 229â230
sub-municipality
316â317
and waqfs, control over
36, 81â82, 86, 119 n.158, 127, 129â131
as weak/unstable
34, 343
statement (qawl)
143
qÄ«la/qÄla format
175, 271, 372 n.3, 373
stipends (muqarrarÄt) [for the poor]
2, 98, 108 n.104
structuralism (of Levi Strauss)
44 n.37
students
60, 89, 108, 121
of fiqh
64â65
salary(ies) for
88, 121
sharīʿa
122, 143, 298
study circles (ḥalaqÄt)
173
Sufi lodges
80
Sunna
7, 13, 58, 63, 217, 238, 260, 286, 370, 372, 378â379
Sunnī(s)
90, 150, 183â184, 212, 379.
neo-Sunnī(s)
authorities
163
fiqh (jurisprudence)
147, 239
ḥadīths (and collections)
145, 147, 149, 164, 167, 242â243, 248 n.191
law
183, 190â191
schools
42, 209
on waṣīya
191, 241
Sunnism
147â148, 149, 164, 180, 183
supervision
137.
administration/guardianship
of waqfs
123
surplus
135, 139â140, 186, 345, 349â350, 361, 384
of income (fÄʾiá¸, lit. âoverflowâ)
332
of mosques/religious schools
113
of/from waqf
101â102, 116, 124, 127, 327â328, 341, 342, 344â345, 348
rights to
343 n.64, 358
suspension/conditional [status of contract]
fasÄd
288
fÄsid
270, 278â279, 282
symbols
55, 152, 175 n.113
systematicity
52, 59, 67
tadhhīb (lit., belonging to the madhhab)
171, 173, 176, 177â178, 202, 267â269, 279, 281, 351â352, 355â357.
validation
tafsīr. see exegesis
Tahirids
90
taḥjīr. see demarcation
taqlīd (following established law)
41, 169
muqallids
147
taqrīr (lit., decisions, or validations)
171, 176, 177, 202, 279, 281, 351â352, 356â357
tax(es)
316
collection of
7, 96, 110, 127
types of
95â96, 110 n.118
teachers
64, 89, 108, 121.
scholars
Ê¿Älim, faqÄ«h, shaykh Ê¿ilm
60, 73, 151
technology
36, 380
tenancy
36, 263, 309
inheritance of
25, 305â306
tenant(s)
35, 125 n.179, 292, 301, 304, 358, 366, 369
and beneficiaries, overlapping roles of
270, 311
investments of (in waqf assets)
258â259, 295, 306â307, 363
al-muʾajjar lahu, mustaʾjir, sharÄ«k, shurakÄʾ
32, 37, 100, 255, 269, 274
rights of
25, 26, 261, 284, 300, 304â305, 311
Tesco report
84, 129
testaments/testamentation
Egyptian testament law (QÄnÅ«n al-waṣīya al-Maá¹£rÄ«)
246
executor of
357â358
harm by (á¸irÄr al-waṣīya)
219
to heirs
209, 213
âno harm in testament from Godâ
225 n.122
âno testament to an heirâ
229, 246
one who gives/makes a testament (mūṣī)
211, 351
waṣīya
186, 189 n.7, 190, 206, 211, 358
texts/works
54, 56, 58, 62, 73, 143, 163
clear
119, 374â375, 379
fiqh (jurisprudence)
72, 142â143, 152, 180, 246, 360
on law
235â237
naṣṣ (pl. nuṣūṣ)
267, 373
normative
27, 39, 51, 53, 55, 288, 312
of revelation/holy
63, 169, 177, 291, 376
sharīʿa
160, 221 n.109
on waqf (pl. awqÄf)
233
Zaydī
150, 152
textual
analysis
17
authority
55
criticism
39, 40
sources
147
theocratic ideology (of Imam YaḥyÄ)
383
theology
375 n.18, 380
debates
149
doctrines of
146
uṣūl al-dÄ«n, kalÄm
61
theory(ies)
41, 50, 56, 68.
ideal (doctrine/theory); practice(s)
academic
48
fiqh
13, 185
of knowledge
146
vs. practice
10
of waqf
7, 10, 14, 19, 370
three-year rule (maximum lease period). see leases/rents
tomb complexes
124.
grave(yards)
for saints/holy men (turab al-awliyÄʾ)
120
turab
tradition
138
discursive
44â45
HÄdawÄ«-ZaydÄ«
235, 285
as term used by Asad
60
Zaydī
150, 236, 238, 267 n.21
traditionism
145, 164.
neo-traditionalism
traditionists
63, 95, 149, 167, 206, 212, 260, 380.
neo-traditionists
transactions/transactional
bilateral (muÊ¿Äwaá¸a)
107
law (muÊ¿ÄmalÄt)
65, 181, 182, 255, 256, 257, 287, 377
civil (al-muÊ¿ÄmalÄt al-madaniyya)
173
waqf (pl. awqÄf)
105â106
transfer/change
256.
exchange
naql
261, 305 n.123
of/between waqf
103, 120 n.161, 361, 363
of ownership
292
of property
3, 66, 71, 218, 250, 358
of rights
66, 255, 262, 348
of waqf funds
131
of wealth/property, intergenerational
186â187, 188â189, 197, 218, 227, 235, 240â241, 243, 249â250
transmission
54, 62, 71
and use
58, 60, 68, 377
travel
accounts
122
travellers, accommodations/shelter for
1, 78â79, 319, 327 n.22
treasury (public/common property of Muslims)
bayt al-mÄl
3, 98 n.63, 108, 125, 336, 374 n.16
al-khizÄna al-Ê¿Ämma
135
al-maá¹£Äliḥ
346 n.73
tribalism
7
tribes/tribal
110 n.118, 112, 132, 148, 151, 198, 383
areas
96, 224â225, 250â251
elites/leaders
7, 148
HamdÄn and KhawlÄn
197
laws
2, 9, 46, 67, 275
society
188
trust(s)
31, 63, 65, 193, 303
truth
51, 58, 142
turab
125, 126, 134, 136
administration
135
al-awliyÄʾ (tomb complexes for saints/holy men)
120
waqf for
121â122, 123â125, 135, 302
Ê¿ulamÄʾ (Islamic religious scholars)
5, 8, 38, 51, 65, 68, 78â79, 84, 88, 104, 117, 121â122, 148, 152, 184, 242, 370, 374
unification (of North Yemen and Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen)
137
univocal(ity)
67, 164, 166, 180, 181, 219, 227, 285, 287â288, 295
urban
areas
252, 254
building plots (Ê¿araá¹£a, pl. Ê¿araá¹£Ät)
10, 258â259, 307, 308
development/expansion
131, 316
land
138, 308
plots/assets, leases of
300â301, 310
waqf (pl. awqÄf)
259, 294, 353, 369
water stands (sabīls)
314, 339
urbanization
320, 321 n.15
use/useful
direct use waqfs
257
intifÄÊ¿
31, 293
rights of (usufruct)
31, 255, 256, 260, 272, 346
usufruct
Ê¿ushr
99, 100, 322
zakÄt
110 n.118
usufruct
275 n.37.
rights; use/ useful
contracts
293
indirect, waqf
32, 33
leases (sale of, for defined period)
255 n.2, 256
manfaÊ¿a, pl. manÄfiÊ¿
3, 30, 31, 257, 265, 344
possessor of (á¹£Äḥib al-)
269â270, 274
specific (makhṣūṣa)
350
uṣūl
54 n.66
debates
374 n.16, 380
al-dÄ«n, kalÄm (theology)
61
al-fiqh (principles or methodology of law)
54 n.66, 64
literature
220
scholars
211
sources
147
validation
171 n.101, 266, 287
of legal rules
171
marks/signs
107 n.102, 171, 174, 176, 177â179, 183, 227, 243, 280, 288, 347, 352, 365
tajwīz
286â287
taṣdīq
341
validity
10, 55â56, 75, 88, 163â164, 171, 177, 187, 206, 215 n.94, 255, 257, 268, 270, 273, 293, 300, 321 n.13, 367 n.139
absolute
291
based on custom
351
borders of
13, 235, 368
chains of
57, 64, 146, 163
criteria of/constructions of
28â29, 50, 58â59, 60, 63, 73, 167, 233, 237, 283, 297, 300, 370, 378, 380â381
of documents and witnesses
185
genealogies of
143
of lease contracts
281, 293
long-term
268, 270, 286 n.72
legal
190, 358â359, 369, 370, 372 n.3
levels of
181
moral
320, 381
of/in fiqh
68â69, 147
origin/roots of
162, 375
religious
312
of sharīʿa
25
sources of
15, 64, 167, 228, 246, 248 n.191, 265, 266, 283, 373
of testamentation to an heir
220
of waqf
14, 25, 26, 28, 70, 142â143, 192, 214, 216, 218, 230, 233, 249
in waqf law
12â13, 370, 373, 374, 380
value
384
village
council
316â317, 320
elders
49
reception rooms (dawÄwÄ«n)
125
spokesman
316
vow
nadhr
206
WahhÄbÄ«s
96, 120 n.162, 137, 138, 146, 267 n.21
wakÄ«l (pl. wukalÄʾ). see representatives/agents
walad (male child)
231, 245â246.
children; male(s)
walī (administrators/guardians of waqf)
30, 99, 139, 269, 274
waqf (pl. awqÄf)
5, 20, 37, 51, 80, 106, 129 n.196, 206, 218, 227, 247, 256, 381.
administration/guardianship; administrators/guardians; private/family (waqfs); public (waqfs); waá¹£ÄyÄ; waṣīya
absolute (muá¹laq)
24, 87, 118 n.154, 193, 258, 273 n.35, 307, 343, 353, 358, 363
actors
68, 72
and/vs. inheritance
13, 241, 250
and/vs. private property
119, 125 n.179, 267, 274, 288
buying and selling
104 n.96, 105, 197â198, 315, 364, 364 n.129
central
85, 137
charitable (khayriyya)
3, 35, 193, 249
for children (awlÄd)
215, 231
clean/pure (á¹£ÄfÄ«)
306, 307
clusters
34, 82, 91, 109, 111â112, 122 n.168, 257, 302, 353
codification
67, 68, 185, 192, 295
committee(s)
289, 292
as continuous charity
4, 217
control over
127, 345, 352 n.94, 370
corpus
70, 71
court/legal cases
22, 184â185, 186
al-dÄkhilÄ« (internal)
83â84, 111, 133
definition of
1, 2, 3, 13, 29, 30, 38, 53, 89, 311, 372
for descendants/heirs (male)
201, 217, 321
Ê¿alÄ l-dhurriyya
226, 231, 237
of DhamÄr
122
direct use
257
documents/contracts (waqfiyya)
7, 11, 14, 19, 21, 23, 37â38, 70, 71, 81, 102, 106, 130 n.201, 200, 201, 224, 233, 240, 314, 321, 324, 328, 331â332, 334â336, 339â340, 366, 384
economy
130, 134, 370, 374 n.16
establishing/initiation of
35, 200 n.38, 201, 202, 206, 359, 366
excepted income (mustathnÄ l-ghalla)
344, 346â348, 352, 358, 362, 366
expansion of
348â349
fields of
10, 72
fiqh
12â13, 19, 59, 61, 65, 69, 136, 147, 153, 185, 245, 271, 359, 382, 383
funds/income/revenue
97, 99, 119, 127, 128, 139â140, 303, 321, 332, 343 n.64, 348, 353
centralization/redistribution of
103, 122â123, 131, 290
collection of
127â128
holy/sacred status of
310, 364 n.128
ideal/basic model
26, 29, 37, 52â53, 87, 255, 258, 307, 310, 325, 345â346, 364, 368â369, 380, 383
models
importance/role of
10, 11, 115â116
individual
14, 35, 81, 91, 95, 228 n.129, 286
institution of
12, 15, 17 n.22, 53, 59 n.76, 106, 131, 195, 229, 247, 249, 327
and intentions
248
piety/pious
interests of
104â105, 263, 284, 285, 287, 288, 291, 294, 295, 296, 312, 351, 377
and Islam
378
jÄhilÄ«
196
judgeâs
70
public (waqfs)
al-kabīr
84, 89, 91
al-khÄrijÄ« (external)
83â84, 111â112, 123â124, 133, 136
law(s)
9, 14, 28, 44, 59, 65, 66, 67, 132â133, 134, 136, 142, 168, 169, 183, 184, 229â230, 232â233, 234, 235, 291, 292, 370, 373, 374, 376, 378â379, 383â384
and leases/rents
13, 117, 234, 261, 292, 294, 296, 299, 300, 304
as legal topic
152â153
library
128, 165, 284
management
60, 99, 104, 121
al-muthallath (three-tenths)
83
for non-heirs (ajÄnib)
196
offices (local, district, etc.)
139â140, 302
payments, and á¸arÄʾib
100â101, 303
perceptions of (now)
311, 318, 384
personal (al-Ê¿ayn, al-jins)
230
primary
33, 34, 257, 358
as private and public
314, 325, 364
with public purpose, unused (mundaris, munqatiʿ al-maṣrif)
125
pure/clean (á¹£ÄfÄ«)
306, 307
in QurʾÄn
6, 51, 64â65
and qurba
196, 198â199, 233
piety/pious
recitation (daris, qirÄʾa, tilÄwa, muqaddimÄt)
241â242, 244, 253, 332 n.37
restructuring of
91
revival of
131, 315
for saintâs tombs (turab)
126, 302
of Sanaa
97, 109, 112
secondary
33, 257, 320, 350
semi/split type
13, 342, 344
status
352â353
surplus of/from
106â108, 110 n.118, 126 n.181, 325, 327â328, 332, 341, 342, 343 n.64
in Taâizz
94, 122
of ThulÄʾ,
109
types/forms of
13, 25, 77, 78, 80â81, 82â83, 105, 118, 123, 126, 187, 193, 217â218, 364, 369, 379
of Ê¿Umar b. al-Khaá¹á¹Äb
105
urban
369
al-waqf (with definite article)
34
-waṣīya
186, 190â191, 193, 197â198, 203, 225, 237, 239, 240, 244, 249â250, 270, 339, 342, 352, 356, 357, 358â359, 364, 369
al-waṣīyy (the trusteeâs)
83â84
as wealth management
251â252
in Zabid
305
wars
civil
131â132
Saâda
152
waá¹£ÄyÄ
125, 134, 135, 136â137, 254, 301
administration
125, 126, 129
archives/registers
126, 130
defined
114, 134 n.217
fatwÄ(s) on
166
types
24, 84â85, 86â87, 89, 105â106, 109
and waqf
105â106, 107, 116, 123â124, 125 n.179, 132, 258, 318, 324â325, 364 n.128, 381
waṣīy (mutawallī)
253
waṣīya
189 n.7, 192, 193, 218, 221 n.113, 225, 227, 229, 234, 236, 240, 246, 247, 306, 321, 355â356.
testaments/testamentation; waqf (pl. awqÄf)
and commoners
235
and Shīʿī(s)
192, 193
Sunnīs on
191, 241
to/for heirs
179 n.124, 195 n.22
/waqf of cisterns
318â320
water
ablution pools (maá¹Ähir)
92
basin (ḥawá¸, pl. aḥwÄá¸; muttakhidhÄt; siqÄya)
79, 92, 128, 327 n.23, 329, 338
canals (misqÄ, pl. masÄqÄ«)
319 n.8
channels (ghayl, pl. ghuyūl)
79, 103 n.91, 108, 317 n.5
containers/filling stations (dabba)
317â318
storage tanks (khizÄna)
317
supply, stands, services
1â2, 5, 77, 78â79, 365
tunnels (qanÄt)
79, 103 n.91, 317
waqf for
18â19, 130 n.201, 315, 324
wealth
18, 88, 185, 251, 384
freedom (i.e., what one does with it)
220, 253
transfer of
186, 187â189
welfare
318, 382â384
wells
2, 5, 317â318
private
317â318
waqf for
79â80
wilÄya. see administrators/guardians (of waqf)
witnesses
9â10, 37, 67, 69, 71, 185, 288, 311, 334, 375, 382
women/females
195â197, 323 n.18
unmarried
228
zakÄt
3, 115, 129, 303â304, 316, 322, 374 n.16
collection system
128
waqf for
98, 346 n.75, 347
Zaydī(s)
61, 146 n.12, 148, 155, 162, 167 n.86, 194 n.15, 204, 248, 260
authorities
163
codification
142, 187, 228, 244
debate
246, 293, 297
family dynasties/elites
149, 152
fiqh (jurisprudence)
19, 61, 107, 133, 143, 159, 162, 163, 164 n.72, 168â169, 176, 200, 205, 216, 222, 239, 290, 382
and ḥadīths
145
imams/rulers
63, 68, 167, 207, 241 n.168
law
11, 151, 169, 184, 190
academic
187
classical/traditional
197, 377
law school (madhhab)
90, 116, 142, 167, 202, 227, 368
regions/areas
80, 90, 94 n.50
revival
151â152, 155, 175
and Salafīs, ideological conflict with
151â152
scholars
155, 158
sharīʿa rules
148
texts/works
150, 152
tradition
150, 236, 238, 267 n.21
on waqf
19, 31 n.11, 61, 147, 184, 191, 192, 346, 382
on waṣīya
192, 193
Zaydism
8, 9 n.15, 115, 142â143, 144â146, 147â148, 149â150, 151, 153, 175 n.113, 180, 191, 209, 243, 286 n.70, 293, 378
classical
145 n.7, 148, 154, 167 n.86, 180, 210, 285 n.65
legal validity in
147, 372 n.3
and Sunnīs/Sunnification of
95 n.52, 164, 204, 244
traditional
144, 150, 152